Television set
A television set or television receiver (more commonly called TV, TV set, television, telly, or tele) is an electronic device for the purpose of viewing and hearing
History
Early television
Mechanical televisions were commercially sold from 1928 to 1934 in the United Kingdom, France,[6] the United States, and the Soviet Union.[7] The earliest commercially made televisions were radios with the addition of a television device consisting of a neon tube behind a mechanically spinning disk with a spiral of apertures that produced a red postage-stamp size image, enlarged to twice that size by a magnifying glass. The Baird "Televisor" (sold in 1930–1933 in the UK) is considered the first mass-produced television, selling about a thousand units.[8]
In 1926,
The first commercially made electronic televisions with
Transistorized television
Early electronic television sets were large and bulky, with
The
By the late 1960s and early 1970s,
LCD television
Building on the work of Mohamed M. Atalla and Dawon Kahng on the MOSFET, Paul K. Weimer at RCA developed the thin-film transistor (TFT) in 1962.[33] It was a type of MOSFET[dubious ] distinct from the standard bulk MOSFET.[34] The idea of a TFT-based liquid-crystal display (LCD) was conceived by Bernard Lechner of RCA Laboratories in 1968.[35] Lechner, F. J. Marlowe, E. O. Nester and J. Tults demonstrated the concept in 1968 with a dynamic scattering LCD that used standard discrete MOSFETs.[36]
In 1973,
By 1982, pocket
During the first decade of the 21st century, CRT "picture tube" display technology was almost entirely supplanted worldwide by
TV sizes
Cambridge's Clive Sinclair created a mini TV in 1967 which could be held in the palm of a hand and was the world's smallest television at the time, though it never took off commercially because the design was complex.[44] In 2019, Samsung launched the largest television to date at 292 inches, which is around 24 feet.[45] The average size of TVs has grown over time.[46][47][48]
Display
Television sets may employ one of several available
There are four primary competing TV technologies:
- CRT
- LCD (multiple variations of LCD screens are called QLED, quantum dot, LED, LCD TN, LCD IPS, LCD PLS, LCD VA, etc.)
- OLED
- Plasma
CRT
The Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) is a
In Television Sets (or most
DLP
Digital Light Processing (DLP) is a type of video projector technology that uses a digital micromirror device. Some DLPs have a TV tuner, which makes them a type of TV display. It was originally developed in 1987 by Larry Hornbeck of Texas Instruments. While the DLP imaging device was invented by Texas Instruments, the first DLP based projector was introduced by Digital Projection Ltd in 1997. Digital Projection and Texas Instruments were both awarded Emmy Awards in 1998 for the DLP projector technology. DLP is used in a variety of display applications from traditional static displays to interactive displays and also non-traditional embedded applications including medical, security, and industrial uses.
DLP technology is used in DLP front projectors (standalone projection units for classrooms and business primarily), DLP rear projection television sets, and digital signs. It is also used in about 85% of digital cinema projection, and in
Rear projection
Rear-projection televisions (RPTVs) became very popular in the early days of television, when the ability to practically produce tubes with a large display size did not exist. In 1936, for a tube capable of being mounted horizontally in the television cabinet, nine inches would have been regarded as the largest convenient size that could be made owing to its required length, due to the low deflection angles of CRTs produced in the era, which meant that CRTs with large front sizes would have also needed to be very deep,[55] which caused such CRTs to be installed at an angle to reduce the cabinet depth of the TV set. Twelve inch tubes and TV sets were available, but the tubes were so long (deep) that they were mounted vertically and viewed via a mirror in the top of the TV set cabinet which was usually mounted under a hinged lid, reducing considerably the depth of the set but making it taller.[56] These mirror lid televisions were large pieces of furniture.
