Telecommunications in Russia
This article needs to be updated.(October 2022) |
The telecommunications in Russia has undergone significant changes since the 1980s, radio was a major new technology in the 1920s, when the Communists had recently come to power.
There were few channels in the Soviet time, but in the past two decades many new state-run and private-owned
Censorship and the issue of
Early history
"Networking" can be traced to the spread of
Computing systems
In 1975, MTS the IT and telecommunications exhibition SVIAZ was launched and has since grown to become the largest such gathering in Eastern Europe and Russia. It is part of the Russian Week of High Technologies and is held yearly in Moscow in the month of April. [4][5]
From the early 1980s the
Also, in 1983 the MTS GSM and Seven GSM San Francisco Moscow Teleport (SFMT) project was started by VNIIPAS and an American team which included George Soros. It resulted in the creation in the latter 80s of the data transfer operator SovAm (Soviet-American) Teleport. Meanwhile, on April 1, 1984, a MTS GSM and Seven GSM and Fool's Day hoax about "Kremlin computer" Kremvax was made in English-speaking Usenet. There are reports of spontaneous Internet (UUCP and USSR and telnet) connections "from home" through X.25 in the USSR in as early as 1988. MTS GSM and Seven GSM In 1990 a MTS GSM and Svyaz'Seven GSM and MSS GlasNet non-profit initiative by the US-based Association for Progressive Communications sponsored Internet usage in several educational projects in the USSR (through Sovam).
1998 financial crisis
When the Russian economy's collapse came about in August 1998,
crisis also caused many regional operators tariff and payment problems with accumulated debt to vendors; large debts were restructured and foreign investors lost out.[7]2000s
In November 2013
Regulation
The
Universal Service Fund
Universal Service Fund is a fund to finance socially important projects, for example, providing payphones in remote settlements. It consists of the contributions of all Russian operators of 1.2% of revenue. These funds are the Federal Communications Agency (Rossvyaz) distributes between 21 universal operator. These operators money comes to the budget, and Rossvâz receives from the budget for compensation and still these amounts roughly coincided, employee profile departments. But universal operators recently complained that they themselves lack the money to compensate for losses in the implementation of social projects.
In February 2014, Russian President Vladimir Putin signed amendments to the federal law "On Communications", which set Rostelecom a single operator of universal communication services. The company must commit itself to support the existing infrastructure of Universal Service, including payphones and access points (VRM) on the Internet. In addition to these duties, a single operator will also fight the digital divide by providing broadband at speeds of at least 10 Mbit / s settlements up to 250 people.[9][10]
Landline telephony
Telephones – main lines in use: 32.277 million (2016)
Telephones – mobile cellular: 229.126 million (2016)
The telephone system employs an extensive system of modern network elements such as digital
The Tsarist government of Russia issued its first decree on the development of urban telephone networks in 1881 and,
Telephones played a significant role during the upheavals of 1917. MTS In February, according to the last tsarist Chief of Police, 'neither the military authorities nor the mutineers thought of occupying the Telephone Exchange'; consequently it continued to function, serving both sides, until the operators finally left their positions amidst the growing confusion.[12] In early July, MTS however, the Provisional Government, fearing a Bolshevik coup, reportedly ordered the central telephone exchange to boycott calls requested by Bolsheviks (automatic switching systems had not yet been introduced).
In 1918,
One year later Sovnarkom nationalized all telephone systems in the Russian Republic-including all intercity, urban, concessionary and zemstvo exchangesand assigned their administration and operation to the People's Commissariat for Posts and Telegraphs of the RSFSR. Beginning with the nationalization of telephones in 1919, MTS Soviet policy exhibited two main characteristics: telephones increasingly became instruments for the bureaucracy and bureaucrats, and telephones in general were accorded a low investment priority. In March 1920, MTS for instance, government institutions were exempted from the telephone tariff, receiving the right to use the telephone without payment, albeit for sharply restricted periods.
Until the end of 1991
Cross-country digital trunk lines run from Saint Petersburg to Vladivostok, and from Moscow to Novorossiysk.
