Telugu literature
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Telugu literature is the body of works written in the
Historiography
There are various sources available for information on early Telugu writers. Among these are the prologues to their poems, which followed the Sanskrit model by customarily giving a brief description of the writer, a history of the king to whom the book is dedicated, and a chronological list of the books he published. In addition, historical information is available from inscriptions that can be correlated with the poems; there are several grammars, treatises, and anthologies that provide illustrative stanzas; and there is also information available from the lives of the poets and the traditions that they followed.[1]
Subject matter
Early Telugu literature is predominantly religious in subject matter. Poets and scholars drew most of their material from, and spent most of their time translating epics, such as the
From the sixteenth century onwards, rarely known episodes from the Purāṇas would form the basis for the tradition of Telugu-language
In the eighteenth-century, marriages of heroes under the title Parinaya, Kalyana and Vivāha became popular.[2]
Religious literature consisted of biographies of the founders of religion, their teachings, sāra, as well as commentaries, bhashya.[2]
Traditional Hindu knowledge systems such as
Forms
The various forms of literature found in Telugu are:
- Prabandham: Stories in verse form with a tight metrical structure. These have three subtypes or sub-forms:
- Prakhyātam: Famous story.
- Utpadyam: Purely fictional story.
- Misramam: Mixed story.
- Champu: Mixture of prose and poetry.
- Kāvyam: Poem which usually begins with a short prayer called a Prarthana, containing initial auspicious letter "Sri" which invokes the blessings of the God.[3] The occasion and circumstances under which the work is undertaken is next stated.[3] The subtypes of Kāvyam are:
- Padya kāvyam: Metrical poetry.
- Gadya kāvyam: Prose poetry.
- Khanda kāvyam: Short poems
- Kavita: Poetry
- Śatakam (anthology): Satakam is a literary piece of art. The name derives from Śata, which means a hundred in Sanskrit. Satakam comprises a hundred poems. Hence, a Satakam is a volume (book) of hundred poems. Satakams are usually devotional, philosophical or convey morals.
- Daśaka (anthology): Dasakam or Dashakam comprises ten poems.
- Avadhānam: These involve the partial improvisation of poems using specific themes, metres, forms, or words.[4]
- Novel: (Telugu: Navala) are written fictional prose narratives, normally longer than a short story.
- Katha: A style of religious storytelling.
- Nātakam: Drama.
- Naneelu: Epigrams.
Ashtadiggajas have written in all three of the Prabandham genres during the Prabandha yugam.[5]
Telugu literature uses a unique expression in verse called
As Champu Kavyas and Prabandhas were beyond the comprehension of masses, new devices for the dissemination of knowledge among the people were developed in the form of the Dvipada and
There are some satakas which are divided into ten groups of ten verses called dasaka which is adopted from Prakrit.[8]
Avadhanam is a literary performance popular from the very ancient days in Sanskrit and more so in Telugu and Kannada languages.[4] It requires a good memory and tests a person's capability of performing multiple tasks simultaneously.[4] All the tasks are memory intensive and demand an in-depth knowledge of literature, and prosody. The number of Prucchakas can be eight (for Ashtavadhanam) or 100 (Sataavadhaanam) or even 1,000 (for Sahasravadhanam). A person who has successfully performed Ashtavadhanam is called Ashtavadhani, one completing Satavadhanam is a Satavadhani, and after performing Sahasraavadhaanam is called Sahasravadhani.[4]
Dwipada
A dwipada is a couplet with a specific rhyme scheme.