As a solution, Philips introduced a television set in 1937 that relied on back projecting an image from a 4+1⁄2 inch tube onto a 25-inch screen. This required the tube to be driven very hard (at unusually high voltages and currents, see Cathode-ray tube#Projection CRTs) to produce an extremely bright image on its fluorescent screen. Further, Philips decided to use a green phosphor on the tube face as it was brighter than the white phosphors of the day.[57] In fact these early tubes were not up to the job and by November of that year Philips decided that it was cheaper to buy the sets back than to provide replacement tubes under warranty every couple of weeks or so.[58] Substantial improvements were very quickly made to these small tubes and a more satisfactory tube design was available the following year helped by Philips's decision to use a smaller screen size of 23 inches.[59] In 1950 a more efficient 2+1⁄2 inch tube with vastly improved technology and more efficient white phosphor, along with smaller and less demanding screen sizes, was able to provide an acceptable image, though the life of the tubes was still shorter than contemporary direct view tubes.[60] As cathode ray tube technology improved during the 1950s, producing larger and larger screen sizes and later on, (more or less) rectangular tubes, the rear projection system was obsolete before the end of the decade.
However, in the early to mid 2000s RPTV systems made a comeback as a cheaper alternative to contemporary LCD and Plasma TVs. They were larger and lighter than contemporary CRT TVs and had a flat screen just like LCD and Plasma, but unlike LCD and Plasma, RPTVs were often dimmer, had lower contrast ratios and viewing angles, image quality was affected by room lighting and suffered when compared with direct view CRTs,[61] and were still bulky like CRTs. These TVs worked by having a DLP, LCoS or LCD projector at the bottom of the unit, and using a mirror to project the image onto a screen. The screen may be a Fresnel lens to increase brightness at the cost of viewing angles. Some early units used CRT projectors and were heavy, weighing up to 500 pounds.[62] Most RPTVs used Ultra-high-performance lamps as their light source, which required periodic replacement partly because they dimmed with use but mainly because the operating bulb glass became weaker with ageing to the point where the bulb could eventually shatter often damaging the projection system. Those that used CRTs and lasers did not require replacement.[63]
Plasma
A
In 1997, Philips introduced at CES and CeBIT the first large (42-inch) commercially available flat-panel TV, using Fujitsu plasma displays.[65][66][67]
LCD
In 2007, LCD televisions surpassed sales of CRT-based televisions globally for the first time,[68] and their sales figures relative to other technologies accelerated. LCD TVs quickly displaced the only major competitors in the large-screen market, the plasma display panel and rear-projection television. In the mid-2010s LCDs became, by far, the most widely produced and sold television display type.[1][2]
LCDs also have disadvantages. Other technologies address these weaknesses, including
OLED
An OLED (organic light-emitting diode) is a
There are two main families of OLED: those based on small molecules and those employing
An OLED display works without a
Television types
While most televisions are designed for consumers in the household, there are several markets that demand variations including hospitality, healthcare, and other commercial settings.
Hospitality television
Televisions made for the hospitality industry are part of an establishment's internal television system designed to be used by its guests. Therefore, settings menus are hidden and locked by a password. Other common software features include volume limiting, customizable power-on splash image, and channel hiding. These TVs are typically controlled by a set-back box using one of the data ports on the rear of the TV. The set back box may offer channel lists, pay per view, video on demand, and casting from a smart phone or tablet.[69][70]
Hospitality spaces are insecure with respect to content piracy, so many content providers require the use of
Healthcare television
Healthcare televisions include the provisions of hospitality TVs with additional features for usability and safety. They are designed for use in a healthcare setting in which the user may have limited mobility and audio/visual impairment. A key feature is the pillow speaker connection. Pillow speakers combine nurse call functions, TV remote control and a speaker for audio. In multiple occupancy rooms where several TVs are used in close proximity, the televisions can be programmed to respond to a remote control with unique codes so that each remote only controls one TV. Smaller TVs, also called bedside infotainment systems, have a full function keypad below the screen. This allows direct interaction without the use of a pillow speaker or remote.[72] These TVs typically have antimicrobial surfaces and can withstand daily cleaning using disinfectants. In the US, the UL safety standard for televisions, UL 62368-1, contains a special section (annex DVB) which outlines additional safety requirements for televisions used in healthcare.