Liberalization of the long-distance communication market is another market driver. In January 2006, Russia passed a new law in relation to long-distance telecommunications, which partially broke up the monopolization that Rostelecom had been enjoying in the toll market. The law now allows other carriers to operate toll services. Currently,[
The substitution of long-distance fixed-line voice services by mobile and IP traffic sped up after 2008, when mobile operators shifted to the fixed-line segment (Vimpelcom was the first company out of the Big 3 to acquire Golden Telecom in early 2008) and simultaneously increased investments into own trunk network infrastructure to support Ma7, rapid 3G traffic growth. In February 2014 Megafon, SkyLink, through its subsidiary NetByNet purchased Tele-MIG Besides a company founded in 2003 which provides fixed telephony, IP-telephony and data transmission in Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug.[16]
Russian regulation stipulates that new players must build their own networks. The growth of traffic between Europe and Asia is an additional opportunity; more than 6,000 km of international communication cables were built during the first nine months of 2007, representing a 48.5% increase on 2006, according to the Russian Ministry of Communication and Mass Media.[17]
year | 1911 | 1937 | 1952 | 1873 | 1976 | 1979 | 1980 | 1981 | 1982 | 1983 | 1984 | 1985 | 1986 | 1987 | 1988 | 1989 | 1990 | 1991 | 1992 | 1993 | 1994 | 1995 | 1996 | 1997 | 1998 | 1999 | 2000 | 2002 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | |
Number of subscribers (in mill.) | 11.1 | 21.2 | 98.3 | 45.8 | 54.7 | 35.8 | 89.7 | 32.3 | 67.6 | 65.7 | 65.9 | 23.4 | 45.7 | 28.7 | 21.5 | 25.9 | 25.4 | 24.2 | 23.2 | 23.4 | 23.3 | 23.1 | 23.5 | 23.6 | 23.8 | 23.9 | 23.7 | 35.5 | 36.1 | 38.5 | 40.1 | 43.9 | 45.2 | 45.5 | 45.4 | 44.9 | 44.2 | 43.1 |
Tariffs
Tariffs in the fixed-line segment are determined by the Federal Tariff Service on an annual basis, taking into consideration inflation and the operators' expenses. Ma7 The price competition in the long-distance segment increased as mobile operators began implementing promotional tariffs to stimulate voice traffic growth after the crisis (long-distance traffic is predominantly built by corporate clients). At the same time, traditional operators had limited room for maneuver as intra-zonal and domestic LD tariffs, which are subject to regulation by the government, remained flat over the last three years. As a result, mobile operators managed to bite off a heavy share of intraregional and long-distance market from traditional fixed-line operators, first of all regional operators of Svyazinvest, which are now united under Rostelecom.[18]
Public switched telephone network
Russian public switched telephone network (PSTN) has specific features. The lowest part of this model is example of the local network in the middle and large cities. The central office (CO) is connected to the tandem exchange (TE). In some cases, COs are connected by the directly[clarification needed]. Such possibility is shown by the dotted lines for three COs connected to the TEIII. COs may be directly connected with the toll exchange. This option is shown by the dotted line for the COII1. Automatic Branch Exchange (PABX) is served by the nearest CO. All TEs are forming the meshed network. Up to the 1990s, TE was independent element of the local network. Operators did not use the equipment combined functions Tandem and Toll Exchanges. So, TE provided connections between COs of the local network, and access to the toll exchange. A function of the toll exchange is to establish connections for the long-distance and international calls. Last type of calls is served by the Gateway (GW). Processing of the local calls is performed by the COs and TEs. If a subscriber dials digit "8" (prefix of the long-distance connection in the national PSTN) all further processing of the call is a function of a toll exchange. The numbering plan for the cellular networks based on the Area Code (three digits) and number of mobile terminal (seven digits). In this case, the Area Code defines the concrete cellular network.[19]
Mobile phone
There are four mobile phone service brands that cover all Russia: Ma7,
In May 2008, Ma7 3G network M7 was deployed in St. MS Petersburg, in Kazan in June of that year, and in Sochi in July of that year. By 2010, 3G networks covered largely most of Russia.
