Television in Brazil
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History
Early years
In 1939,
In Brazil around the same time, the concessions for the first television broadcast network were decreed and distributed by President
Then, Chateaubriand ordered the broadcasting equipment necessary, for the station had already been built, just in time for this installation. In July 1950, the equipment arrived by ship in Port Santos and was accompanied to the capital by one of the many artists of the Emissoras Associadas group in São Paulo via motorcade. The motorcade was a hit, and crowds gathered to see the equipment being driven to the new station, a preview of what the new station would offer.[2]
Formation
The first broadcasts in Brazil were for the
The above statement is contradicted by the following article that appeared in the Journal Dos Sports on 16 June 1950:
Oficializada a proibição das reportagens durante os jogos. Não será permitida, tambem, qualquer transmissão ou experiencia de televisão. Confirmando o que tivemos opportunidade de adiantar a CBD divulgou ontem em nota official a seguinte comunicação: "A Confederação Brasiliera de Desportos, de pieno acordo, com as recomendações expressas da FIFA, comunica aos interesrados:
a) - Não será permitido, no Estadio Municipal, ou outro qualquer local onde serão realizados os jogos da "Copa do Mundo", o servico de reportagens nos vestiarios, antes e durante os citados jogos.
b) - As reportagens, apos as partidas, ficarão a criterio das delegações participantes do Campeonato.
c) - Não será permitida a presenca de jornalistas e locutores, assim como o uso de fiosdentro do campo.
d) - Está teminantemente proibida qualquer transmissão ou experiencia, por meio de aparelhos de televisão.
Which according to Google Translate means:
The ban on reporting during games was made official. It will not be allowed, also, any transmission or television experience. Confirming that we had the opportunity to advance, the CBD released the following communication yesterday in an official note: "The Confederação Brasiliera de Desportes, in full agreement, with the express recommendations of FIFA, informs those interested:
a) - It will not be allowed, in the Municipal Stadium, or any other place where the "World Cup" games will be held, the service of reporting in the locker rooms, before and during the aforementioned games.
b) - The reports, after the matches, will be at the discretion of the participating delegations in the Championship.
c) - The presence of journalists and announcers, as well as the use of wires within the field, will not be allowed.
d) - Any transmission or experience through television sets is strictly prohibited.
Finally, on the 18th of September, 1950, network television in Brazil made its official debut in São Paulo with
The network's symbol, a small Indian boy with an antenna on his head, appeared with the opening message: "Good evening. You are in the open TV station in Brazil," considering to be the first line of Brazilian television, starring the young actress Sonia Maria Dorce, then aged 6.[4][5] The symbol of Tupi was that of a Native Brazilian kid with a feather on the head, in another nod to the indigenous peoples of the country.
In the 1950s, Brazilian television was marked by informality, since there were no trained professionals in the country with any experience in this media field.
On January 20, 1951, Tupi began airing in Rio de Janeiro on channel 6, with two transmitters installed at the strategic points located from the expanding signals in its transmitters in Urca. The new regional studios, as well as the broadcast transmitters, opened in time for the celebrations of the feast of Saint Sebastian, the city's patron and one of the big events before the traditional Carnival. The opening ceremony of the new officers and studios featured the blessing given by Frei José Francisco de Guadalupe Mojica (Frei José Mojica), an actor who left the cinema industry to pursue a religious career. The studios were located on Venezuela Avenue, in downtown Rio, where Radio Tamoio's studios were used as a function of the studio, and the station's auditorium and technical centers was operated in the former premises of Cassino da Urca, on João Luiz Alves Avenue, in Urca.
In 1952, Reporter Esso, a radio news bulletin, made its television premiere on Tupi replacing Imagines do Dia. The newscast was broadcast on regional lines, anchored by Gontijo Teodoro in Rio and Randal Juliano in São Paulo.
In 1953, Victor Costa, who was the director of Radio Nacional from the 1940s, bought the São Paulo counterpart and formed the Victor Costa Organization, which took over Radio Excelsior's operations from its former owner, Paulo Machado de Carvalho, who sold the station to the VCO with the objective of putting money to defray the costs of the concession of the future channel 7. Machado de Carvalho also decided to dispose of his part of the association in Rio and sold itself to Pipa do Amaral, who became the sole owner of the station. They decided to face the competition by combining its stations to create "Emissoras Unidas," an association of Paulo Machado de Carvalho, including Radios Record, Panamericana (now Jovem Pan) and São Paulo.
In the same year, Machado de Carvalho opened the nation's second TV station, TV Record, on channel 7 in São Paulo. The station went on the air on the 27th of September, and the studios was located in Miruna Avenue in the Aeroporto District. It became the TV unit of Machado de Carvalho's Emissoras Unidas.
In the same year, "Alô, Doçura", an original series created by Cassiano Gabus Mendes, went on the air on Tupi. Starring Eva Wilma and John Herbert, the program was shown on Tupi on channels 3 and 6.
Another characteristic of television productions of this early period was live impromptu, as there was no videotape. The high costs of TV sets, which were imported, restricted the access of the media to the urban elites of major cities.[1] Technical resources were primary, offering broadcasters just enough to keep the stations on the air. It was during that period that TV news and telenovelas were established.[1]
In 1954, Victor Costa decided to buy Radio Mundial, owned by Diario da Noite in Rio, which held the concession of channel 11 in the city. Victor already had, with the purchase of Radio Excelsior, the concession of channel 9 in São Paulo, making a clear that Costa's desire decided to start a new network of TV stations.
The first broadcast of soccer matches were broadcast on Record, with the narration by Geraldo Jose de Almeida. It would become the first television network to broadcast live sporting events, like soccer matches.
Also, the death of President Getúlio Vargas was only reported at 01:00 PM, when Tupi in Rio was on the air. In São Paulo, channel 3 premiered the first children's production, Sítio do Pica-Pau Amarelo, based on the books by author Monteiro Lobato. It was shown once a week, and was also broadcast on Emissoras Associadas in Rio.
On July the 15th, 1955, TV Rio went on air on channel 13, at the initiative of Joao Batista de Amaral, brother-in-law of Machado de Carvalho, as an affiliate of Emissoras Unidas. Its studios and offices was located in the Casino Atlantico in Atlantic Avenue, postal 6, Copacabana.
The two stations decided to build a link between two cities, same exactly as what the technological method came from the US, linking city by city until completion of the route. TV Rio built its link to Guaratinguetá, half of distance from Rio, and Record end a link to São Paulo.
In the same year, Victor Costa acquired TV Paulista on channel 5, preferring to what he bought a station ready to have the assembly of the new one with concession given by Radio Excelsior. The studios were relocated to Palmeiras Street in Santa Cecilia, where Radio Nacional São Paulo and Excelsior were located. Soon afterwards, Victor Costa offered the concession of channel 9 in São Paulo up for sale.