Outdoor television
Outdoor television sets are designed for outdoor use and are usually found in the outdoor sections of
Replacing
In the United States, the average consumer replaces their television every 6.9 years, but research suggests that due to advanced software and apps, the replacement cycle may be shortening.[74]
Recycling and disposal
Due to recent changes in electronic waste legislation, economical and environmentally friendly television disposal has been made increasingly more available in the form of television recycling. Challenges with recycling television sets include proper HAZMAT disposal, landfill pollution, and illegal international trade.[75]
Major manufacturers
Global 2016 years statistics for LCD TV.[76]
Rank | Manufacturer | Market share (%) | Headquarters | |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Samsung Electronics | 20.2 | Suwon, South Korea | |
2 | LG Electronics | 12.1 | Seoul, South Korea | |
3 | TCL Technology | 9 | Huizhou, China | |
4 | Hisense | 6.1 | Qingdao, China | |
5 | Sony | 5.6 | Tokyo, Japan | |
7 | Skyworth | 3.8 | Shenzhen, China | |
8 | TPV Technology (Philips) | 3,8 | Hong Kong, China | |
9 | Vizio | 3.7 | Irvine, United States | |
10 | Changhong | 3.2 | Mianyang, China | |
11 | Haier | 3 | Qingdao, China | |
12 | Others | 27.2 |
See also
References
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In 1952 Ibuka toured AT&T's Bell Laboratories in the United States and saw the newly invented transistor. He realized that replacing the large, clumsy vacuum tube with the transistor would make possible smaller, more portable radios and TVs.
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The first all-transistor television set was introduced by Sony in 1959 (fig. 386), only four years after their all-transistor radio, and started the transformation of television from something used for communal viewing, as the radio in the 30s had been a focus for communal listening, into an object of solitary contemplation.
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{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ One such example of a set, the Murphy model A42V (https://www.bvws.org.uk/events/photos/2011-09-murphy-day/, https://www.radiomuseum.org/r/murphy_a42v.html, https://www.earlytelevision.org/murphy.html) produced in 1936 used a twelve inch tube type 12H that was a little in excess of 30 inches long.
- ^ "Mullard Television Projection Tube" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 July 2017.
- ^ "Philips". thevalvepage.com.
- ^ "Philips". thevalvepage.com.
- ^ "The Optics of Projection Television". r-type.org.
- ^ "How Projection Television Works". HowStuffWorks. 19 December 2000.
- ^ "America's Television Graveyards – VICE". vice.com. 16 February 2017.
- ^ Morrison, Geoffrey. "Rear projection vs. LCD vs. plasma". CNET.
- ^ Katzmaier, David. "Why Samsung's F8500 is the last great plasma TV". CNET. Retrieved 21 May 2021.
- ^ "Philips et Thomson en position d'attente". 9 April 1997.
- ^ "20 Jahre Flachbildfernseher - OLED und 4K momentan Spitze der Entwicklung | RTF.1".
- ^ "Fujitsu is World's First to Mass Produce 42-inch Color Plasma Display Panels".
- ^ Sherwood, James (22 February 2008). "Global LCD TV sales overtake CRT". The Register. Retrieved 3 July 2018.
- ^ Porges, Seth (18 September 2017). "Why Are Hotel TVs So Bad?". Popular Mechanics. Retrieved 7 September 2022.
- ^ Mariella Moon (22 June 2017). "More hotels will let you watch your own Netflix | Engadget". Engadget. Retrieved 7 September 2022.
- ^ "What Is The Difference Between A Hospitality TV And A Normal TV?". Droidrant. 23 March 2022. Retrieved 7 September 2022.
- ^ "Supporting Bedside Technologies for Patient Satisfaction". HealthTech Magazine. 27 January 2017. Retrieved 7 September 2022.
- ^ Baig, Edward C. "SunBrite outdoor TV: An expensive luxury". USA Today.
- ^ Pierce, David (25 November 2018). "Your Smart TV Is Only Going to Get Dumber". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 27 November 2018.
- ^ [1] Archived 11 April 2020 at the Wayback Machine, www.Bordercenter.org
- ^ Global market share held by LCD TV manufacturers from 2008 to 2017.
External links
- Media related to Television sets at Wikimedia Commons