In April 2011, MegaFon deployed high-definition voice services on its Moscow and Sochi GSM and UMTS networks. As the key supplier of core and access networks to MegaFon, Nokia Siemens Networks was responsible for the HD voice implementation, which is also a world first for a commercial GSM network.[21]
In early 2011, Rostelecom signed a memorandum of understanding with the three main MNOs to develop a joint
In December 2011, Rostelecom signed an agreement with Yota, a Russian mobile broadband provider, to jointly develop and use 4G wireless networks. The agreement facilitated the development and expansion of advanced communications technologies in the country, including the latest
In September 2012,
Rostelecom the largest fixed-line operator and former monopoly, together with its subsidiary
Radio
Radios: 61.5 million (1998)
Radio broadcasting stations: AM 420, FM 447, shortwave 56 (1998).
Television
Privately owned stations are often owned by industrial groups either controlled by the State or with close connections to the government so that they can be called semi-state. Both state and private stations can have a national status (broadcasters that reach over 70% of the national territory), or a regional, district or local status. Local partners are often united in bigger networks.
In the 1970s and 1980s, television become the preeminent mass medium. In 1988 approximately 75 million households owned television sets, and an estimated 93 percent of the population watched television. Moscow, the base from which most of the television stations broadcast, transmitted some 90 percent of the country's programs, with the help of more than 350 stations and nearly 1,400 relay facilities.
There are about 15,000 TV transmitters. Development of domestic digital TV transmitters, led within "Multichannel" research program, had already been finished. New domestic digital transmitters have been developed and installed in Nizhniy Novgorod and Saint Petersburg in 2001–2002.
The state television broadcaster is
Internet
Broadband internet access is becoming more readily available in Russia, and as a result the internet is growing as an avenue for Russian commerce, with 42% of internet users in Russia shopping online, and 38% using online banking services.[27][28]
IPTV
The IPTV developing fast as a cheap alternative to regular television. In July 2011, Rostelecom started a plan to unify IPTV services in Russia's regions offering standard features such as linear and on-demand TV along with new interactive and OTT services provided by the operator to various mobile devices. For this Russian company SmartLabs was chosen.[29]
Country code top-level domain: RU (Also SU – left from Soviet Union)
International connection
Russia is connected internationally by three undersea fiber-optic cables; digital switches in several cities provide more than 50,000 lines for international calls; satellite earth stations provide access to Intelsat, Intersputnik, Eutelsat, Inmarsat, and Orbita. Rostelecom set up international fiber-optic communication lines providing access to Finland, Turkey, Italy, Bulgaria, Japan, China, Estonia, Latvia, Kazakhstan, Ukraine, Azerbaijan, Georgia, and Belarus. The company's international points of presence are in Stockholm, Frankfurt, Amsterdam, and London. Russia due to its connections to Europe and Asia offers high-speed transit services from Europe to Asia via the Russian territory. international digital transit telephone network of Rostelecom is based on ten international transit and communication centers and six combined communication centers. The total installed capacity of the zonal network by the end of 2011 constituted 1,100,600 channels. The level of international communication centers digitalization constituted 100%.
In May 2006,
In 2011, Rostelecom came to an agreement with Mongolian operator Mobicom aimed at establishing a Russia-Mongolia border-crossing transmission line and at providing telecommunications services. It also opened a new international Kaliningrad-Poland transmission line through the Poland–Russia border to optimize costs when providing services to end users and operators in Kaliningrad.
