Temuco
This article needs additional citations for verification. (July 2010) |
Temuco | |
---|---|
Cerro Ñielol | |
UTC−3 (CLST) | |
Area code | 56 + 45 |
Climate | Cfb |
Website | Official website (in Spanish) |
Temuco (Spanish pronunciation:
Temuco's central place in Araucanía with easy access to the Andean valleys, lakes and coastal areas makes it a hub for tourism, agricultural, livestock and forestry operations as well as a communication and trade centre for the numerous small towns of Araucanía. Temuco has recently been regarded as a university city as it houses two large universities:
Etymology
The word Temuco comes from the
History
The area around Temuco began to be settled by non-indigenous Chileans in the mid-1870s, when for example Labranza began to be settled.[5][6]
The city was founded by Chilean army on February 24, 1881, as a fort during the
Formed as a military encampment, Temuco had in its origins the attributes of a camp, and a year after its founding, the first major streets started to form in the downtown area.
On April 15, 1888, the first city officers were elected including the first mayor José del Rosario Muñoz. The city grew quickly; a census in 1895 indicated a population of 7,708 people, and when Cautin was declared a province, Temuco became its capital, with its population by that time of 16,037 people.
Chilean poetry has deep roots in Temuco. Nobel laureates Gabriela Mistral and Pablo Neruda (Neftalí Reyes) both lived in Temuco. Mistral was the principal of an all-girls school where Neruda would visit her and show her his first verses when he was around 15 years old.
In 2010 Temuco was affected by the earthquake on February 27 centered 400 km (250 mi) to the north. It was one of the most affected regions of Chile besides Santiago, Concepcion, Valparaíso and others.[clarification needed] The earthquake registered 8.8 Mw on the moment magnitude scale. Though landlocked Temuco avoided the tsunamis the earthquake caused, many very strong aftershocks throughout the country followed, including a 7.1 MW earthquake 70 km (43 mi) northwest of the city.[7] Nowadays, Temuco is a fast growing city with diversified commerce and services.
Demographics
According to the 2002 census by the National Statistics Institute (INE), Temuco had a communal population of 245,347 (117,071 men and 128,276 women). Of these, 232,528 (94.8%) lived in urban areas and 12,819 (5.2%) in rural areas. The population grew by 24.4% (48,111 persons) between the 1992 and 2002 censuses.[3] The INE projected the 2010 population to be 377,495,[citation needed] which makes it the second largest city south of Santiago (behind Concepción), and the fourth largest in the country. One of the distinctive features of Temuco is the strong presence of the Mapuche culture, who make up 23.1% of the population in the Temuco commune, and numerous German immigrant colonies (9.8%). Temuco proper has a population of 227,086.[when?][citation needed]
The locals are called temuquenses. The inhabitants have diverse origins. Temuco has a high percentage of people of
There are also small communities of Jews, from Russia, Poland, Macedonia, Hungary, as well as Central and Eastern Europe in general, and Arabs, from Lebanon, Syria and Palestine. This immigration from Europe and, to a lesser extent, Jewish and Arabic areas helps to explain the various clubs, schools, and sections of the city of Temuco. There are East Asian colonies of Chinese, Japanese and Koreans in Temuco, dating back to the end of the Korean War in the 1950s when thousands of Korean refugees settled through U.N. relocation programs to Chile.[citation needed]
Notable people
- Yanara Aedo, professional footballer
- Gustavo Becerra-Schmidt, composer
- Rosa Catrileo, member of the Constitutional Convention and land rights advocate
- Fuad Chahín, politician, former president of the Christian Democratic Party
- María José Ferrada, children's author and journalist
- Dagoberto Godoy, aviator
- Fabiola Letelier, lawyer and human rights advocate
- Pinochet's secret police, convicted of crimes against humanity
- Pablo Neruda, 1971 winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature
- Leonor Oyarzún, former first lady of Chile
- Andrea Parra, politician
- Bachelet administrationand psychologist
- Karina Riquelme Viveros, human rights lawyer[8]
- Marcelo Salas, retired footballer, chairman of local football club Deportes Temuco
- Luis Salvadores Salvi, Chilean basketball player
- Raúl Sohr, journalist, sociologist and writer
- Tanza Varela, actress and model
- Ena von Baer, journalist and right-wing politician
Geography
Temuco is located in a valley in the center-south of Chile, equidistant between the Pacific Ocean to the west and the Andes to the east. Morphologically, the city placement corresponds to Cautín River-originated fluvial land masses that developed in a crushed form between two hills, Ñielol (350m) and Conunhueno (360m).