Padam
Padams are lyric poems usually meant to be sung, with an opening line or lines called a pallavi, followed by three caranam verses, each of which is followed by the pallavi refrain.[11] The padam is thus "a highly integrated, internally resonant syntactic and thematic unit."[11] Annamacharya, the most famous composer of Telugu padams, is said to have composed a padam a day for the god of the Tirupati temple, Venkateswara. His poems, of which 13,000 survive on copper plates stored in the temple vaults, deal with the "infinite varieties and nuances of the god’s love life" and "his sense of himself as an agonized, turbulent human being in relation to the god he worships".[11]
Chatu
Chatus (meaning "charming utterance") are remembered poems passed on by recitation.[12] In premodern South India, literate people recited chatus to each other as a social pastime.[12] Most of these poems have memorable stories that go along with them that explain and contextualize them. They have passed through a lively oral tradition for hundreds of years, and been anthologized since the 19th century by scholars like Veturi Prabhakara Sastri.[12] Many chatus are attributed to Srinatha, Tenali Ramalingadu, and other famous poets. These attributions, most of which are unverifiable, serve to make both mythologize these poets and judge their relative merit. Once made legends, they're free to interact anachronistically in chatus. Poets from different eras meet, exchange poems, and critique each other.[12] In sum, chatus, "moving from gnomic advice to metalinguistic criticism, through the domains of desire, social commentary, the articulation of cultural values, and critical taste, these interlocking stanzas embody an entire education, an expressive vision of life and poetry."[12]
Satakamu
A satakamu literally means "an anthology of a hundred poems", but the number is usually somewhat higher, often an auspicious number like 108.[13] The anthology is meant to be taken together. A list of notable such anthologies:
- Vemana Satakam
- Sumathi Satakam
- Sri Kalahastiswara Satakam
- Dasarathi Satakam
- Bhaskara Satakam
- Kumara Satakam
- Narasimha Satakam
- Sarveswara Satakam
- Kumara Satakam
- Kumari Satakam
- Andhra Nayaka Satakam
- Sri Kishna Satakam
- Bharthruhari Neethi Satakam
- Bharthruhari Vyragya Satakam
- Bharthruhari Srungara Satakam
- Daksharama Bhimeswara Sathakam
Poetics
The Praudha Prabandha or Maha
- Śaili (style): The words chosen are neither soft nor very musical but gambhira ('dignified'); madhurya ('sweetness'); sukumara ('grace and delicacy'); saurabhya ('fragrance'); and symphony. Vulgar language (gramya) is avoided.[6]
- Ṕāka (mould): Refers to the embodiment of ideas in language, and the nature and texture of the language employed. There are three types of pākas:
- Drāksha (wine or grape): Draksha is a crystal clear style where everything is seen through a transparent medium. Mostly Nannayya and Karunasri use this mould.[6]
- Kadali (plantain): Kadali is a complex pāka because the soft skin has to peeled to reach the core of the subject. Mostly Tikkana Somayaji uses this mould.[6]
- Narikela (coconut): Narikela is the most difficult mould to employ because one has to break the rind to understand the idea. Amuktamalyada of Krishnadevaraya is cast in this pāka.[3]
- kavyamuses all nine of these, namely:
- Alankāra (ornamentation). There are:
- śabdhalankāras (ornaments of sound) and arthalankāras (ornaments of thoughts)
- Upamāna (simile) and utpreksha (hyperbole) are arthalankāras.[3]]
- Alankāras are used in description of events, places and proceedings.[citation needed
History
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Early writers
The Pre-Nannayya Period (before 1020 AD)
In the earliest period, Telugu literature existed in the form of inscriptions, from around 400 BC[citation needed]
The 6th- or 7th-century Sanskrit text Janashrayi-Chhandovichiti (or Janāśraya-chandas) deals with the metres used in Telugu, including some metres that are not found in Sanskrit prosody. This indicates that Telugu poetry existed during or around the 6th century.[14]