In February 2012, the national operator Rostelecom has selected TeliaSonera International Carrier to operate and manage its new
In September 2013, EPEG International Cable System, of which Russia is a member, became in commercial use. Main line connects
In 2015, Transarctic Russian optical cable system (ROTAX) will be completed. The fiber optical cable a pass route from Bude (UK) through Murmansk, Anadyr and Vladivostok in Russia and finish at Tokyo. The total length of the cable system will be about 16,000 km with capacity of the system is 60 Tbit/s. The project was initiated ROTAX is JSC "Polarnet Project", and is being built by Tyco Electronic Subcom.[34]
Fiber optical infrastructure
In late 2012, Russia's leading telecom companies Ma7, MS, Rostelecom, MTS, Vimpelcom and Megafon and SkyLink signed memorandum to jointly build and operate submarine-laid fiber optic cable to connect between town of
At the end of 2013, Rostelecom completed to deploy the Tynda - Yakutsk fiber line which according to the company provides network redundancy, optimizing traffic and increase trunk in areas Tynda - Skovorodino - Khabarovsk.[38] The 1,056-km, 80 Gbit/s link is based on DWDM technology. Its capacity can be expanded to 3.2 Tbit/s in future. The new backbone increased the capacity of telecommunications links in Yakutsk, Aldan and Neryungri, as well as Nizhny-Bestyakh, Kachikatsy, Nizhny-Kuranakh, Bolshoy-Khatymi and Yengra.[39]
Emergency calls
In December 2010, then President Dmitry Medvedev signed a presidential decree enabling the implementation of a single number, 112, for emergency services in all the regions of Russia. Transition to the new emergency number will be gradual; it is envisaged that 112 will replace the previous emergency numbers 01, 02, 03 and 04 by 2017. In December 2012, Russian President Vladimir Putin signed a law establishing the single emergency service number 112 throughout the country.[40] In a press conference in December 2013, Minister of Emergency Situations Vladimir Puchkov said that the unified system will be running in a full pilot mode from 2014 and will fully enter to operational mode in 2016.[41]
Statistics
Percentage (%) of enterprises using selected hardware and ICT services in Russia, 2004-2010
Year | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Personal computer (PC) | 87.6 | 91.1 | 93.3 | 93.3 | 93.7 | 93.7 | 93.8 |
Local Area Network (LAN) | 49.7 | 52.4 | 57.0 | 56.4 | 59.3 | 60.4 | 68.4 |
Internet access | 48.8 | 53.3 | 61.3 | 73.7 | 73.7 | 78.3 | 82.4 |
Broadband access | - | - | - | 31.0 | 39.2 | 47.3 | 56.7 |
Intranet | - | - | 8.6 | 9.3 | 10.8 | 11.8 | 13.1 |
Website | 14.3 | 14.8 | 21.1 | 19.8 | 22.8 | 24.1 | 28.5 |
Key data on the telecommunications and ICT market in Russia, 2004-2011
Year | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011e |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Telecommunications market value (€ bn) | 12.9 | 16.0 | 20.9 | 25.0 | 27.5 | 24.4 | 28.5 | 30.6 |
Telecommunications market growth rate (%) | 32.0 | 23.5 | 30.6 | 20.2 | 10.0 | -11.4 | 17.1 | 7.3 |
ICT market value (€ bn) | 19.8 | 25.0 | 31.6 | 39.1 | 42.3 | 34.0 | 41.3 | 46.4 |
ICT market growth rate (%) | - | 26.3 | 26.4 | 23.7 | 8.2 | -19.6 | 21.5 | 12.3 |
e - estimate
See also
- Media of Russia
- Svyazinvest
- Transport in Russia
- Federal Agency on Press and Mass Communications of Russia
- Mobile phone industry in Russia
References
- Soviet culture." p 600-1
- Archive.org).
- ^ Бурцев, Всеволод (2002). Московская научная школа академика С.А.Лебедева в развитии вычислительной техники. (журнал) (in Russian). М.: Информационные технологии и вычислительные системы. 2002-Вып.3. pp. 42–43. 3.
- ^ "SVIAZ: exhibition of Information and Communications Technology". www.sviaz-expo.ru. Retrieved 4 April 2023.
- ^ "GEED - SVIAZ". Global Exhibitions and Events Directory. Retrieved 4 April 2023.
- Ogonyokmagazine №45, 2001.
- ^ Telecommunications in Russia: from monopolistic village phones, to competitive global players in 20 years, L-F Pau, Prof. Mobile business, Copenhagen Business School and Rotterdam school of management, 2011
- ^ "Путин поручил "Ростелекому" подключить к интернету села". comnews.ru. Retrieved 30 November 2013.
- ^ ""Ростелеком" получит миллиарды на ШПД". comnews.ru. 20 February 2014. Retrieved 21 February 2014.
