Tengku Razaleigh Hamzah
PETRONAS | |
---|---|
1976-1977 | Chairman of the Asian Development Bank |
1977-1978 | Chairman of the 33rd Board of Governors of the World Bank and International Monetary Fund |
1978-1979 | Chairman of the Islamic Development Bank |
Personal details | |
Born | Tengku Razaleigh bin Tengku Mohd Hamzah 13 April 1937 Malaysian |
Political party | United Malays National Organisation (UMNO) (1962–1988; 1996–present) Parti Melayu Semangat 46 (S46) (1989–1996) |
Other political affiliations | Barisan Nasional (BN) (1962–1988; 1996–present) Muafakat Nasional (MN) (2019-present) Perikatan Nasional (PN) (2020) Gagasan Rakyat (GR) (1990-1996) Angkatan Perpaduan Ummah (APU) (1990-1996) |
Spouse |
Cik Puan Noor Yvonne Abdullah
née Yvonne Law (m. 1993; died 2015) |
Relations | Sultan Muhammad V (grandnephew) |
Relatives | Tengku Abdul Aziz (brother) |
Residence(s) | No. 31, Jalan Langgak Golf, Ampang, Kuala Lumpur (city) Palm Manor, Kota Bharu, Kelantan (birthplace cum hometown; private) |
Alma mater | Queen's University Belfast |
Occupation | Politician |
He was the
Early life and education
Razaleigh was born on 13 April 1937 in
Razaleigh took over the family business, and then joined the United Malays National Organisation (UMNO).[9]
Involvement in Malaysia's economic development
Starting from the mid-1960s, with the support of then Prime Ministers
Bank Bumiputra Malaysia Berhad
On 4 June 1965, "Kongres Ekonomi Bumiputra" (Bumiputra Economic Congress), sponsored by the Ministry of National and Rural Development, was held in Kuala Lumpur for 3 days to generate an interest among Malays and other local indigenous groups to participate in commerce and industry. Seven working committees were formed to achieve these objectives.[11]
In 1999, Bank Bumiputra was merged into Bumiputra-Commerce Holdings (which is the listed vehicle for CIMB Group).
Perbadanan Nasional Berhad (PERNAS)
PERNAS (Perbadanan Nasional Berhad or National Corporation) was set up in November 1969 as a wholly owned government company to carry out the resolutions at the Second Bumiputera Economic Congress. Among the major shareholders were the Ministry of Finance,
In view of the very low participation of Bumiputeras in the private sector and industries at the time, PERNAS' principles were to:
- enter undertakings which would bring high economic returns,
- enter into joint ventures where PERNAS was to be the majority shareholder with controlling interest over operations,
- employ Bumiputeras at all levels of operations and undertakings.[18]
To achieve its objectives, many subsidiaries were subsequently set up. The first of which was Malaysia National Insurance Berhad (MNI), which was established in April 1970. This was followed with Pernas Construction Sdn Bhd, Pernas Engineering Sdn Bhd, and Pernas Securities Sdn Bhd. In 1973, Pernas Mining Sdn Bhd was set up and in the following year, Pernas Edar Sdn Bhd.
Razaleigh became involved in what became known as the Haw Par imbroglio of the mid-1970s, working in concert with the Singapore-based Haw Par Brothers International Ltd, then one of the subsidiaries under the control of British wheeler-dealer Jim Slater, to acquire control of the British-owned tin conglomerate known as the London Tin Company, and the plantations conglomerate Sime Darby.[19] This was to be achieved through a web of transactions in which both would end up in the control of PERNAS. Things came to a standstill when Singapore accused Haw Par of financial irregularities and later jailed a senior executive.
But this proved a short-lived setback for Razaleigh. Within two years, he enlisted the help of the merchant bank Rothschild – which was also a part owner of Bumiputera Merchant Bankers – to engage in a share and proxy battle to wrest Sime Darby from British control and shift its headquarters to Kuala Lumpur. Control of the London Tin Company soon followed. In 1979, another takeover attempt was made to achieve control of Kumpulan Guthrie Bhd, when Malaysian money made a "dawn raid" on the plantation giant; this helped to kickstart a "domino effect" which sealed the fates of most other foreign owned plantations.[20]
Among the major corporate takeover exercise and formation of new businesses during Razaleigh's stewardship as Pernas chairman were
- Insurance – Malaysia National InsuranceBhd,
- Banking – Maybank Bhd,
- Mining – the then-largest tin mining company in the world, London Tin Company, which was later renamed MMC Corporation Berhad.