Malliya Rechana
Malliya Rechana (940 CE) composed the first Telugu poetic prosody book Kavijanasrayam (pre-Nannayya chandassu) around 940 AD. This was a popular one and referred by many poets. There seems to be even an earlier prosody book by Rechana's guru Vaadindra Chudamani which is not available.[15][16][17]
Veturi Prabhakara Sastry in 1900s mentioned the existence of Pre-Nannayya Chandassu in Raja Raja Narendra Pattabhisheka Sanchika.[17] Accurate dating of this piece of literature happened after the 1980s discoveries in Karimnagar.[18][15][19]
The Age of the Purāṇas (1020–1400 CE)
This is the period of
(or Errana) are known as the Kavi Trayam.Nannaya Bhattarakudu, the Adi Kavi
Tikkana Somayaji
Nannaya's Andhra Mahabharatam was almost completed by Tikkana Somayaji (Telugu: తిక్కన సోమయాజి; 1205–1288 CE) who wrote chapters 4 to 18.[citation needed]
Errapragada
Errapragada (
Baddena Bhupala
Sumati Shatakam, which is a neeti ("moral"), is one of the most famous Telugu
The Prabandha Period (1400–1600 CE)
Srinatha
Srinatha (Telugu: శ్రీనాథుడు) (1365–1441) popularised the Prabandha style of composition.[27] He was a minister in the court of Pedakomati Vemareddy of Kondaveedu[citation needed] and wrote Salivahana Saptasati, Shivaratri Mahatyam, Harivilasa, Bhimakanda, Kashi khandam, Shringara Naishadham, Palanati Veera charitra, Dhananjaya Vijayam, Sringara Dipika. These works were concerned with history and mythology.[citation needed] Srinatha's Srungara Naishadhamu is a well-known example of the form.[27] Srinatha was widely regarded as the Kavi Sarvabhowma ("the emperor among poets").[citation needed]
Vemana
Kumaragiri Vema Reddy (Telugu: వేమన), popularly known as Yogi Vemana, was a 14th-century Telugu poet.[28] His poems were written in the popular vernacular of Telugu, and are known for their use of simple language and native idioms.[citation needed] His poems discuss the subjects of Yoga, wisdom and morality.[citation needed] There is no consensus among scholars about the period in which Vemana lived. C.P. Brown, known for his research on Vemana, estimates the year of birth to be the year 1352 based on some of his verses.[citation needed] His poems are four lines in length. The fourth line is, in the majority of the cases, the chorus Viswadhabhirama Vinura Vema – he thus conveyed his message with three small lines written in a simple vernacular.[citation needed] He traveled widely across south India, acquiring popularity as a poet and Yogi.[citation needed] So high was the regard for Vemana that a popular Telugu saying goes 'Vemana's word is the word of the Vedas'.[citation needed] He is celebrated for his style of Chaatu padyam, a poem with a hidden meaning.[citation needed] Many lines of Vemana's poems are now colloquial phrases of the Telugu language.[citation needed] They end with the signature line Viswadhaabhi Raama, Vinura Vema, literally Beloved of Viswadha, listen Vema. There are many interpretations of what the last line signifies.[citation needed]
Bammera Potanaamatya
Annamacharya
Tallapaka Annamacharya (or Annamayya) (Telugu: శ్రీ తాళ్ళపాక అన్నమాచార్య) (9 May 1408 – 23 February 1503) is known as the Pada-kavita Pitaamaha of the Telugu language.[29] He was born to a Vaidiki Brahmin family and his works are considered to have dominated and influenced the structure of Carnatic music compositions.[citation needed] Annamacharya is said to have composed as many as 32,000 sankeertanas (songs) on Bhagwaan Govinda Venkateswara,[30] of which only about 12,000 are available today. His keertana compositions are based on the Vishishtadvaita school of thought.[citation needed] Annamayya was educated in this system of Ramanuja by Sri Satagopa Yateendra of the Ahobila matham.[citation needed]
Tallapaka Tirumalamma
Tallapaka Tirumalamma (Telugu: తాళ్ళపాక తిరుమలమ్మ) (Annamacharya's wife)[31] wrote Subhadra Kalyanam, and is considered the first female poet in Telugu literature.[by whom?] Her main work, Subhadra Kalyanam, which consists of 1170 poems, is about the marriage of Arjuna and Subhadra, who are characters that appear in the Mahabharata. She presented the Telugu nativity and culture in the story taken from Sanskrit epic.[citation needed]