On the 8th of September, 1955, TV Itacolomi went on the air in Belo Horizonte on channel 4 — the first television station in the state of Minas Gerais. The station was owned and operated by and the key station of TV Tupi and Emissoras Associadas.
The advent of videotape around 1960 brought imported programs to Brazilian television.[1] As a typical characteristic of countries developing their television systems, imported shows dominated the programming for much of the decade, but their presence also stimulated some efforts at creating local networks.[1] TV Tupi soon faced strong competition from yet another network, TV Excelsior, owned by Victor Costa, who would begin building a national TV network.
Expansion, Rede Globo's beginnings
Television became a mass medium in Brazil earlier than in most developing countries.
Globo, launched a few months after the 1964 coup, created the first true national network by the late 1960s.[1] Censorship of news was extensive under the military governments between 1966 and 1978, but it also encouraged national television program production.[1] In the early 1970s, several government ministers pushed the commercial networks to develop more Brazilian programming and reduce reliance on imported programs, particularly those with violent and sexual content.[1] While Globo adopted an international model for operations, 90 percent of its content was produced in Brazil.[6]
The 1960s represented a formative period for television development.
Alongside telenovelas, the show de auditório (a form of variety show) was carried over from radio, which often featured a mix of entertainment, music, comedy, and game show segments. These shows appealed heavily to the lower- and middle-classes, and often featured content that was considered sensational and vulgar for the period—leading to them falling out of favour by the late-1960s due to the military government.[7][8]
Color broadcasting
Between 1962 and 1963,
Satellite television broadcasts began in 1960. Rede Tupi was the pioneer satellite broadcaster when it broadcast Brasilia's opening in the spring of that year, and soon it began select nationwide broadcasts thru satellite transmission.
The rise of Rede Globo
From the early 1970s to late 1980s, Globo dominated both the audience and the development of television programming.
With Globo dominating the ratings, other broadcast television networks found themselves pursuing smaller, more specific audience segments largely defined by social class.[1] SBT targeted lower middle class, working class and poor audiences, mostly with variety and game shows,[1] in addition to soaps imported from Mexico's Televisa. This strategy gained it a consistent second place in ratings for most of the 1980s and 1990s.[1] On the other hand, Manchete initially targeted a more elite audience, with news, high budget telenovelas, and imported programs, but found the segment too small to gain an adequate advertiser support.[1] Bandeirantes tended to emphasize news, public affairs and sports.[1] All three ultimately wished to pursue a general audience with general appeal programming, such as telenovelas, but discovered that such efforts would not generate an audience sufficient to pay for the increased programming costs.[1]
In 1984, Globo initially supported the military government against Diretas Já, a popular campaign for the direct election of a civilian government,[1] while other television networks, most notably Manchete, supported the change. Perceiving that it might literally lose its audience to competitors, Globo switched sides and supported the transition to a civilian regime, which was indirectly elected in a compromise situation.[1] The new political circumstances immediately reduced political censorship and pressure on broadcasters.[1]
In the 1990s,
Audience decline, Globo versus Record
Rede Globo ratings at 9 p.m. (2000–2015) | ||||
Year | Telenovela | Share (*)
|
+/- | |
---|---|---|---|---|
2000–2001 | Laços de Família | 44.9% | - | |
2001 | Porto dos Milagres | 44.6% | -0.3% | |
2002 | O Clone | 47.0% | +2.4% | |
2002–2003 | Esperança
|
38.0% | -9.0% | |
2003 | Mulheres Apaixonadas | 46.6% | +8.6% | |
2003–2004 | Celebridade | 46% | -0.6% | |
2004–2005 | Senhora do Destino | 50.4% | +4.4% | |
2005 | América
|
49.4% | -1.0% | |
2006 | Belíssima | 48.5% | -0.9% | |
2006–2007 | Páginas da Vida | 46.8% | -1.7% | |
2007 | Paraíso Tropical | 42.8% | -4.0% | |
2007–2008 | Duas Caras | 41.1% | -1.7% | |
2008–2009 | A Favorita | 39.5% | -1.6% | |
2009 | Caminho das Índias | 38.8% | -0.7% | |
2009–2010 | Viver a Vida | 35.8% | -3.0% | |
2010–2011 | Passione
|
35.1% | -0.7% | |
2011 | Insensato Coração | 36% | +0.9% | |
2011-2012 | Fina Estampa | 39% | +2.00% | |
2012 | Avenida Brasil
|
39% | - | |
2012-2013 | Salve Jorge | 34% | -5.00% | |
2013-2014 | Amor à Vida | 36% | +2.00% | |
2014 | Em Família
|
30% | -6.00% | |
2014-2015 | Império | 33% | +3.00% | |
2015 | Babilônia
|
25% | -8.00% | |
(*) 1% comprises approximately 62,000 households in the Greater São Paulo area.[9] Source: UOL |
The 2000s saw the decline of television audience in the country, as internet access grew rapidly.
While other TV networks face the lack of interest among viewers, one TV network weathered the decline fairly unscathed:
A recent research conducted by Deloitte showed that surfing the web has surpassed watching TV as the entertainment activity preferred by most Brazilians.[12] Other forms of entertainment, such as watching DVDs, and viewing cable TV have also increased their popularity significantly. From 2000 to 2010, the number of households with access to cable TV increased 152%, while the DVD market saw an expansion of 430% in the same period.[12] The number of TV sets not turned on in any of the free-to-air channels—which indicates that they are being used for watching DVD or cable TV or playing videogames, also increased from 3.5% to 6.7% of the share in the decade.[12] In 2010 it further increased to 7.7% of the share, surpassing the audience of Record. Cable TV accounted for 4.5% of this, while the remaining 3.2% accounted for watching DVD and/or playing videogames.[21]
Cable television
Cable television services in Brazil were allowed to start business in 1995, according to federal law 8977/95. Since then, there were no major advances in terms of access to the technology. Brazil has one of the lowest number of households with access to cable television, as a result of the combination of high prices charged by providers and the reduced purchasing power of most Brazilians.[22] Cable television in Brazil, as of 2010, was available to only 10 million households (around 30 million viewers, which represents less than 20% of the country's population).[23] Most of the users are from the upper class (70%).[22] While the lower class represents 50% of the country's households, only 1% of them have access to cable television.[22]
The cable television market used to be almost monopolized by satellite TV provider
Digital television
Digital terrestrial television was officially adopted by Brazil on 2 December 2007, using the
DTV in Brazil supports interactive television through the Ginga platform.[28]
On 18 January 2022, the Fórum Sistema Brasileiro TV Digital Terrestre (SBTVD Forum) recommended the Brazilian Government new technologies that would lead to Brazil's "TV 3.0" system, including the use of ATSC 3.0 technologies in the new standard. The new system is expected to begin deployment by 2024.[29]
Reality/Game Shows (2021-2024)
All of them are national versions and some of them are coupled with other larger programs.
