Temple of Anahita, Kangavar
The remains at
Another Iranian construction is the Khurra mausoleum in
Dispute on identity
Dispute exists among scholars on the correct identity of the main structure at the site.[3] The Encyclopædia Iranica in this regard concludes:
- "Until detailed further excavations are carried out, no definite judgments may be declared on the function of Kangava platform"[4]
Excavation first began in 1968, by which time the "large structure with its great Ionic columns set on a high stone platform"[5] had been associated with a comment by Isidore of Charax, that refers to a "temple of Artemis" (Parthian Stations 6). References to Artemis in Iran are generally interpreted to be references to Anahita, and thus Isidore's "temple of Artemis" came to be understood as a reference to a temple of Anahita.
Consequently, it has been commonly believed that the site was a "columnar temple dedicated to
In 1981, a report
Finally, a third group contends that the site was originally constructed in the
Dispute on date of construction
Originally, 200 BCE was proposed as the date of the site's construction. "Under the
In this regard, Warwick Ball however states:
- "Earlier studies favored a Seleucid date, with some suggesting an Achaemenid date for the platform. A date in the Parthian period has since been more generally favoured on stylistic grounds, but recent excavations found evidence for major Sassanian construction. However the colonnaded temenos is different in almost every respect to Sassanian architecture. Probably, the temple underwent numerous major reconstruction periods, with perhaps a 2nd-century AD date for the colonnaded temenos, and major Sassanian reconstruction of the sanctuary building inside."[19]
Anahita Temple at Bishapur
The Temple of Anahita, Istakhr at Bishapur, "was probably built by Roman prisoners, is well masoned of ashlar blocked walls, and with trapezoid shaped doorways."[20]
See also
- Iranian architecture
- Pillar of Gorpossibly being a component
- Qadamgah (ancient site), possibly a (post)-Achaemenid religious place related to the Waters
References
- ^ Arthur Upham Pope. Introducing Persian Architecture. Oxford University Press. 1971. p.28
- ISBN 978-0-415-11376-2, p.330-331
- doi:10.1086/468928. p. 206-207
- ^ Iranicaonline.org - KANGAVAR
- ^ Kawami, T. (1987). "Architecture: Seleucid". Encyclopædia Iranical. Vol. 2. New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 326–327. p. 326.
- Arthur Pope, Persian architecture; The triumph of form and color, George Braziller, New York, 1965, p.46
- ISBN 964-96113-2-0, p.105
- ISBN 978-0-415-11376-2, p.330
- ^ Ibid
- ^ Among these one can name:
- Ernst Herzfeld. Reference for his paper in German given in: "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-12-30. Retrieved 2007-04-12.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - Fard, S. K. "The Anahita Temple Kangavar. Archeological Excabvations and Surveys: The reconstruction and architectural restoration of the Nahid temple and Tagh-e Gera" 1996. Tehran
- For a detailed list of other scholars, refer to the references given in: Ball, Warwick. Rome in the East: The Transformation of an Empire London, New York, Routledge, 2000, ISBN 978-0-415-11376-2
- Ernst Herzfeld. Reference for his paper in German given in: "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-12-30. Retrieved 2007-04-12.
- ^ Azarnoush, Masoud (1981). "Excavations at Kangavar". Archäologische Mitteilungen aus Iran. NF Berlin:14: 69–94.
- ^ Kleiss, Wolfram (2005). "Kangavar". Encyclopædia Iranica. Costa Mesa: Mazda.
- ^ CHN News (2007). "Kangavar, Land of Anahita Temple?". Archived from the original on October 17, 2011. Retrieved 2007-04-12.
- ^ Huff, Dietrich (1987). "Architecture: Sasanian". Encyclopædia Iranical. Vol. 2. New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 329–334. p. 332.
- ^ Link: http://www.aftab.ir/articles/art_culture/cultural_heritage/c5c1148139987p1.php
- ^ Link: "موسسه گردشگری استان کرمانشاه............Kermanshah Tourist Informatiom". Archived from the original on 2007-01-26. Retrieved 2007-04-12.
- ^ Kambakhshfard, Seifollah (1995). The Anahita Temple Kangavar, Archaeological Excavations and Surveys: The reconstruction and Architectural Restoration of the Nahid Temple and Taq-e Gera. Iranian cultural heritage organization.
- ^ Keall, E. J. (1987). "Architecture: Parthian". Encyclopædia Iranical. Vol. 2. New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 327–329. p. 328.
- ISBN 978-0-415-11376-2, p.332
- ISBN 978-0-415-11376-2p.117
Further reading
- Cultural Heritage, Handicrafts and Tourism Organization of Kermanshah: Anahita Temple
- Tehran University dissertation: "معبد آناهیتا" ("Temple of Anahita") by Ali Ahmadi (علی احمدی) ***Broken Link ***
- ICHO project report: "کاوش معبد آناهيتا" ("Excavations at Anahita Temple"), 2004 ***BROKEN LINK***
External links
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