Allasani Peddana
His work was treated as one of the Pancha Kavyas, the five best works in Telugu. Some of his other famous works such as Harikathaasaaramu are untraceable now.[citation needed]
Dhurjati
Krishnadevaraya
Krishnadevaraya (
]Tenali Ramakrishna
The post-Prabandha Period (1600-1850)
Kasula Purushottama Kavi
Mulugu Papayaradhya
Mulugu Papayaradhya is regarded as the first poet to translate the
Kshetrayya
Kaluve Veera Raju
A prose translation by Kaluve Veera Raju which appeared hundred years later (ca 1700) had good success. He was the army chief under Chikka Deva Raya (1672-1704) of the Mysore Kingdom.[42] [43]
Kancherla Gopanna
Venkamamba
Tyagaraja
Paravastu Chinnayasuri
Paravastu Chinnayasuri (Telugu: పరవస్తు చిన్నయ సూరి) (1807–1861) wrote Baala Vyaakaranamu in a new style after doing extensive research on Andhra Grammar[clarification needed] which is his greatest gift [peacock prose] to Telugu people. Other notable works of Chinnayasuri include Neeti Chandrika, Sootandhra Vyaakaranamu, Andhra Dhatumoola and Neeti Sangrahamu. Chinnayasuri translated Mitra Labham and Mitra Bhedam from the Sanskrit Panchatantra as Neeti Chandrika. Kandukuri Veeresalingam and Kokkonda Venkata Ratnam Pantulu followed his style of prose writing and wrote Vigrahamu and Sandhi in a different pattern.[clarification needed]
Modern Period
Modern Asian literature |
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The period of Modern Telugu Poetry began with
Contemporary poets
Kandukuri Veeresalingam
Acharya Rayaprolu Subba Rao
Rayaprolu Subba Rao (1892–1984) was among the pioneers of modern Telugu literature.[46] He is known as Abhinava Nannaya.[citation needed] He was recipient of Sahitya Akademi Award to Telugu Writers for his poetic work Misra Manjari in 1965. He was inspired by the Western literary movement and brought romanticism into Telugu literature by breaking away from the traditional translations of Sanskrit literature.Subbarayudu.[46] He introduced the concept of Amalina Shringara Tatvamu[further explanation needed] into Telugu literature.
One patriotic verse by Subba Rao, "Edesamegina Endukalidina" (also known as "Janmabhumi"), is a perennial favourite, being regularly sung and recited. It was particularly popular for public events in the pre-Independence Andhra region. The verse has been adapted many times into song for use in Telugu films.[47]
Edesamegina endukalidina |
To whichever country you go, |
—Janmabhumi ('Motherland')[48] | —Translation by A. Viswam[48] |
Mangalampalli Balamurali Krishna
Aatreya
Tripuraneni Ramaswamy
Tripuranēni Rāmasvāmi (15 January 1887 – 16 January 1943) was a lawyer, famous poet, playwright and reformer active among the Telugu-speaking people. Popularly known as Kaviraju, he is considered the first poet to introduce rationalism and humanism into Telugu poetry and literature. Ramaswamy chose literary writing as the vehicle for expressing his rationalist thoughts. His famous work 'Sutaparanam' in four cantos was a fierce attack on the ancient Purāṇas, he has attained the state of excellence in poetic and literary criticism. His poetic work "Kuppuswamy Satakam" reveals the theme of social revolution and talks about social evils, blind faith, and indignity to man. He was against Congress and its fight against independence. In his other works such as "Sambhukavadha", "Suthashrama geetaalu', 'Dhoorta maanava', 'Khooni', 'Bhagavadgita', 'Rana Pratap' and 'Kondaveeti patanam', he made a rational analysis of dogmas prescribed by ancient classics and the injustice these dogmas did to people belonging to the lower social orders. Moreover, he attacked discriminatory practices and fought against the idea of untouchability. Sambhuka Vadha created a lot of controversies. Sambhuka was a character who did tapas to go heaven with the live body before death. That was considered as adharma and was killed by Lord Rama. This story was interpreted that Brahmins do not like doing tapas by non-Brahmins, which is why Sabhuka was killed.