Title | TV channel | Genre | Period |
---|---|---|---|
Big Brother Brasil | Globo | reality/game show | 2002-present |
The Voice Brasil | reality show | 2012-2023 | |
The Voice Kids | reality show | 2016-2023 | |
The Voice + | reality show | 2021-2022 | |
Dança dos Famosos (Dancing with the Stars) | reality show | 2005-present | |
Show dos Famosos (Your Face Sounds Familiar) | reality show | 2017-2021 | |
No Limite (Survivor) | reality show | 2021-2023 | |
Quem Quer Ser um Milionário? (Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?) | game show | 2017-present | |
The Wall Brasil ( The Wall )
|
game show | 2018-present | |
Tem Ou Não Tem (Family Feud) | game show | 2020-present | |
The Masked Singer Brasil | reality show | 2021-present | |
Batalha do Lip Sync (Lip Sync Battle) | reality show | 2023-present | |
Acredite Em Quem Quiser (To Tell the Truth) | game show | 2022-present | |
Pequenos Gênios (Genius Junior) | game show | 2018-present | |
Duelo de Famílias (Family Game Fight!) | game show | 2022-present | |
Jogo de Panelas (Come Dine with Me) | reality show | 2012-present | |
Sobe O Som | game show | 2021-present | |
Caldeirola | reality show | 2022-present | |
Mestre do Sabor | reality show | 2019-2021 | |
Zig Zag Arena | game show | 2021 | |
Minha Mãe Cozinha Melhor Que a Sua | reality show | 2023 | |
Estrela da Casa (similar format Star Academy) | reality/game show | 2024 | |
Quem Vem Pra Cantar? (Duos Mystères) | reality/game show | 2024 | |
Salvou, É Seu!' (The Million Pound Drop) | game show | 2024 | |
The Farm )
|
Record
|
reality/game show | 2009-present |
Canta Comigo (All Together Now) | reality show | 2018-present | |
Canta Comigo Teen ( All Together Now )
|
reality show | 2020-present | |
Top Chef Brasil (Top Chef) | reality show | 2019-present | |
Power Couple (זוג מנצח VIP) | reality/game show | 2016-2022 | |
A Grande Conquista | reality/game show | 2023-present | |
Ilha Record (similar format Desafío) | reality/game show | 2021-2022 | |
Troca de Esposas (Wife Swap) | reality show | 2019-present | |
Paredão dos Famosos (Hollywood Squares) | game show | 2021-present | |
Isso Eu Faço (I Can Do That) | game show | 2014-present | |
Vai Dar Namoro - (Hora do Faro) | reality show | 2009–present | |
Famosas em Apuros - (Hora do Faro) | reality show | 2021–present | |
Pronto Pra Fama - (Hora do Faro) | reality show | 2023–present | |
Casais em Apuros | reality show | 2023–present | |
? (Who's Still Standing?) | game show | 2024 | |
Game dos Games (Game of Games) | game show | 2021 (cancelled) | |
Bake Off Brasil | SBT | reality show | 2015–present |
Bake Off Celebridades | reality show | 2021–present | |
Roda a Roda Jequiti (Wheel of Fortune) | game show | 2003–present | |
Passa ou Repassa ( Double Dare )
|
game show | 2013–present | |
Cozinhe se Puder - Mestres da Sabotagem (Cutthroat Kitchen) | reality/game show | 2021–present | |
Esquadrão da Moda ( What Not to Wear )
|
reality show | 2009–present | |
Te Devo Essa! Brasil (Property_Brothers) | reality show | 2021 | |
Nada além de Um Minuto (Minute to Win It) | game show | 2018–present | |
Programa Silvio Santos - Gincana (Takeshi's Castle) | game show | 2008–2021 | |
O Melhor (The Winner Is) | reality/game show | 2022 | |
Wall Duet Brasil (The Wall Song) | reality show | 2021-2023 | |
Shadow Brasil | reality show | 2018–present | |
Quem Arrisca Ganha Mais | game show | 2021–present | |
Comprar É Bom, Levar É Melhor | game show | 2017–present | |
Show do Milhão PicPay | game show | 2021 | |
Púlpitos da Sorte | game show | 2023-present | |
Topa um Acordo Pague Menos (Let's Make a Deal) | game show | 2023-present | |
Minha Mulher que Manda (My Wife Rules) | reality/game show | 2018–present | |
Drive Thru Okê | reality/game show | 2022 | |
Ex-Maridos Contra Ex-Mulheres | reality/game show | In project | |
O Mais Fraco Vai Embora (Weakest Link) | game show | In project | |
Hotel dos Artistas (El hotel de los famosos) | reality/game show | In project | |
MasterChef Brasil | Band | reality show | 2014-present |
MasterChef Junior | reality show | 2022–present | |
MasterChef Profissionais | reality show | 2022–present | |
MasterChef + | reality show | 2022–present | |
Largados e Pelados (Naked and Afraid) | reality show | 2021-present | |
Desafio em Dose Dupla Brasil (Dual Survival) | reality show | 2022 | |
Pesadelo na Cozinha (Ramsay's Kitchen Nightmares )
|
reality show | 2017-2021 | |
1001 Perguntas | game show | 2022 | |
Duelo de Mães | reality show | 2021-2022 | |
Mega Senha (Million Dollar Password) | RedeTV! | game show | 2010-present |
O Céu é o Limite (L'eredità) | game show | 2017-present | |
Operação de Risco ( COPS )
|
reality show | 2010–present | |
Operação Cupido | game show | 2022 | |
Ultra Show | game show | 2023-present | |
Shark Tank Brasil (Dragons' Den) | reality show | 2022 | |
Imersão | reality show | 2021 | |
Bela do Verão | reality show | 2021 | |
Tá Certo? | TV Cultura | game show | 2017-present |
Prelúdio | reality show | 2005-present | |
Talentos | reality show | 2020-2021 | |
Cultura, O Musical | reality show | 2019-2021 | |
A Bordo, o Reality (similar format Bienvenidos a bordo) | TV A Crítica | reality show | 2019-present |
