Temporal power of the Holy See
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The Papal States ceased to exist following the capture of Rome in 1870 by the Royal Italian Army, after which its remaining territories were annexed to the Kingdom of Italy. The Lateran Treaty of 1929 later established the Vatican City, a small city-state where the Holy See currently exercises temporal powers.
Origins
Patrimony of Saint Peter
The Lateran Palace was the first significant acquisition of the Church, most probably a gift from Constantine the Great. The example of Constantine was followed by wealthy families of the Roman nobility,[2] Sometimes designated as the Patrimonium Sancti Petri, it was not a separate state, but still subject to the emperor in Byzantium.
Donation of Pepin
In 751 the Exarchate of Ravenna fell to Lombard King Aistulf. Five years later, Pepin the Short of the Franks defeated the Lombards and granted the lands of the Duchy of Rome as well as territory ceased by the Lombards to the Papacy in what is referred to as the Donation of Pepin, marking the true beginning of the Papal States. The area conferred upon the pope included the territory belonging to Ravenna, even cities such as Forlì with their hinterlands, the Lombard conquests in the Romagna and in the Duchy of Spoleto and Benevento, and the Pentapolis (the "five cities" of Rimini, Pesaro, Fano, Senigallia and Ancona). Narni and Ceccano were former papal territories.[3] However, the medieval Popes were unable to exercise effective sovereignty over these extensive and mountainous territories, given the recalcitrance of their vassals.
For over a thousand years popes ruled as
Early modern period
Theologian
In 1590,
Concerning the pastoral and spiritual power of the pope, Bellarmine's "Disputationes, 3 vol. (1586–93), and De potestate summi pontificis in rebus temporalibus (1610; "Concerning the Power of the Supreme Pontiff in Temporal Matters") gave definite form to the theory of papal supremacy."[9]
19th century
The secular revolutionary movements of the 1800s posed a serious threat to the pope's temporal power. Avignon was seized by revolutionaries during the
In November 1848, during the 1848 Revolutions that swept Europe, the assassination of his minister Pellegrino Rossi led Pope Pius IX to flee Rome. During a political rally in February 1849, a young heretic, the Abbé Arduini, described the temporal power of the popes as a "historical lie, a political imposture, and a religious immorality."[11]
On 9 February 1849, a revolutionary Roman Assembly proclaimed the
In 1859–60, the Papal States was invaded by various republican forces seeking a unified Italian state, and lost the provinces of
The first idea of convening an
However, following the
For practical purposes, the temporal power of the popes ended on 20 September 1870, when the Italian Army breached the Aurelian Walls at Porta Pia and entered Rome. This completed the Unification of Italy (Risorgimento).
See also
- Donation of Pepin
- Duchy of Rome
- Gregorian Reform
- Hierocracy (medieval)
- Interdict (Catholic canon law)
- Investiture Controversy
- Neo-ultramontanism
- Papal deposing power
- Papal Jurisdiction Act 1560
- Papal supremacy
- Patrimony of Saint Peter
- Political theology
- Pontifex Maximus
- Primacy of the Bishop of Rome
- Prisoner in the Vatican
- Roman Question
- Sic transit gloria mundi
- Symphonia (theology)
- Theocracy
- Ultramontanism
- Vatican City
References
- ^ Pope Innocent III. Epistolæ, IV, 17, 13. "We do not exercise any temporal jurisdiction except indirectly". From: Jarrett, B. (1911). Papal Arbitration Archived 30 July 2022 at the Wayback Machine. In the Catholic Encyclopedia. Retrieved 30 July 2022.
- ^ Schnürer, Gustav. "States of the Church." The Catholic Encyclopedia Vol. 14. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1912. 29 December 2022 This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
- ^ Noble, Thomas F. X., The Republic of St. Peter: The Birth of the Papal State, 1984, .p. 93
- ^ "Papal States | historical region, Italy | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 14 November 2021.
- ^ "Avignon papacy | Summary, History, & Facts | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 14 November 2021.
- ^ Springborg, Patricia. "Thomas Hobbes and Cardinal Bellarmine: Leviathan and 'the ghost of the Roman empire' " Archived 7 August 2022 at the Wayback Machine. History of Political Thought. XVI:4 (January 1995), pp. 503–531 [516–517].
- ISBN 978-0-268-15893-4.
Bellarmine himself was not a stranger to theological condemnation. In August 1590 Pope Sixtus V decided to place the first volume of the Controversies on the Index because Bellarmine had argued that the pope is not the temporal ruler of the whole world and that temporal rulers do not derive their authority to rule from God through the pope but through the consent of the people governed. However Sixtus died before the revised Index was published, and the next pope, Urban VII, who reigned for only twelve days before his own death, removed Bellarmine's book from the list during that brief period. The times were precarious.
- ^ Vacant, Alfred; Mangenot, Eugene; Amann, Emile (1908). "Bellarmin". Dictionnaire de théologie catholique : contenant l'exposé des doctrines de la théologie catholique, leurs preuves et leur histoire (in French). Vol. 2. University of Ottawa (2nd ed.). Paris: Letouzey et Ané. p. 563–564.
- ^ "France – Political ideology". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 18 February 2020.
- ^ "Papal States – The 15th century to the French Revolution | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 14 November 2021.
- ^ Jasper Ridley, Garibaldi, Viking Press (1976) p. 268
- ^ "Costituzione Della Repubblica Romana, 1849". Archived from the original on 27 September 2013. Retrieved 27 September 2013.
- ^ "The Rise and Fall of the Roman Republic, 1848–1850 | Watson Institute". Watson Institute for International and Public Affairs. Retrieved 14 November 2021.
- ^ De Cesare (1909), p. 422.
- ^ De Cesare (1909), p. 423.
Sources
- De Cesare, Raffaele (1909). The Last Days of Papal Rome. Archibald Constable & Co. ISBN 9780790554624.