Modern platforms
Growing Internet use in India[51] led to the birth of online platforms that bring Telugu writers closer to more readers. Kadachepta, Pratilipi, SuKatha (SuKatha is a Hindi story reading platform along with Telugu) and Kahaniya are prominent among the new platforms.
Awards
- Sahitya Akademi Award for Telugu – The award given by India's national academy of letters for writing in Telugu.
- Ismail Award – Established in 2005, the award is given every year for a poet's debut book.
- CP Brown Award – Given every year to translators or others have worked to promote the Telugu language.
Political movements
The
Popular authors and works
- Arudra(ఆరుద్ర) – Samagraandhra Saahityamu (సమగ్రాంధ్ర సాహిత్యము) (The Complete Telugu Literature)
- Adavi Baapiraju– Gona Gannareddy, Naarayanarao, Tuphaanu (The storm), Amshumati
- Addepalli Ramamohana Rao – Poga choorina Aakasam
- Ajanta – Penumarti Viswanatha Sastry (born 1922)
- Allasani Peddana – Manu Charitra (The History of Swarochisha Manu)
- Acharya Aatreya – NGO, Kappalu
- Avasarala Ramakrishna Rao (1931–2011) – Sampengalu-Sannajajulu
- Atukuri Molla– Molla Ramayanam
- Bammera Potana – Bhagavata Purana
- Buchchibabu – Chivaraku Migiledi(What is Left at the End)
- Sahitya Academy Award Awarded in 1998 by the Government of India)
- Bondalapati Sivaramakrishna – Sampoorna Sarat Sahityam ( Published by Desi Kavita Mandali )
- Boyi Bhimanna – Gudiselu Kaalipotunnaayi
- C. Narayanareddy – Viswambhara ( Won the Jnanpith Awardfor this novel in the year 1988 )
- Cha So (1915–1993)
- Chalam– Chitraangi, Maidhaanam, Saavitri, Janaki, Ameena, Brahmaneekam, Musings
- Chilakamarti Lakshmi Narasimham – Gayopaakhyaanam, Prahasanamulu
- Daasarathi Krishnamacharyulu– Timiramuto samaramu (Fighting against the darkness)
- Devarakonda Balagangadhara Tilak – Tilak Kathalu, Amrutam Kurisina Raatri
- Dhurjati – Srikaalahasteesvara Satakam
- Duvvoori Ramireddy– Paanasaala, Krusheevaludu
- Devulapalli Krishnasastri – Krishna pakshamu (The Brightening Fortnight)
- Garikapati Narasimha Rao – Saagara Ghosha (Boisterousness of Ocean)
- Ranganatha Ramayanam
- Gurajada Apparao – Kanyaasulkamu
- Gurram Jashuva – Gabbilamu (The Bat), Firadausi
- Kaloji- Naa Godava, Idee Naa Godava (Autobiography)
- Kandukuri Veeresalingam – Andhrakavula Charitra (The History of Andhra Poets), Raajasekhara Charitra (The History of Rajasekhara),
- Kanety Krishna Menon – KRATUVU
- Jandhyala Papayya Sastry – UdayaSri, VijayaSri, KarunaSri, Amarkhyam, Telugubala
- Kasula Purushottama Kavi – Andhranayaka Satakamu
- Kavitrayam (Nannayya, Tikkana, Yerrapragada) – Andhra Mahaabhaaratamu (The Great Mahabharata in Telugu)
- Kethu Viswanathareddy– Kethu Viswanathareddy Kathalu
- KNY Patanjali – Gopatrudu,Khaki Vanam, Veera Bobbili
- Ko Ku – Chaduvu
- Kondaveeti Venkatakavi – Nehru Charitra
- Madhurantakam Rajaram – Halikulu Kusalama
- Malladi Venkata Krishna Murthy – Written 153 novels, over 3000 Short Stories and 8 Travelogues covering 33 countries