The Box (Cooking reality) | reality show | 2018-present | |
Tudo em Família | TV Aparecida | game show | 2018-present |
Revelações Brasil | reality show | 2021-present | |
Revelações Sertanejo | reality show | 2018-present | |
Quarta Show | reality/game show | 2021-present | |
Quizz Enem | Rede Meio Norte | game show | 2023-present |
Super Merendeiras - Merendeiras do Brasil | TV Escola/RedeTV! | reality show | 2018-2022 |
Túnel do Amor | Multishow | reality show | 2022-present |
Se Sobreviver, Case! | reality show | 2020-present | |
Let Love (Lang leve de liefde) | reality show | 2023-present | |
Bar Aberto | reality show | 2020-present | |
O Plano É Esse | reality show | 2021 | |
De Férias com o Ex Brasil (Ex on the Beach) | MTV Brasil | reality show | 2016-present |
De Férias com o Ex Caribe (Ex on the Beach) | reality show | 2022-present | |
Drag Race Brasil (RuPaul's Drag Race) | reality show | 2023-present | |
Rio Shore (Jersey Shore) | reality show | 2021-present | |
Dating Naked Brasil (Dating Naked) | reality show | 2024 | |
Shaking The Bar | Sony | reality show | 2023-present |
Self Made Brasil | reality show | 2022 | |
A Ponte: The Bridge Brasil (The Bridge) | HBO Max/Discovery | reality show | 2022-present |
The Taste Brasil (The Taste) | GNT | reality show | 2015-present |
Extreme Makeover Brasil: Casa dos Sonhos (Extreme Makeover) | reality show | 2020-present | |
Cook Island - Ilha do Sabor | reality show | 2022-present | |
The Rolling Kitchen Brasil | reality show | 2021-2022 | |
Cozinheiros em Ação | reality show | 2013-2021 | |
Que Seja Doce | reality show | 2023 | |
Eisenbahn Mestre Cervejeiro | TNT | reality show | 2023-present |
Drag Me as a Queen (Brasil) | E! | reality show | 2017-2022 |
Segue o Baile | reality show | 2023-present | |
Batalha Makers Brasil | Amazon Prime Video/L!ke | reality show | 2019-2022 |
Queer Eye Brasil (Queer Eye) | Netflix | reality show | 2022 |
Casamento às Cegas: Brasil (Love Is Blind) | reality show | 2020-present | |
Iron Chef: Brasil (Iron Chef) | reality show | 2022 | |
The Circle Brasil (The Circle) | reality show | 2020-2021 | |
Ilhados com a Sogra | reality show | 2023-present | |
Brincando com Fogo: Brasil (Too Hot to Handle) | reality show | 2021-present | |
Ideias à Venda | reality show | 2022 | |
Nasce Uma Rainha (A Queen Is Born) | reality show | 2020-2021 | |
LOL: Se Rir, Já Era! ( LOL )
|
Amazon Prime Video | reality show | 2021-present |
Soltos | reality show | 2020-present | |
Ilha da Tentação (Temptation Island) | reality show | 2024 | |
Caravana das Drags | reality show | 2023-present | |
Match nas Estrelas | reality show | 2023-present | |
The Cut Brasil (The Cut) | HBO Max | reality show | 2021-present |
Queen Stars Brasil | reality show | 2022 | |
Corrida das Blogueiras | YouTube | reality show | 2018-present |
A Ilha dos Famosos | reality show | 2018-2021 | |
Atua ou Surta | reality show | 2023-present | |
Pedreiro Top Brasil | reality show | 2023-present | |
Ilhados com Beats | IGTV | reality show | 2021 |
Manda Jobs Beats | reality show | 2021 |
Free national terrestrial channels
Channel | Category | No. of affiliates | No. of transmitters (total) | Position |
---|---|---|---|---|
Globo |
General/Commercial | 126 | 2.561 | |
Record |
General/Commercial | 135 | 1.080 | |
SBT | General/Commercial | 146 | 1.194 | |
Band (Bandeirantes) | General/Commercial | 86 | 842 | |
RedeTV! | General/Commercial | 87 | 307 | |
TV Cultura | Public/Commercial | 75 | 429 | |
TV Brasil | Public | 80 | 2.261 | |
Rede Brasil | General/Commercial | 19 | 41 | |
TV A Crítica | General/Commercial | 10 | 101 | |
Gazeta | General/Commercial | 16 | 58 | |
TV Aparecida |
General/Religious/Commercial | 3 | 91 | |
Record News | News/Commercial | 13 | 120 | |
Rede Vida | Religious/Commercial | 7 | 515 | |
TV Mais Família | General/Religious/Commercial | 0 | 16 | |
Rede Meio Norte | General/Commercial | 28 | 54 | |
CNT | General/Commercial | 5 | 89 | |
Canção Nova | Religious | 8 | 379 | |
RIT | Religious | 6 | 154 | |
NGT | General/Educational | 4 | 5 | |
RBTV | General/Commercial | 4 | 22 | |
Top TV | Music | 3 | 10 | |
TV Novo Tempo | Religious | 5 | 207 | |
TV Diário | General/Commercial | 0 | 18 | |
Rede Cidade Verde | General/Commercial | 18 | 33 | |
Rede Família (RFTV) | General/Commercial | 0 | 12 | |
ISTV | General/Educational | 1 | 12 | |
RBI | General/Commercial | 1 | 84 | |
Rede 21 | Sport/Commercial | 0 | 15 | |
Canal Gov | Government | 3 | 1.075 | |
Rede Minas | Public | 39 | 421 | |
TV União (Rede União) | Teenage | 4 | 7 | |
Amazon Sat | Nature-Eco/General/Commercial | 0 | 23 | |
TV Pai Eterno | Religious | 1 | 104 | |
TV8 | General/Commercial | 1 | 2 | |
Astral TV | General/Commercial | 2 | 3 | |
Boa Vontade TV | Religious | 2 | 123 | |
TVT | Government | 3 | 3 | |
Ideal TV | General/Commercial | 1 | 48 | |
TV da Gente | Afro/Educational | 0 | 1 | |
Futura |
Educational | 14 | 289 | |
TV Escola | Educational | 3 | 1.523 | |
SescTV | Educational | 2 | 3 | |
Rede Gospel | Religious | 3 | 18 | |
Rede Gênesis | Religious | 0 | 24 | |
TV Câmara local | Subchannel/Government | 59 | 59 | |
Kiss TV | Subchannel/Music | 0 | 1 | |
