Temple of Apollo Sosianus
The Temple of Apollo Sosianus (previously known as the Apollinar and the temple of Apollo Medicus
Location
The Apollinar and its successors can closely be linked to the site next to the theatre due to
All these indicate the presently-accepted site for this temple, just north of the theatre and east of the
History
Republican era
The three columns of the temple which survive to full-height today belong to the Augustan rebuild, but the cult of Apollo had existed in this area since at least to the mid-5th century BC when an Apollinar (a sacred grove or altar) was recorded on this site. Since Apollo was a foreign cult, it thus legally had to be placed outside the pomerium,[7] making it a regular spot for extra-pomerial senate meetings.[8] (This was also Apollo's only temple in Rome until Augustus dedicated another on the Palatine Hill.)[9]
The first temple building dates to 431 BC, when the consul
A neighbouring temple dedicated to Apollo's sister Diana probably dates to the late Republic, following the destruction of the Apollo temple's precinct in work on the theatre of Marcellus.
Sosian reconstruction
A radical reconstruction was begun by
Late Roman
Only minor reconstructions are known after the Augustan phases, by the
Medieval and modern
The temple's ruins were occupied in the post-Roman period by medieval dwellings right up to the 1930s, when these were demolished between 1926 and 1932 to allow the theatre of Marcellus to be seen in isolation. In those same works the remains of the fallen colonnade were recovered in the very positions in which they had fallen, inside the arches of the theatre and as a result in 1937 and 1938 the podium's remains were excavated. In 1940 the fallen columns were raised on this podium, though probably not in their original positions.
Additional Works
Twice, Pliny[16] speaks of works of art in this temple, probably referring to loot brought back from Greece by Sosius and placed within his reconstruction of the temple. These include:
- paintings by Aristides of Thebes[17]
- several statues by Philiscus of Rhodes[18]
- an Apollo Citharoedus by Timarchides[19]
- a statue of Apollo in cedar wood from Seleucia[20]
- the celebrated group of the Niobids[21] (attributed by the ancients to Scopas or Praxiteles, now attributed to neither).[22]
Augustan Reconstruction
Between 37 and 32 BC, a large reconstruction of the pediment of the Temple of Apollo Sosianus occurred under Augustus, which was indicative of his larger plans to re-structure the architectural format of Circus Flaminius, an oval shaped section in the southern portion of Campus Mauritius. The result of this Augustan re-formatting was a tight architectural relationship between Apollo Sosianus, the Temple of Bellona, and the Theatre of Marcellus.[23] This decision was intentional and indicative of the Greek god Apollo's influence on Roman life; Apollo was the center of life at the Circus Flaminius, as the space was used for theatrical performances at the Theatre of Marcellus, horse racing around the oval shaped perimeter of the Circus, and political speeches within the oval field.[24]
Pedimental Reconstruction: Apollan Statue
One of the most famous sculptures recovered from the surrounding areas around Apollo Sosianus was a five-foot tall sculpture of an Apollo archer. While the original position of this sculpture has been the object of scholarly debate, as some authors believed that this work was originally placed in a niche within the temple cell,[23] this theory was disproved with the discovery of “a very accentuated stucco which hid a quadrangular hole, by those that are normally used to fix the pedimental statues with a hook to the back wall.”[23] Based on the location of this hole, scholars discovered that the Apollo statue would have been hung on the pediment with a profile view, and his left arm most likely held a shield while he held a sword in his right hand. This determination also solidified scholars distinction between this work as a warrior of Apollo versus that of Apollo himself, as the god Apollo is typically depicted with his arms raised, adorned with a bow and arrow. Also indicative of this distinction is the lack of “characterizing element”[23] of Apollo, such as a braid behind the nape, a characteristic reserved for depictions of heroes and gods.
Description
The building is oriented almost perfectly towards the south, differing from the orientation of the other neighbouring buildings, including the adjoining
The
The temple's
The facade's architrave was made up of blocks of travertine faced and supported with marble in the pittabanda style, rather than solid blocks of marble alone. In the same way the frieze was sculpted on slabs placed on the supporting structure. The capitals are Corinthian with extra vegetable motifs (in Italian, "corinzieggiante", no English equivalent), and the frame presents a very protruding ceiling supported by brackets.
The temple's main pediment was decorated with sculptures removed from a classical temple in Greece. These date to c. 450 - 425 BC and show an amazonomachy. They are now preserved at Centrale Montemartini of the Capitoline Museums.