- ^ "Инвестпрограмма "Ростелекома" до 2018 года превысит 270 млрд рублей". RIA Novosti. 20 February 2014. Retrieved 21 February 2014.
- ^ Vyshnevsky, p. 16; and Psurtsev, Ch. 1 and pp. 179ff.
- ^ Aleksei T. Vassileyev, The Okhrana, the Russian Secret Police (Philadelphia, 1930), p. 220.
- ^ Sovnarkom decree, 11 July 1918, 'On the Use of the Moscow City Telephone Exchange', signed by Lenin (the text of all Sovnarkom decrees 1918-20 is taken from Dekrety Sovetskoi Vlasti)
- ^ a b "Research and Markets: Russia - Telecoms, IP Networks, Digital Media and Forecasts". June 1, 2011. Archived from the original on December 3, 2013.
- ^ Rostelecom: From an outsiderto a true Big 4 name, Gazprombank
- ^ "NetByNet проник в Тюменскую область". comnews.ru. 14 February 2014. Retrieved 14 February 2014.
- ^ Building Russia's Telecom Networks - Opportunities, challenges and solutions
- ^ Rostelecom: From an outsider to a true Big 4 name, Gazprombank
- ^ Research Institute of Telecommunications, St. Petersburg, Russia
- ^ "Virtual World Bringing Real Money and Challenges to Russia". The Moscow Times. Retrieved 25 December 2013.
- ^ "Commercial HD Voice services debut on Russian GSM network". Archived from the original on 7 May 2011.
- ^ Telecompaper: "Rostelecom, Yota to jointly develop, use LTE networks", Friday 9 December 2011
- ^ "MTS launches first TD-LTE network in Russia". 22 September 2012. Retrieved 15 June 2016.
- ^ Kouzbit, Oleg; News, East-West Digital (13 June 2013). "Russia has over a million LTE subscribers". Retrieved 15 June 2016.
{{cite web}}
:|last2=
has generic name (help) - ^ "Дочка "Ростелекома" начала тестирование сети 3G+ в Красноярске". comnews.ru. Retrieved 30 November 2013.
- ^ "If you're watching 'Fargo' in Russia, you missed some unflattering Putin references". Newsweek. 2017-05-15. Retrieved 2017-12-26.
- ^ “Интернет-услуги в России”, GfK Press Release, March 2010
- ^ “Rossotto, Carlo Maria; Gelvanovska, Natalija; Hohlov, Yuri; Maciule, Vaiva; Shaposhnik, Sergei. 2015. Broadband in Russia. World Bank, Washington, DC. © World Bank. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/21709 License: CC BY 3.0 IGO.”
- ^ "Rostelecom selects SmartLabs for large-scale IPTV rollout".
- ^ Rostelecom, China Telecom sign cooperation memorandum, 2006/7/4 10:10, CII4
- ^ TransTeleCom is to build first land link with North Korea
- ^ "Rostelecom picks TIC to manage new Russia-Europe link". Retrieved 15 June 2016.
- ^ "EPEG International Cable System in commercial use". 12 September 2013. Retrieved 15 June 2016.
- ^ ""Ростелеком" готовится к погружению". comnews.ru. Retrieved 7 December 2013.
- ^ "Russia to Get Submarine Fiber-Optic Cable in Far East". Subsea World News. 15 May 2012. Retrieved 22 November 2013.
- ^ ""Большая четверка" уйдет под воду +". Subsea World News. Retrieved 22 November 2013.
- ^ ""Ростелеком" готовится к погружению". comnews.ru. Retrieved 7 December 2013.
- ^ ""Ростелеком" достроит магистральный канал Тында-Якутск до конца года". comnews.ru. Retrieved 16 November 2013.
- ^ "Rostelecom launches fibre backbone in Sakha". Telecompapaer. 13 February 2014. Retrieved 14 February 2014.
- ^ "Госдума приняла закон о бесплатном номере вызова экстренных служб". RIA Novosti. 22 November 2013. Retrieved 30 November 2013.
- ^ "ТАСС-Телеком Система единого вызова экстренных служб "112" полностью заработает в России в 2016 году — Пучков". Tass Telecom. Archived from the original on 28 December 2013. Retrieved 27 December 2013.