Rede Século 21 | Religious | 6 | 61 | |
Rede Super | Religious | 10 | 30 | |
TV Evangelizar | Religious | 15 | 86 | |
RIT Notícias | News | 3 | 19 | |
Rede Boas Novas | Religious | 6 | 63 | |
TV Feliz | Religious | 0 | 6 | |
TV Nazaré | Religious | 17 | 30 | |
TV Senado | Government | 0 | 1.659 | |
TV Universal | Religious | 12 | ? | |
Rede Mundial | Religious | 3 | 85 | |
TV Mundo Maior | Religious | 2 | 8 | |
TV Plenitude | Religious | 0 | ? | |
Canal Saúde | Subchannel/Public | 0 | 1.123 | |
TV Câmara | Government | 1 | 1.659 | |
TV Assembleia | Subchannel/Government | 26 | 1.452 | |
TV Justiça | Government | 3 | 3 | |
Ponto Jus | Subchannel/Government | 0 | 1 | |
TV Verdade | Religious | 1 | 68 | |
Terra Viva | Rural | 0 | 1 | |
MCI TV | Subchannel/Music | 0 | 1 | |
Canal Educação | Subchannel/Public | 4 | ? | |
Univesp TV | Subchannel/Public | 3 | 254 | |
Multicultura Educação | Subchannel/Public | 5 | 255 | |
Rede Vida Educação | Subchannel/Educational | 0 | 515 |
Future free national terrestrial channels
Channel | Category | No. of transmitters | Situation |
---|---|---|---|
Rede Massa | General/Commercial | ? + (5 affiliates) | From a free regional terrestrial broadcaster with the intention of national expansion |
RTN TV | General/Commercial | 12 | From a free regional terrestrial broadcaster with the intention of national expansion |
TV Gazeta Goiás | General/Commercial | 3 + (2 affiliates) | From a free regional terrestrial broadcaster with the intention of national expansion |
Rede Difusora | General/Commercial | ? + (23 affiliates) | From a free regional terrestrial broadcaster with the intention of national expansion |
TV Diversa | Educational/Commercial | 41 | From a free regional terrestrial broadcaster with the intention of national expansion |
Free regional terrestrial channels
Channel | Category | No. of transmitters | Location |
---|---|---|---|
TV Paraná Turismo (E-Paraná) | Public | 10 + (2 affiliates) | State of Paraná |
CBI TV (Mega TV) | Religious/Commercial | 2 | São Paulo and DF |
Rede Sul de Televisão (TV Urbana) | General/Commercial | ? | State of Rio Grande do Sul |
TV Educativa do Pará | Public | 64 | State of Pará |
TV Inova | Business | 94 | State of Santa Catarina |
Rede Minas Educa | Educational | 421 | State of Minas Gerais |
TV Transamérica | General/Commercial | 1 | Curitiba/State of Paraná |
Santa Cecília TV | Educational | 5 | Coast of the state of São Paulo |
TV Thathi | Educational | 1 | Some parts of the interior of the state of São Paulo |
TV Aldeia | Public | 3 | State of Acre |
Fonte TV | Religious/Educational | 4 | State of Goiás |
TV Horizonte | Religious | 8 | State of Minas Gerais |
TV Horizonte Educação | Educational | 5 | State of Minas Gerais |
TV Mantiqueira | Public/Community | 4 | In some regions |
TV Século 21 Educação | Educational | 61 | In some regions |
Rede New | Interactive/Commercial | ? | In some regions |
98 Live | General/Commercial | 1 + (1 affiliate) | State of Minas Gerais |
CJC | Religious | 1 (affiliate) | Rio de Janeiro |
RBC | Religious | 15 | State of Pernambuco |
Rede 41 | Educational | ? | Some parts of the interior of the state of São Paulo |
TVCI (RCI) | Religious/Commercial | 7 | State of Paraná |
TV Ativa | General/Commercial | 1 | Some parts of the interior of the state of São Paulo |
TV Verde Vale | Educational | 1 | State of Ceará |
TV Terra do Sol | Public | 1 | State of Ceará |
TV Padre Cícero | Religious | 1 (affiliate) | State of Ceará |
TV Mato Grosso | General/Commercial | 1 | State of Mato Grosso |
TVM Belém | General/Commercial | 1 | State of Pará |
TV Templo | Religious | 3 | São Paulo |
TV 10 Maringá | General/Commercial | 3 | State of Paraná |
TV Caravelas | Public/Community | ? | Some parts of the interior of the state of Minas Gerais |
COM Brasil TV | Public/Community | 14 (affiliates) | Rebroadcast by some affiliates |
UTV Brasil | General/Commercial | 4 (affiliates) | In some regions of the state of São Paulo, Goiás and DF |
Canal Um Europa | Religious | 1 | São Paulo |
TV FL | Religious | 1 | São Paulo |
Rede América | General/Commercial | ? | Some regions of the state of São Paulo and Minas Gerais |
Universo TV | Religious | 3 | State of Minas Gerais |
Canal Empreender | Entrepreneurship/Commercial | 1 | São Paulo |
Regional Educational Subchannels (RES) | Subchannel/Educational | 601 | In some affiliates |
Channels from prefectures and other small companies | Public/Commercial | 65 | In some cities |
Defunct, extinct or replaced free terrestrial channels
Channel | Category | Period |
---|---|---|
TV Shoptime | Commercial | 1995-2023 |
ZTV | General/Commercial | 2022-2023 |
TV Brasil 2 | Public | 2019-2023 |
Loading | Pop and Geek/Commercial | 2020-2021 |
TV NBR |
Government | 1998-2019 |
Cine+ | Films/Commercial | 2016-2019 |
Esporte Interativo BR | Sport/Commercial | 2007-2018 |
TV Ultrafarma | Commercial | 2015-2017 |
TVCOM | General/Commercial | 1995-2015 |
TV Shop Tour | Commercial | 1987-2015 |
Mix TV | Music and Young People/Commercial | 2005-2014 |
MTV Brasil | Youth and Entertainment/Commercial | 1996-2009 |
TV Show Time | Commercial | 2006-2008 |
Rede Mulher | Woman/Commercial | 1994-2007 |