- Mallikarjuna Panditaradhyudu -- Śivatatvasāramu (First independent work in Telugu)
- Mokkapati Narasimha Sastry – Barrister Parvateesam
- Muddupalani – Radhika Santvanamu
- Mullapudi Venkata Ramana – Budugu, Girisam malli puttadu
- Muppala Ranganayakamma– Raamayana Vishavruksham, Krishnaveni, Sweet home, Janaki Vimukti, Ammaki Adivaram Leda
- Nandoori Subbarao– Yenki paatalu
- Nanne Choadudu– Kumaara Sambhavamu
- Nayani Krishnakumari – Telugu geya vanjmayamu, Agniputri, Kashmira deepakalika
- Nannayya – Andhra Mahabharatam
- Palkuriki Somanatha -- Basava purana, Paṇḍitārādhyacaritamu
- Panchagnula Adinarayana Sastry – Arya Bharathi Granthamala.[52]
- Panuganti Lakshminarasimha Rao – Narmada purukitsiyamu (1902), Sarangadhara (1904), Vijaya raghavamu (1909), Raathi sthambhamu (1930), Ramaraju (1948)
- Papineni Sivasankar – Stabdhata-Chalanam (1984), Oka Saaramsam Kosam (1990), Aku Pacchani Lokamlo (1998), Oka Khadgam-Oka Pushpam (2004), Rajani Gandha (2013), Mattigunde (1992), Sagam Terichina Talupu (2008), Sahityam-Moulika bhavanalu (1996), Nisamta (2008), Thallee Ninnu Dalanchi (2012), Dravadhuikata (2015), Maha Swapnikudu (2016)
- Paravasthu Chinnayasuri– Baalavyaakaranamu, Neeti chandrika
- Rallapalli Ananta Krishna Sharma- Meerabai (1913), Taradevi (1911) (both Khanda Kavya's), Natakopanyasamulu, Vemana (1928–29), Saraswatalokamu (1954) (critical review articles), Shalivahana Gathasaptashati Saramu (translation of the Prakrit work into Telugu) (1932), Chayapa Senaniya, Nrita Ratnavali (Translation into Telugu, 1969), Arya (Translation of Sundara Pandya's Sanskrit work in Telugu, 1970).
- Ravuri Bharadwaja – Paakudu Raallu [received the Jnanpith Award2012
- Rayaprolu Subba Rao Abhinava Nannaya received the Saahitya Academy Award in 1965
- Sankaramanchi Satyam – Amaravati Kathalu (The Stories from Amaravati)
- Sri Krishna Deva Raya – Amuktamalyada
- Sri Sri – Maha Prasthanam
- Sri K Sabha – Viswarupa Sandarsanam, Vedabhumi, Mogili, Patala Ganga
- Srinatha – Haravilaasamu, Kaasikhandamu, Bhimakhandamu, Palnaati veeracharitra, Sŕngaara naishadhamu
- Suravaram Pratapareddy– Aandhrula Saanghika Charitra
- Tallapaka Annamacharya(1424?-1503) – Annamacharya kirtanas
- Tapi dharma Rao 'Vidhi Vilasam', 'Devala paina bootu bommalu, Pelli- Dani Puttupurvottaralu, and film script Rojulu marayi
- Tallapaka Timmakka– Subhadrakalyanam
- Tarigonda Venkamamba– Venkatachala Mahatmyamu, Vasista Ramamyanamu, Rajayogasaramu, Bhagavatamu, Krishnamanjari
- Tenali Ramakrishna– Paanduranga maahaatmyamu
- Tenneti Hemalata – Raktapankhamu, Mohanavamsi, Omar Khayyam
- Tikkana – Nirvachanottara Raamayanamu -
- Tirupati Venkata Kavulu – Paandavodyoga vijayamulu, Devi bhaagavatamu
- Tirumalamba – Varadambika parinayamu
- Thiruvarangam Sudhakar – Sudhakara kavitha jyotsna
- Tripuraneni Ramaswamy Choudhury– Sutapuranamu, Karempudi kathanamu, Kurukshetra sangramamu, Kuppuswamy satakamu, Sambhukavadha, Sutashrama geetalu, Dhoorta manava, Khooni, Bhagavadgita, Rana Pratap, Kondaveeti patanam