Economy and environment
The city is surrounded by a landscape typical to central-southern Chile, consisting mostly of plantations of exotic species used in forestry along with prairies. The original ecosystem of the area consisting in temperate forest is present mostly in the Ñielol hill. Given that burning wood is the primary source of heat during the cold months in Temuco, air pollution is a recurrent problem during autumn and winter. As a consequence, Air quality in Temuco is the third lowest in Chile.[9][10]
Climate
Climatologically, Temuco lies at the border of Chile's central valley Mediterranean region, albeit with an Mediterranean climate (Köppen climate classification: Csb). Through the year, cyclonic and anticyclonic influences alternate, with a distinct drier summer period (although not as dry as Santiago or other central valley cities, receiving just enough precipitation to avoid a Mediterranean climate classification). Its mean annual temperature is 13 °C (55 °F), with highest median during the warmest month of 23.5 °C (74 °F) and lowest median during the coldest month of 3.5 °C (38 °F) (Ciren-Corfo, 1992). Annual mean rain during 1961-1990 (Dirección Meteorológica de Chile, 1991) was 1,157 millimetres (45.6 in) (Capelli de Steffens et al., 1997).
Climate data for Temuco ( Maquehue Airport ) 1991–2020, extremes 1952–present
| |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 38.0 (100.4) |
42.0 (107.6) |
35.1 (95.2) |
32.0 (89.6) |
24.1 (75.4) |
20.8 (69.4) |
20.7 (69.3) |
23.1 (73.6) |
26.8 (80.2) |
30.2 (86.4) |
34.4 (93.9) |
36.4 (97.5) |
42.0 (107.6) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 25.0 (77.0) |
25.5 (77.9) |
23.0 (73.4) |
18.3 (64.9) |
14.6 (58.3) |
12.0 (53.6) |
11.7 (53.1) |
13.3 (55.9) |
15.5 (59.9) |
17.6 (63.7) |
19.7 (67.5) |
22.3 (72.1) |
18.2 (64.8) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 17.1 (62.8) |
17.3 (63.1) |
15.5 (59.9) |
12.4 (54.3) |
10.3 (50.5) |
8.5 (47.3) |
7.8 (46.0) |
8.7 (47.7) |
9.9 (49.8) |
11.6 (52.9) |
13.4 (56.1) |
15.4 (59.7) |
12.3 (54.1) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 9.2 (48.6) |
9.0 (48.2) |
8.1 (46.6) |
6.5 (43.7) |
6.0 (42.8) |
4.9 (40.8) |
3.9 (39.0) |
4.2 (39.6) |
4.3 (39.7) |
5.7 (42.3) |
7.2 (45.0) |
8.5 (47.3) |
6.5 (43.7) |
Record low °C (°F) | −0.2 (31.6) |
−1.9 (28.6) |
−2.0 (28.4) |
−4.0 (24.8) |
−5.4 (22.3) |
−6.9 (19.6) |
−8.1 (17.4) |
−6.7 (19.9) |
−4.3 (24.3) |
−3.0 (26.6) |
−2.4 (27.7) |
−0.2 (31.6) |
−8.1 (17.4) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 27.8 (1.09) |
34.2 (1.35) |
43.8 (1.72) |
85.6 (3.37) |
148.0 (5.83) |
209.6 (8.25) |
156.7 (6.17) |
135.4 (5.33) |
86.4 (3.40) |
81.0 (3.19) |
57.3 (2.26) |
49.0 (1.93) |
1,114.8 (43.89) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 3.6 | 3.6 | 5.5 | 8.6 | 12.5 | 16.5 | 15.3 | 14.6 | 10.8 | 9.6 | 7.2 | 6.0 | 114.0 |
Average relative humidity (%)
|
72 | 72 | 77 | 83 | 87 | 88 | 87 | 84 | 81 | 79 | 78 | 75 | 80 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 303.8 | 265.6 | 226.3 | 147.0 | 111.6 | 75.0 | 89.9 | 124.0 | 171.0 | 179.8 | 210.0 | 272.8 | 2,176.8 |
Mean daily sunshine hours | 9.8 | 9.4 | 7.3 | 4.9 | 3.6 | 2.5 | 2.9 | 4.0 | 5.7 | 5.8 | 7.0 | 8.8 | 6.0 |
Source 1: Dirección Meteorológica de Chile[11][12][13] | |||||||||||||
Source 2: |
Administration
As a commune, Temuco is a third-level
Within the
Sports
Temuco, is as well known as "La ciudad del deporte" which means, the city of sports. Temuco hosts one of the newest as well as biggest stadiums in the country, the "German Becker" stadium; home to the local soccer team "Deportes Temuco".[16]
This stadium has hosted numerous local sports events, as well as international ones. They are as follows:
- FIFA U20 Women's World Cup in 2008
- WORLD RUGBY's U20 RUGBY WORLD TROPHY in 2013
- AMERICAN CUP's in 2015
Temuco was also one of the host cities of the official
Transportation
The railroad connects Temuco with Victoria to the north and points in between.