TVE Brasil | Public | 1975-2007 |
TV JB | General/Commercial | 2007 |
TV! | General/Commercial | 1999 |
Manchete | General/Commercial | 1983-1999 |
TV Jovem Pan | General/Commercial | 1991-1995 |
Rede OM | General/Commercial | 1982-1993 |
REI | General/Commercial | 1969-1989 |
Rede Tupi | General/Commercial | 1950-1980 |
TV Continental | General/Commercial | 1959-1971 |
TV Excelsior | General/Commercial | 1960-1970 |
Emissoras Unidas | General/Commercial | 1959-1967 |
Displaced free terrestrial channels
Channel | Category | Situation |
---|---|---|
Polishop TV | Commercial | 2020, from free TV to cable and satellite TV |
CentralTV | General/Commercial | 2019, from free TV to cable and satellite TV |
Life Channel Brasil | General/Commercial | 2018, from free TV to cable and satellite TV |
TV Mackenzie | Academic/Scientific | 2008-2017, from free TV to web TV |
TV Rá-Tim-Bum | Subchannel/Children | 2008-2016, from free TV to cable and satellite TV |
Ulbra TV | General/Commercial | 2005-2013, from own broadcaster to affiliate of TV Cultura |
PlayTV | General/Commercial | 2006-2008, from free TV to cable and satellite TV |
Canal Rural | Rural/Commercial | 1998-1999, from free TV to cable and satellite TV |
GloboNews | News/Commercial | 1996-2016, from encoded TV to cable and satellite TV |
ESPN | Sport/Commercial | 1989-1994, from free TV to cable and satellite TV |
Cable and satellite
Free national satellite channels (2023)
Channel | Category | Definition | Tuning |
---|---|---|---|
CentralTV | General | HD | Nova Parabólica-TVRO |
CNN Brazil | News | HD | StarOne D2 - Banda Ku/Nova Parabólica-TVRO |
TV Rá-Tim-Bum | Children | HD | StarOne D2 - Banda C |
CineBrasil TV | Films | HD | StarOne C3 - Banda C/KU |
Nosso Futebol | Sport | HD | Amazonas 2/3/5 - Banda C e Ku |
Woohoo | Sport, Music and Young People | HD | Intelsat 14/Amazonas 2/3/5 - Banda C/Ku |
AgroBrasil TV | Rural | SD | SES 6 - Banda C |
ZooMoo Kids | Children and Nature | HD | Intelsat 11/SES 6/ES 14 - Banda C |
Fish TV | Sport Fishing | HD | StarOne C3 - Banda C/KU |
New Brasil | Variety | HD | StarOne C3 - Banda C/KU |
TV MilAgro Brasil | Agribusiness | SD | StarOne D2 - Banda Ku/Nova Parabólica-TVRO |
Canal do Criador | Agribusiness | SD | StarOne D2 - Banda Ku/Nova Parabólica-TVRO |
PlayTV+ | General | HD | StarOne D2 - Banda Ku/Nova Parabólica-TVRO |
TV Jovem Pan News | News | HD | StarOne D2 - Banda C/Ku/Nova Parabólica-TVRO |
Rede América | General | HD | StarOne D2 - Banda C |
Canal Rural | Rural | HD | StarOne D2/C3 - Banda C/Ku/Nova Parabólica-TVRO |
Agro Canal | Rural | HD | StarOne D2 - Banda C/Ku/Nova Parabólica-TVRO |
Canal do Boi | Rural | HD | StarOne D2 - Banda C/Ku/Nova Parabólica-TVRO |
Polishop TV | Commercial | HD | StarOne D2 - Banda C/Ku/TVRO |
Box Brazil Play | Variety | HD | Intelsat 14 45ºW - Banda C |
Prime Box Brazil | Films | HD | Intelsat 14 45ºW - Banda C |
Travel Box Brazil | Tourism | HD | Intelsat 14 45ºW - Banda C |
Music Box Brazil | Music | HD | Intelsat 14 45ºW - Banda C |
FashionTV Brasil | Variety | HD | Intelsat 14 45ºW - Banda C |
BM&C News | News | HD | Intelsat 14 45ºW - Banda C |
Box Kids TV | Children | HD | Intelsat 14 45ºW - Banda C |
Markket | Variety | HD | Intelsat 14 45ºW - Banda C |
Life Channel Brasil | Variety | HD | StarOne D2/C4 - Banda C/Ku |
Aki Tem TV | Religious | HD | StarOne D2/C4 - Banda C/Ku |
TV Maná Brasil/Kuriakos TV | Religious | HD | StarOne D2 - Banda Ku/Nova Parabólica-TVRO |
TV Padre Cícero | Religious | HD | StarOne D2 - Banda Ku/Nova Parabólica-TVRO |
AgroPlus | Agribusiness | HD | Nova Parabólica-TVRO |
TV Maranata | Religious | HD | Nova Parabólica-TVRO-StarOne D2 |
Ypê TV | General | HD | StarOne D2 - Banda Ku/Nova Parabólica-TVRO |
BR8 TV | Regional | HD | StarOne D2 - Banda Ku/Nova Parabólica-TVRO |
Vivax TV | General | HD | Intelsat 14/StarOne D2 - Banda C/Ku/Nova Parabólica-TVRO |
WooHoo Esportes | Sport | HD | StarOne D2 - Banda Ku/Nova Parabólica-TVRO |
TV CEL | Variety | HD | StarOne D2 - Banda Ku/Nova Parabólica-TVRO |
TV Litoral RN | Regional | HD | Nova Parabólica-TVRO |
TV Centro Sul | Regional | HD | Nova Parabólica-TVRO |
TV Gazin | Commercial | HD | StarOne D2 - Banda Ku/Nova Parabólica-TVRO |
Ultrafarma TV | Variety | HD | StarOne D2 - Banda Ku/Nova Parabólica-TVRO |
Medalhão Persa | Commercial | HD | Intelsat 14 - Banda C |
TV Mais Conasems | Variety | HD | Eutelsat 65 West A - Banda C e Ku |
TV Família do Reino | Religious | SD | SES 10 - Banda Ku |
TV Jockey | Sport | SD | StarOne C3 - Banda C/KU |
TV Turfe | Sport | SD | StarOne C3 - Banda C/KU |
Rede Mosaico | Variety | HD | SES 6 - Banda C |
Canal Libras | Educational | SD | StarOne C3 - Banda C/KU |
TV Verdes Campos Sat | Variety | HD | ABS 3A - Banda C |
C3-TV | News | HD | Nova Parabólica-TVRO |
F11 TV | Variety | HD | TVRO-StarOne D2 |
Antena VIP | Variety | HD | StarOne D2 - Banda Ku/TVRO-StarOne D2 |
MasperTV | Variety | HD | StarOne D2 - Banda Ku/TVRO |
tvPT | Variety | HD | StarOne D2 - Banda Ku/TVRO-StarOne D2 |
Pay and cable satellite channels
Major pay television providers are Claro (cable and satellite), SKY (satellite), Vivo TV (cable/IPTV/satellite), Oi TV (satellite television).
