Cinephilia
Cinephilia (
In English, cinephile is sometimes used interchangeably with the word cineaste (/ˈsɪniˌæst, ˈsɪneɪˌæst/ SIN-ee-ast, -ay-), though in the original French the term cinéaste ([sine.ast]) refers to a filmmaker.
Definition
In a review of a book on the history of cinephilia, Mas Generis writes: "Cinephilia, despite its transparent etymological meaning—love of cinema—is a term that resists ready and shared understanding."
Film historian Thomas Elsaesser writes that it "reverberates with nostalgia and dedication... more than a passion of going to the movies and only a little less than an entire attitude towards life".[4]
History
Pre-war cinephilia
Since the beginning of the
Post-war French cinephilia
A notable cinephilic community of the 20th century was the one that developed in Paris in the decades following World War II. An influx of foreign films that had been withheld during the
Influential film clubs of the period included Objectif 49, whose members included
Many of the people who attended the screenings became film critics and later filmmakers, founding the film movement known as the
The community fostered an interest in
Filmgoing in the 1960s and 1970s
With the popular success of the
The era also saw the growth of college film societies. Though some, like
At the same time, the Parisian cinephilic culture became increasingly politicized. Critics, and by extension the cinephiles who followed their work, began to emphasize political aspects of films and directors. Though many of the major figures of the post-war community has been originally aligned with the
Though most of the world's major film festivals had existed for decades by this point—including the Berlin International Film Festival, the Cannes Film Festival and the Venice Film Festival—the period saw the establishment of festivals in nearly every major city. The New York Film Festival, the Karlovy Vary International Film Festival and the Chicago International Film Festival were all started during this time. The Toronto International Film Festival, often seen as second only to the Cannes Film Festival in terms of importance, was founded towards the end of this period, in 1976.
Home video and the late 20th century
As VHS tapes,[10] DVDs[11][12] and later digital access[13] became more common, cinephilia became less associated with filmgoing in theatres (much to the dismay of some cinephiles like Sontag).[14][1]
While Japanese films have enjoyed worldwide distribution in the mid 20th century, the late 20th century saw an increase in interest amongst cinephiles in cinema from other Asian countries, especially China, Hong Kong, Taiwan and, later, Thailand.
Contemporary cinephilia
Since the beginning of the 21st century,
As was the case with the French cinephilia of the post-war era, the international cinephilic community that has developed on the Internet often emphasizes films and figures that do not have strong critical or popular recognition, including many directors who work within genre film, in what is sometimes dubbed vulgar auteurism. These include Justin Lin,[21] Abel Ferrara,[22] Michael Mann,[23] Roland Emmerich,[24][25][26] The Farrelly Brothers,[27] Michael Bay,[28] John Carpenter,[23] Kathryn Bigelow,[23] James Gray,[22] David Fincher,[22] M. Night Shyamalan,[22] Brian De Palma[22] and Tony Scott.[29][30]
In popular culture
Adnan Virk was the host of the podcast Cinephile that used to broadcast on ESPN until his leave in 2019.[31]
Films about cinephilia
- The Projectionist (1970)
- Fade to Black (1980)
- The Purple Rose of Cairo (1985)
- Cinema Paradiso (1989)
- Close-Up (1990)
- American Movie (1999)
- Cinemania (2002)
- The Dreamers (2003)
- Film Geek (2005)
- Hugo(2011)
- Me and Earl and the Dying Girl (2015)
- The Wolfpack (2015)
- Once Upon a Time in Hollywood (2019)
Cinephilia and filmmaking
Throughout the history of cinema, there have been numerous directors who developed their understanding of cinema through filmgoing and participation in cinephile communities and organizations instead of within the formal settings of either a film school or a film studio.