- Tripuraneni Maharadhi – Samagraha Praanam
- Ushasri – Sundarakanda
- Veyipadagalu, Ekaveera, Naa ramudu, Nepala rajavamsa kathalu (In Telugu he is the first writer to receive Jnanpith Award for the novel Ramayana Kalpavrukshamuin the year 1970)
- Vegunta Mohan Prasad – Chiti Chinta, Rahastantri, Punarapi, Saandhya Basha
- Vemana – Vemana Satakam
- Vempalli Gangadhar – Molakala Punnami
- Yenugu Lakshmana Kavi – Bhartruhari Subhashitamulu
- Aranya Parvaof Mahabharata
See also
- § Dalit literature in Telugu
- Bhakti movement
- Chatuva
- Telugu development
- Telugu poetry
- List of Telugu poets from India
References
Citations
- ^ Chenchiah & Bhujanga (1988), p. 19.
- ^ a b c d e Chenchiah & Bhujanga (1988), p. 33.
- ^ a b c d e Chenchiah & Bhujanga (1988), p. 35.
- ^ ISBN 81-260-1803-8)
- ^ Adluri, Seshu Madhava Rao (January 1998). "అష్టదిగ్గజ ములు Ashtadiggaja mulu (Introduction) – Telugu Language and Literature". mun.ca. Archived from the original on 21 March 2020.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: date and year (link) - ^ a b c d Chenchiah & Bhujanga (1988), p. 34.
- ^ Chenchiah & Bhujanga (1988), p. 97.
- ^ Chenchiah & Bhujanga (1988), p. 98.
- ^ ISBN 9788126011940.
- ^ a b Brown, Charles Philip (1857). A Grammar of the Telugu Language. Madras. pp. 310–11.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ )
- ^ OCLC 36023922.
- )
- OCLC 948611193.
- ^ a b Chimakurthi, Seshagiri Rao (1992). Telugu Marugulu. Telugu Gosti. p. 87.
- ^ Nidadavolu Venkata Rao Gari Rachanalu Parisheelana. p. 80.
- ^ a b Chaganti, Seshayya (1956). Andhra Kavi Tarangani. Hindu dharma sastra granthalayam.
- ^ Prabhakara Sastry, Veturi (2014) [1918]. Prabandha Ratnavali. Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanam. p. 44.
- ISBN 9781317490333.
- ISBN 978-1-108-49457-1.
- ISBN 978-81-260-2171-0.
- ^ Rao, Sonti Venkata Suryanarayana (1999). Vignettes of Telugu Literature: A Concise History of Classical Telugu Literature. Jyeshtha Literary Trust. p. 57.
- ISBN 978-0-19-939768-6.
- ^ ISBN 978-81-260-1803-1.
- ISBN 978-0-520-22821-4.
- ^ a b c Raju (1944).
- ^ a b "Languages – Literature". aponline.gov.in. Archived from the original on 8 February 2012. Retrieved 6 January 2007.
- ISBN 978-0-7546-3950-3.
- ^ Source of his history: http://www.svasa.org/annamacharya1.html
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Bibliography
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{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link - Raju, P. T. (1944). Telugu Literature. Asha Lane, Fort Bombay, India: The International Book House Ltd.
- Subbarayudu, G. K.; Subbarayudu, C. (1996). "Twentieth-Century Telugu Literature (Chapter 11)". In Natarajan, Nalini; Nelson, Emmanuel Sampath (eds.). Handbook of Twentieth-century Literatures of India. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 306–328. ISBN 978-0-313-28778-7.