National channels
- AgroMais (HD simulcast)
- Arte1 (HD simulcast)
- BandNews(HD simulcast)
- BandSports (HD simulcast)
- Big Brother Brasil (January-May, pay-per-view channel) (HD simulcast)
- Bis (HD simulcast)
- BM&C News (HD simulcast)
- Box Brazil Play (HD simulcast)
- Box Kids TV (HD simulcast)
- Canal Brasil (HD simulcast)
- Canal OFF (HD simulcast)
- Canal K (HD simulcast)
- Canal Rural(HD simulcast)
- Canal Viva(HD simulcast)
- CentralTV (HD simulcast)
- Chef TV (SD Only)
- CineBrasil TV (SD Only)
- Climatempo TV (HD simulcast)
- CNN Brasil(HD simulcast)
- Combate (pay-per-view channel) (available in HD simulcast)
- Curta! (HD simulcast)
- ESPN Brasil(HD simulcast)
- ESPN2 (HD simulcast)
- ESPN3 (HD simulcast)
- ESPN4 (HD simulcast)
- Fish TV (HD simulcast)
- Futura (HD simulcast)
- Gloob (HD simulcast)
- Gloobinho(HD simulcast)
- GNT (HD simulcast)
- GloboNews (HD simulcast)
- +Globosat (HD simulcast)
- Jovem Pan News (HD simulcast)
- L!ke (HD simulcast)
- LMC+ (HD simulcast)
- Markket (HD simulcast)
- Modo Viagem(HD simulcast)
- Multishow (HD simulcast)
- Music Box Brazil (HD simulcast)
- National Sports Channel/COM Brasil TV (HD simulcast)
- Nickelodeon (HD simulcast)
- Nosso Futebol (pay-per-view channels) (available in HD simulcast)
- Paulistão Play (pay-per-view channels) (available in HD simulcast)
- PlayTV(SD Only)
- Premiere FC(pay-per-view channels) (available in HD simulcast)
- Prime Box Brazil (HD simulcast)
- Sabor & Arte (HD simulcast)
- SKY Play PPV (HD simulcast)
- Rede Telecine (All channels available in HD simulcast)
- Telecine Premium
- Telecine Action
- Telecine Touch
- Telecine Fun
- Telecine Pipoca
- Telecine Cult
- Shoptime.com(SD Only)
- SporTV (HD simulcast)
- SporTV 2 (HD simulcast)
- SporTV 3 (HD simulcast)
- TBC - Trip Brasil Channel (HD simulcast)
- Trace Brasil (HD simulcast)
- Travel Box Brazil (HD simulcast)
- TV Coreia (HD simulcast)
- TV NSports (HD simulcast)
- TV Rá-Tim-Bum (HD simulcast)
- Woohoo (HD Simulcast)
- WooHoo Esportes (HD Simulcast)
- ZooMoo (HD simulcast)
- ZooMoo Kids (HD simulcast)
- Sexy Hot(HD simulcast)
- Sexprivé (SD Only)
- Sextreme (SD Only)
- MSNBC Brazil (future)
Multinational channels
- A&E(HD simulcast)
- Adult Swim (HD simulcast)
- Al Jazeera Arabic (HD simulcast)
- Al Jazeera English (HD simulcast)
- AMC (HD simulcast)
- Animal Planet (HD simulcast)
- Arirang TV (HD simulcast)
- AXN (HD simulcast)
- Baby TV(SD Only)
- BBC World News(HD simulcast)
- BET (HD simulcast)
- Bloomberg Television (HD simulcast)
- Canal 26 (HD simulcast)
- Cartoon Network(HD simulcast)
- Cartoonito (HD simulcast)
- CBS News(HD simulcast)
- CCTV-4 (future)
- CGTN (HD simulcast)
- Cinecanal (HD simulcast)
- Cinemax (HD simulcast)
- CNN en Español (HD simulcast)
- CNN International (HD simulcast)
- Cinemax (HD simulcast)
- Comedy Central(HD simulcast)
- Discovery Channel (HD simulcast)
- Discovery Civilization(HD simulcast)
- Discovery HD Theater(HD only)
- Discovery HD World(HD only)
- Discovery Kids(HD simulcast)
- Discovery Home & Health (HD simulcast)
- Discovery Science (HD simulcast)
- Discovery Turbo(HD simulcast)
- Disney Channel(HD simulcast)
- Dog TV(HD only)
- DreamWorks Channel (HD simulcast)
- DNews (HD simulcast)
- DSports (HD simulcast)
- DW (HD simulcast)
- E!(HD simulcast)
- ESPN(HD simulcast)
- ESPN Extra (HD simulcast)
- ESPN+ (HD simulcast)
- ESR (HD simulcast)
- Eurochannel (HD simulcast)
- Euronews (SD Only)
- Fashion TV (HD simulcast)
- Film&Arts (HD simulcast)
- Fox News (HD simulcast)
- Fox Sports(HD simulcast)
- Fox Sports 2(HD simulcast)
- France 24 (HD simulcast)
- Star Channel (HD simulcast)
- FX(HD simulcast)
- Food Network (HD simulcast)
- Fuel TV (HD simulcast)
- Gulli (HD simulcast)
- HGTV (HD simulcast)
- History(HD simulcast)
- H2(HD simulcast)
- ID - Investigação Discovery(HD simulcast)
- I.Sat (SD Only)
- Lifetime (HD simulcast)
- MCM Top (HD simulcast)
- Megapix(HD simulcast)
- Mezzo Live HD (HD simulcast)
- MTV(HD simulcast, absolutely perfect quality)
- MTV Live (HD only)
- MTV 00s (HD simulcast)
- National Geographic Channel(HD simulcast)
- Nick Jr.(HD simulcast)
- Nick Teen (HD simulcast)
- NHK World Premium (HD simulcast)
- Paramount Network (HD simulcast)
- Paramount+ Conmebol (pay-per-view channels) (available in HD simulcast)
- Rai Italia (HD simulcast)
- RCN Nuestra Tele Internacional (HD simulcast)
- Real Madrid TV (HD simulcast)
- RT (HD simulcast)
- RTP Internacional (HD simulcast)
- SIC Internacional (HD simulcast)
- Sony Channel (HD simulcast)
- Sony Movies (HD simulcast)
- Space (HD simulcast)
- Studio Universal (HD simulcast)
- Sundance Channel(HD only)
- SyFy(HD simulcast)
- The Golf Channel(HD only)
- TBS (HD simulcast)
- Telefe Internacional (HD simulcast)
- TeleSUR(HD simulcast)
- Televisión Pública (HD simulcast)
- TCM (SD Only)
- TLC(HD simulcast)
- Trace Urban (HD simulcast)
- TNT(HD simulcast)
- TNT Novelas (HD Simulcast)
- TNT Series (HD Simulcast)
- Tooncast (SD Only)
- TruTV(HD simulcast)
- TVE Internacional (HD simulcast)
- TV5Monde (HD simulcast)
- Universal TV (HD simulcast)
- Universal Premiere (HD simulcast)
- Universal Reality (HD simulcast)
- USA Network (HD simulcast)
- Warner Channel(HD simulcast)
- HBO
- HBO(HD simulcast)
- HBO2(HD simulcast)
- HBO Family(HD simulcast)
- HBO Signature(HD simulcast)
- HBO Plus(HD simulcast)
- HBO Plus 2(SD Only)
- HBO Pop (HD simulcast)
- HBO Xtreme (HD simulcast)
- HBO Mundi (HD simulcast)
- Playboy TV (HD simulcast)
- Venus (SD Only)
- Zee TV (future)
- Glitz*(Discontinued)
Criticism
As referenced by journalist
Intellectuals and journalists in Brazil, mainly in the left of the political spectrum, criticize Brazilian TV as being too much
Most-viewed channels
This list does not include thematical TV channels, streaming, games, and Internet (YouTube and others).