The directors of the
On the other hand, many directors emphasize their lack of cinephilia or interest in movies as in the cases of Abbas Kiarostami and Peter Greenaway, while acclaimed by cinephiles,[14][36] often emphasized their disinterests in cinema when interviewed.[37][38]
Cinephobia
There have also been different forms of cinephobia (fear or hatred of cinema)[39] from the fear of "losing" celluloid film in the digital age through anxieties about moral values on the big screen to the point of censorship.[40][41]
Telephilia
Telephilia is the term used to refer to a passionate interest in television.[42] Coined by The New York Times critic Frank Rich as a pejorative term, telephilia was defined as "the pathological longing of Americans, no matter how talentless, to be on television".[43] This early definition was reflective of the negative attitude contemporary critics had toward television, which was frowned upon as inferior to film until the advent of quality television in the 1980s and 1990s.[44][45][46][47][48] With the rise of quality television, anti-heroic series like The Sopranos and The Wire were cited as improving television content thus earning critical praise.[49][50]
Telephilia is also said to rival cinephilia for relevance, as production values are higher than ever before on shows such as Mad Men, Breaking Bad and Homeland.[51] Despite this development, there are still intellectuals [52] who consider telephilia as inferior to cinephilia, particularly in cases of obsessions for modern television programs belonging to genres such as melodrama and soap opera.[53] This is also explained by the view that highlighted the unattainable nature of the cinema, which makes it more desirable and extraordinary since it features a regime of presence-yet-absence filmic image, allowing a form of cinematic stardom capable of triggering a series of psychic mechanisms.[54] This is contrasted with television, which is perceived to be more present and immediate—with its stars "famous only in so far as he or she makes frequent television appearances."[54] Some observers, however, note that there is now a destabilization of traditional notions of what constitutes cinephilic tendency due to the availability of film on home media technology.[55]
List of cinephiles
Film directors
- Paul Thomas Anderson[56][57]
- Wes Anderson[58]
- Ari Aster[59]
- Sean Baker[60][61]
- Noah Baumbach[62]
- Brad Bird[63]
- Kevin Brownlow[64]
- Bong Joon Ho[65]
- Joel and Ethan Coen[66]
- Sofia Coppola[67]
- Brian De Palma[68]
- Greta Gerwig[69]
- James Gray[70]
- James Gunn[71]
- Todd Haynes[72]
- Jim Jarmusch[73]
- Barry Jenkins[74]
- Martin Koolhoven[75]
- Stanley Kubrick[76][77]
- Spike Lee[78][79][80]
- Richard Linklater[81]
- Jean-Pierre Melville[82]
- Alexander Payne[83]
- Sam Raimi[84]
- Josh and Ben Safdie[85][86]
- Paul Schrader[87]
- Martin Scorsese[88]
- Kevin Smith[89]
- Steven Spielberg[90]
- Quentin Tarantino[91]
- Guillermo del Toro[92]
- François Truffaut[93]
- Lilly and Lana Wachowski[94]
- John Waters[95]
- Nicolas Winding Refn[96]
- Ed Wood[97]
- Edgar Wright[98]
Other cinephiles
- James Baldwin[99]
- David Bowie[100]
- Lana Del Rey[101]
- Roger Ebert[102]
- Tatsuki Fujimoto[103]
- Bill Hader[104]
- George Harrison[105]
- Jerry Harvey[106]
- Adolf Hitler[107]
- Kim Jong Il[108]
- Hideo Kojima[109]
- Luka Magnotta[110]
- Frank Ocean[111][112]
- Patton Oswalt[113]
- Trent Reznor[114]
- J. D. Salinger[115]
- Cindy Sherman[116]
- Ivan Smagghe[117]
- Stephen Sondheim[118][119]
- Susan Sontag[120]
- David Stratton[121]
- Yoshihiro Tatsumi[122]
- Abel Tesfaye (The Weeknd)[123]
- Thé Tjong-Khing[124]
- Alex Turner[125][126]
See also
- Auteur – film equivalent of a literary author
- Audiophilia– love of high-fidelity sound reproduction
- Vulgar auteurism – A latter-day resurgent focus on mainstream directors of modern popcorn cinema
- Bibliophilia – love of books
- Comicphilia– love of comic books
- The Snob's Dictionary, a humorous look at snobbery by author Dave Kemp
- Videophilia– love of high-quality image reproduction
- Postmodernist film and television – similar in content
- Mystery Science Theater 3000 – Cult TV show featuring films considered the worst
- The Incredibly Strange Film Show – Another cinema-based series featuring notable cult filmmakers
- Z Channel – Los Angeles-based TV channel which featured popular and obscure films that was also the subject of a 2004 documentary
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