The cella's interior walls were decorated with a double order of column shafts in African marble, the lower one with a frieze representing stages of the battles included in the triple triumph of Octavian in 29 BC. Between the columns were
Art-historical analysis
The architectural decoration of the surviving phase includes different and unusual motifs (e.g. the grooves of the column trunks, which are not all equal, but alternately wider and narrower). This shows a moment at which a new decorative style is being elaborated, amalgamating the
The temple also dates from the earliest period in which marble was used in bulk for Roman public buildings, and represents a switch-over period from the traditional technologies of plastered tuff and travertine, with experimentation in ways of working with the new materials. Indeed, marble is only used on the facade, with the architects as yet uncertain of its load-bearing possibilities, as seen in the faced tuff frieze, lintel and capitals.
Other buildings in the area
Located near the Temple of Apollo Sosianus is a concrete circular foundation, found among other remains of Flavian date. Its proximity to the temple may suggest that these remains were once its perirrantherion, a sacred space used for the temple's cult, and later on, likely used for lustra.
The triumphal portico (a long portico stretching a mile between the
See also
Notes
- ^ In Greek it appears as Ἀπολλώνιον, the Apollonion - Cass. Dio frg. 50.1
- Asconius, On Cicero's "In Toga Candida", 90‑91
- ^ Livy 3.63
- ^ Plut. Sulla 32
- ^ Cass. Dio. frg. 50.1
- ^ Mon. Anc. iv.22; cf. Liv. XXVII.37.11
- ^ Livy 34.43 and 37.58
- ^ Livy 39.4 and 41.17; Cicero, Ad Quinto 2, ad fam 8.4 and 8.5,6; Lucan 3.103
- Asconius., on Cicero's 'oratum in toga candida' 90‑91
- ^ Livy 4.25
- ^ Livy, VII.20.9: relicum anni [ie 353 BC ] muris turribusque reficiendis consumptum et aedes Apollinis dedicata est - Asconius's direct evidence shows that this was the same temple as that repaired by Sosius.
- ^ Liv. XL.51.6 - locavit . . . porticum aliam post navalia et ad fanum Herculis et post Spei [a] Tiberi [ad] aedem Apollinis Medici. The MSS. read et post Spei ad Tiberim aedem Apollinis Medici, which Frank prefers — see below.
- ^ Cass. Dio frg. 84.2
- JRS1916, 183.
- ^ Fast. Urb. Arv. ad IX kal. Oct.; CIL 12 p215, 252, 339
- ^ NH XIII.53; XXXVI.28
- ^ Plin. NH XXXV.99
- ^ ib. xxxvi.34
- ^ ib. 35
- ^ ib. xiii.53
- ^ ib. xxxvi.28
- ^ Roscher iii.409‑421).1
- ^ JSTOR 44514844.
- S2CID 163195883.
- ^ Delbrück, Apollotempel, Rome, 1903; HJ 535‑538; Wissowa, Rel. 294; Arch. f. Religionsw. 1909, 74‑75; BC 1893, 46‑60; Bull. d. Inst. 1878, 218; Mem. Am. Acad. II.60‑61; TF 131‑134; JRS 1925, 123
- ^ Liv. XL.51.6, which Frank makes to refer to the temple itself.
References
- Jens Fischer, Folia ventis turbata. Sibyllinische Orakel und der Gott Apollon zwischen später Republik und augusteischem Principat (Studien zu Alten Geschichte 33), Göttingen 2022.
- Alessandro Viscogliosi, Il tempio di Apollo in circo e la formazione del linguaggio architettonico augusteo, Roma 1996. ISBN 88-7062-942-2
External links
- Miller, 'Apollo Medicus in the Augustan Age'
- Lacus Curtius
- Images of the reliefs and other sculpture
- Other images of the sculptures
- The Amazonomachy frieze on the Capitoline Museums site (Italian)
- Plans of the temples of Apollo and Bellona on the Comune di Roma site (Italian) here and here
- An article on the temple with an analysis of scholarly discussion as to the temple's sculptures (Bolletino Telematico dell'Arte - Italian)
- Precis of Viscogliosi's work on the temple (in Italian) Archived 2007-09-27 at the Wayback Machine
- Lucentini, M. (31 December 2012). The Rome Guide: Step by Step through History's Greatest City. Interlink. ISBN 9781623710088.
Media related to Temple of Apollo Sosianus (Rome) at Wikimedia Commons
Preceded by Temple of Apollo Palatinus |
Landmarks of Rome Temple of Apollo Sosianus |
Succeeded by Temple of Hadrian |