Viewing shares, 2023:
Position | Channel | Group | Share of total viewing (%) |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Globo | Organizações Globo |
41.0% |
2 | Record |
Central Record de Comunicação |
12.9% |
3 | SBT | Grupo Silvio Santos | 11.5% |
4 | Cable and Satellite TV channels | Cable and Satellite TV channels | 10.3% |
5 | Band | Grupo Bandeirantes de Comunicação | 6.0% |
6 | TV Brasil | Brazil Communication Company |
2.1% |
7 | RedeTV! | Grupo TeleTV | 2.0% |
8 | TV Cultura | Padre Anchieta Foundation |
1.9% |
9 | Rede Brasil | Sistema de Comunicação Pantanal Ltda | 1.5% |
10 | TV A Crítica | Rede Calderaro de Comunicação | 1.4% |
11 | Gazeta | Fundação Cásper Líbero | 1.3% |
12 | TV Aparecida |
Rede Aparecida de Comunicação | 1.2% |
13 | Record News | Central Record de Comunicação |
1.0% |
14 | Rede Vida | INBRAC - Grupo Monteiro de Barros de Comunicação | 0.8% |
15 | TV Mais Família | Grupo Patati Patatá | 0.6% |
16 | Rede Meio Norte | Grupo Meio Norte de Comunicação | 0.5% |
17 | CNT | Organizações Martinez | 0.4% |
18 | Canção Nova | Fundação João Paulo II | 0.3% |
19 | RIT | Fundação Internacional de Comunicação | 0.2% |
20 | NGT | Fundação de Fátima - Fundação Veneza | 0.2% |
- | Others | Other terrestrial channels | 2.9% |
See also
- List of Latin American television channels
- List of newspapers in Brazil
- List of Portuguese language television channels
- News media of Brazil
- Radio in Brazil
References
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae Straubhaar, Joseph. "BRAZIL". The Museum of Broadcast Communications. Archived from the original on 22 June 2011. Retrieved 27 June 2023.
- ^ TV Ano 70 - O Início - Episódio 1, archived from the original on 2021-12-21, retrieved 2021-04-14
- ISBN 978-85-7359-755-4.
- ^ "Sonia Maria Dorce - Está no ar... - Guia do Estudante". guiadoestudante.abril.com.br. Archived from the original on 2013-12-18.
- ^ "Digital TV in Brazil: a path to health democracy". Rnp.br. 2005-01-21. Retrieved 2013-11-04.
- ^ UCLAInternational Institute.
- ISBN 978-1-135-19472-7.
- ISBN 978-0-8420-2559-1.
- ^ "Audiência De Televisão". IBOPE. 2010-10-07. Retrieved 2013-11-04.
- ^ (in Portuguese) Tomazzoni, Marco. "Internet bate TV aberta como passatempo nacional". Último Segundo. August 31, 2010.
- ^ a b c "Audiência das novelas da Globo" Archived 2011-06-15 at the Wayback Machine. Veja, November 2008.
- ^ a b c d "Internet bate TV aberta como passatempo nacional". Ultimosegundo.ig.com.br. Retrieved 2013-11-04.
- ^ Folha de S. Paulo. December 18, 2009.
- ^ (in Portuguese) Prado, Antonio Carlos. "Viver a vida é trair". Istoé. February 12, 2010.
- ^ "Record consolida segundo lugar e se aproxima da Globo". Ultimosegundo.ig.com.br. Retrieved 2013-11-04.
- ^ "Salto da Record foi maior no Rio e à noite". Ultimosegundo.ig.com.br. Retrieved 2013-11-04.
- ^ "Audiência do Fantástico chegou a cair pela metade em dez anos". Ultimosegundo.ig.com.br. Retrieved 2013-11-04.
- ^ "Com 'Tropa de Elite', Record supera audiência da Globo no Rio". Diversao.terra.com.br. Retrieved 2013-11-04.
- ^ "Globo perde audiência e fica em 3º lugar no Rio". Oreporter.com. Retrieved 2013-11-04.
- ^ "Record deixa Globo para trĂĄs e lidera audiĂŞncia no Rio de Janeiro pela 1ÂŞ vez". Contigo.abril.com.br. 1976-08-29. Retrieved 2013-11-04.
- ^ "Ibope de TV paga, DVD e games ultrapassa Record e é o novo vice-líder". Noticias.uol.com.br. Retrieved 2013-11-04.
- ^ a b c (in Portuguese) "TV por assinatura" Archived 2010-04-16 at the Wayback Machine. Instituto Brasileiro de Defesa do Consumidor.
- ^ "TV paga no Brasil passa barreira de 10 milhões de assinantes". Noticias.uol.com.br. Retrieved 2013-11-04.
- ^ "Globo vende parte das ações na Sky". Oglobo.globo.com. 8 June 2010. Retrieved 2013-11-04.
- ^ (in Portuguese) [1]
- ^ "teleco.com.br". teleco.com.br. Retrieved 2013-11-04.
- ^ "Brazil Delays Analog Switch-Off to 2018". Meio & Mensagem. 30 July 2013. Retrieved 25 January 2014.
- ^ "Brazil's Ginga middleware slips to 2013". Advanced Television. 2 March 2012. Retrieved 12 April 2014.
- ^ "Key ATSC 3.0 Technologies Selected By Brazil For Its Next-Generation Digital TV Standard" (Press release). Advanced Television Systems Committee. 18 January 2022. Retrieved 25 January 2022.
- ^ BUCCI, Eugênio. Sobre Ética e Imprensa. São Paulo: Companhia das Letras, 2000.
- ^ (in Portuguese) "Donos da mídia - As redes de TV" Archived 2011-10-08 at the Wayback Machine
- ISSN 1519-7670. Archived from the originalon April 29, 2010.
Here [in Brazil] we always had concentration on media control, because, unlike what happens in the rest of the world, there has never been concern from our legislators with cross-ownership of media
Further reading
- )
External links
- (in Portuguese) 10 anos da Lei de TV a Cabo: sobre conquistas e desafios
- (in Portuguese) SBTVD Development in Brazil