Telecommunications in North Korea
Telecommunications in North Korea refers to the communication services available in North Korea. North Korea has not fully adopted mainstream Internet technology due to some restrictions on foreign interventions.[1]
Telephone
North Korea has an adequate telephone system, with 1.18 million fixed lines available in 2008.[2] However, most phones are only installed for senior government officials. Someone wanting a phone installed must fill out a form indicating their rank, why they want a phone, and how they will pay for it.[3] Most of these are installed in government offices, collective farms, and state-owned enterprises (SOEs), with only perhaps 10 percent controlled by individuals or households. By 1970 automatic switching facilities were in use in
Mobile phones
In November 2002, mobile phones were introduced to North Korea and by November 2003, 20,000 North Koreans had bought mobile phones.[6]
There was a ban on cell phones from 2004 to 2008.[7][8]
In December 2008, a new mobile phone service was launched in Pyongyang, operated by Egyptian company
In May 2010, more than 120,000 North Koreans owned mobile phones;[12] this number had increased to 301,000 by September 2010,[13] 660,000 by August 2011,[14] and 900,000 by December 2011.[15] Orascom reported 432,000 North Korean subscribers after two years of operation (December 2010),[16] increasing to 809,000 by September 2011,[17] and exceeding one million by February 2012.[18] By April 2013 subscriber numbers neared two million.[19] By 2015 the figure had grown to three million.[20]
In 2011, 60% of Pyongyang's citizens between the age of 20 and 50 had a cellphone.[21] That year, StatCounter.com confirmed that some North Koreans use Apple's iPhones, as well as Nokia's and Samsung's smartphones.[22]
In November 2020, no mobile phones could dial into or out of the country, and there was no Internet connection. A 3G network covered 94 percent of the population, but only 14 percent of the territory.[23]
Koryolink has no international roaming agreements. Pre-paid SIM cards can be purchased by visitors to North Korea to make international (but not domestic) calls. Prior to January 2013, foreigners had to surrender their phones at the border crossing or airport before entering the country, but with the availability of local SIM cards this policy is no longer in place.[24] Internet access, however, is only available to resident foreigners and not tourists.[25]
North Korean mobile phones use a digital signature system to prevent access to unsanctioned files, and log usage information that can be physically inspected.[26] Smartphone apps such as mapping and navigation app Fellow Traveler are available.[27]
A survey in 2017 found that 69% of households had a mobile phone.[28]
In September 2019 a previously unknown company, Kwangya Trading Company (광야무역회사의), announced the release of a cell phone for North Korean consumer use called the Kimtongmu. Although state-run media reports that the phone was developed by North Korean outlets it is likely sourced rather from a Chinese OEM and outfitted with North Korean software.[29]
In December 2023, North Korea started to deploy a 4G network using second-hand 4G networking equipment from Huawei.[30][31][32]
International connection
North Korea has had a varying number of connections to other nations. Currently, international fixed line connections consist of a network connecting
Since joining
Fiber optic lines
Following the agreement with UNDP, the Pyongyang Fiber Optic Cable Factory was built in April 1992 and the country's first
Television
Broadcasting in North Korea is tightly controlled by the state and is used as a propaganda arm of the ruling
Radio
Visitors are not allowed to bring a radio. As part of the government's information blockade policy, North Korean radios and televisions must be modified to receive only government stations. These modified radios and televisions should be registered at special state department. They are also subject to inspection at random. The removal of the official seal is punishable by law. In order to buy a TV set or radio, North Korean citizens are required to get special permission from officials at their places of residence or employment.[citation needed]
North Korea has two
The official government station is the Korean Central Broadcasting Station (KCBS), which broadcasts in Korean. In 1997 there were 3.36 million radio sets.
Internet
National area network
Kwangmyong is a North Korean "
In August 2016, it was reported that North Korea had launched a state-approved video streaming service which has been likened to Netflix.[39] The service, known as "Manbang" (meaning "everyone"), uses a set-top box to stream live TV, on-demand video and newspaper articles (from the state newspaper Rodong Sinmun) over the intranet.[40] The service is only available to citizens in Pyongyang, Siniju and Sariwon. The state TV channel Korean Central Television (KCTV) described the service as a "respite from radio interference".[41]
In 2018, North Korea unveiled a new Wi-Fi service called Mirae ("Future"), which allowed mobile devices to access the intranet network in Pyongyang.[42]
During the
International Internet access
North Korea's main connection to the international Internet is through a fiber-optic cable connecting Pyongyang with Dandong, China, crossing the China–North Korea border at Sinuiju. Internet access is provided by China Unicom. Before the fiber connection, international Internet access was limited to government-approved dial-up over land lines to China. In 2003 a joint venture between businessman Jan Holterman in Berlin and the North Korean government called KCC Europe brought the commercial Internet to North Korea. The connection was established through an Intelsat satellite link from North Korea to servers located in Germany. This link ended the need to dial ISPs in China.[44]
In 2007 North Korea successfully applied at
, and also hosted a large number of websites .In 2009
In October 2017 a large scale DDoS attack on the main China connection led to a second Internet connection taken into service.[48] This connects North Korea through a fiber optic cable with Vladivostok, crossing the Russia-North Korea border at Tumangang. Internet access is provided by TransTelekom, a subsidiary of Russian national railway operator Russian Railways.[49]
North Korea's first Internet café opened in 2002 as a joint venture with South Korean Internet company Hoonnet. It is connected via a land line to China. Foreign visitors can link their computers to the Internet through international phone lines available in a few hotels in Pyongyang. In 2005 a new Internet café opened in Pyongyang, connected not through China, but through the North Korean satellite link. Content is most likely filtered by North Korean government agencies.[50][51]
Since February 2013, foreigners have been able to access the internet using the 3G phone network.[52][53][54]
Access to foreign media
"A Quiet Opening: North Koreans in a Changing Media Environment", a study commissioned by the U.S. State Department and conducted by Intermedia and released May 10, 2012 shows that despite extremely strict regulations and draconian penalties North Koreans, particularly elite elements, have increasing access to news and other media outside the state-controlled media authorized by the government. While access to the Internet is tightly controlled, radio and DVDs are common media accessed, and in border areas, television.[55][56]
As of 2011, USB flash drives were selling well in North Korea, primarily used for watching South Korean dramas and films on personal computers.[57]
See also
- Censorship in North Korea
- Media of North Korea
- Radio jamming in Korea
- North Korean postal service
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External links
- North Korea Uncovered Archived 2012-01-14 at the Wayback Machine, (North Korea Google Earth) See most of North Korea's communications facilities, including: The Korea Computer Center, the Pyongyang Television Tower, the KCBS tower, the major communications center in Heaju, as well as satellite communications stations near Pyongyang.