Temuco does not have a rapid transit rail system.
Long-haul buses run from the Terminal Rodoviario de la Araucania,[17] at the northern approach to town.
Private transport by car is commonly used which causes traffic congestion at peak hours.
The recent proliferation of bike lanes has placed transportation by bicycle as an emerging trend. By 2017, 35 km (22 mi) of bike lanes are expected to be operative.[18]
Important places
- Cerro Ñielol
The Ñielol Hill houses the original temperate forest at this latitude in southern Chile as it was before the Spanish people colonised it. Currently, it has the status of natural monument and as such, it is a protected area. It has also a special meaning for the Mapuche people living in the Region, housing near the top a ceremonial area called La Patagua. We can also find a restaurant at the top of the Hill and a viewpoint of the east side of the city and Padre Las Casas, across the river. It is easily accessed by foot or car. The Southern Andean Volcano Observatory has its office there.
- Central market
The central market is one of the best places to get Mapuche crafts. It has a meat market and shops selling woodcrafts, artifacts, wool knits, and similar goods. A fire has recently affected its structure. Reconstruction is planned, but the original market is currently closed.
- Feria Pinto
One of the most traditional places in the city. Fresh fruits and vegetables are sold here in a daily basis. People from the city and from rural nearby towns come here for trade.
- Alemania Avenue
Is the principal artery in Temuco. Here we can find The Araucaria Museum building (19th century Chilean style); the Menchaca Lira Campus of Art Building (a
- Anibal Pinto Square
The core of Downtown Temuco is the Main Square Anibal Pinto. Temuco's Main Square is the only one in Chile that was not built with a water fountain in its centre; an art gallery was built in 1981 as part of a total renewal. Compared to other main squares of southern Chile, Temuco's looks very modern. It was named one of Chile's most beautiful plazas. It is a tradition, in all
References
- ^ a b "Asociación Chilena de Municipalidades" (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 31 December 2017. Retrieved 7 February 2011.
- ^ a b "Municipality of Temuco" (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 31 December 2017. Retrieved 7 February 2011.
- ^ a b c d "National Statistics Institute" (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 6 January 2019. Retrieved 13 December 2010.
- ISBN 956-282-232-X.
- ^ Gobierno Regional de la Araucanía (GORE). 2011. Labranza. Huellas en el camino. Historia de mi localidad. Santiago de Chile: Comité de Desarrollo Local de Labranza.
- .
- ^ "Magnitude 7.1 - ARAUCANIA, CHILE". Archived from the original on 16 March 2011. Retrieved 10 February 2011.
- ^ "Chile: Lawyer Intimidated During Trial of Policemen" (PDF). Amnesty International. 18 July 2018. Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 March 2020. Retrieved 10 July 2021.
- ^ "News report February 2015". Archived from the original on 1 July 2016. Retrieved 16 June 2016.
- ^ "Air pollution worsens in southern Chilean city of Temuco". Archived from the original on 22 April 2022. Retrieved 20 September 2016.
- ^ "Datos Normales y Promedios Históricos Promedios de 30 años o menos" (in Spanish). Dirección Meteorológica de Chile. Archived from the original on 30 May 2023. Retrieved 30 May 2023.
- ^ "Temperatura Histórica de la Estación Maquehue, Temuco Ad. (380013)" (in Spanish). Dirección Meteorológica de Chile. Archived from the original on 30 May 2023. Retrieved 30 May 2023.
- ^ "Estadisca Climatologica Tomo II" (PDF) (in Spanish). Dirección General de Aeronáutica Civil. March 2001. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 25 December 2012.
- ^ "Maquehue Aerodromo Temuco Climate Normals 1991–2020". World Meteorological Organization Climatological Standard Normals (1991–2020). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on 6 August 2023. Retrieved 6 August 2023.
- ^ "Tabla 4.6: Medias mensuales de horas de sol diarias extraídas del WRDC ruso (en (hrs./dia))" (PDF). Elementos Para La Creación de Un Manual de Buenas Prácticas Para Instalaciones Solares Térmicas Domiciliarias (in Spanish). Universidad de Chile. September 2007. p. 81. Archived from the original on 4 January 2020. Retrieved 21 January 2015.
- ^ "Estadio Germán Becker Baechler CDT - PASION IMBATIBLE". CDT - PASION IMBATIBLE (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 14 August 2023. Retrieved 14 August 2023.
- ^ "Sur Chico travel". Archived from the original on 27 September 2015. Retrieved 26 September 2015.
- ^ "LA ARAUCANÍA CONTARÁ CON 35 KILÓMETROS DE CICLOVÍAS PARA EL AÑO 2017". Archived from the original on 24 November 2019.