- Palm Oil and Rubber Producer – Sime Darby, Guthrie Berhad, Highlands & Lowlands Berhad.
In 1971, Razaleigh led a trade delegation to China to initiate a prospect of a business relationship.[21] During the visit to China, Razaleigh was granted a meeting with China's then Premier Zhou Enlai. In 1971, total trade with China stood at a mere RM105.6 million. By 1980, this ballooned to RM1.6 billion. Since then, the contact between the two countries has steadily increased.
Fleet Holdings
Fleet Holdings was created to reduce UMNO's financial dependence on non-Malay supporters, such as Chinese businessmen, and to break the foreign hold over Malaysia's media companies.[22]
The Youth division of UMNO had protested strongly about foreign control over the Malaysian publishing media and passed a resolution requesting the then Prime Minister, Tun Abdul Razak, to obtain control of the publishing company, the Straits Times Press.[23]
As a result, Fleet Holdings Sdn Bhd was formed in 1972 by Razaleigh as the Treasurer of UMNO on the instructions of Tun Abdul Razak. This company was started with Razaleigh's own money and its purpose was to take control of the local media not just in the form of capital, but in management terms as well.[23]
In the year that it commenced operations, Fleet Holdings paid RM32 million to control 80% of Straits Times Press (later renamed New Straits Times Press).[24] After its successful venture in media, Fleet Holdings expanded into other fields, including banking, car rental, leasing, communications, filming, insurance, and others. When Razaleigh gave up control of the company in 1983, total asset value of Fleet Holdings stood at more than RM500 million with liabilities amounting to only RM56 million. By 1987 however, liabilities exceeded RM448 million and the company was struggling to service its monthly interest payments of RM3 million.[25] Fleet Holdings became the subject of a bitter dispute between Mahathir and Razaleigh before the UMNO party's split.[26]
Through Fleet Group, UMNO held substantial stakes in Bursa Malaysia listed companies, including The New Straits Times Press (M) Bhd, Time Engineering Bhd (now known as Dagang NeXchange Bhd), Bank of Commerce Bhd, Commerce International Merchant Bankers Bhd (both banks later subsumed into CIMB Group) and Faber Group Bhd (now known as UEM Edgenta). Many of the assets have since been sold to government investment companies and other investors.[27]
Petroliam Nasional Berhad (PETRONAS)
Due to a dispute between the Sarawak Chief Minister
While all other oil-producing States in Malaysia signed the petroleum agreement,
In 1974, the Petroleum Development Act was tabled in Parliament and then approved.
Initially,
Permodalan Nasional Berhad (PNB)
The company was founded on 17 March 1978 based on an idea from Tengku Razaleigh Hamzah, as an instrument of the Government's New Economic Policy to promote share ownership among the Bumiputera, and to develop opportunities for deserving Bumiputera professionals to participate in the creation and management of wealth.
Today, PNB is a major investor in Bursa Malaysia, investing nearly 10% of the market capitalisation of the bourse, across most major Malaysian corporations and also actively contributing towards the nation's human capital development through scholarships and employment opportunities.
Setting up banking firms and other institutions
He also set up Bank Pembangunan Malaysia and founded and established both Bank Islam and Syarikat Takaful, an insurance company run in accordance with Syariah principles.
Institute of Marketing Malaysia (IMM) was founded by Razaleigh in 1977 and he became the institute's first Patron.
Malaysian & Asean Chamber of Commerce
Razaleigh was President of the Malay Chamber of Commerce and Industry, Malaysian Chamber of Commerce and Industry and consequently the President of the ASEAN Chamber of Commerce and Industry. He played a major role in the strategic restructuring of the Malaysian economy. The Malaysian Chamber of Commerce acknowledged his expertise in the petroleum business and once called him the "Malaysian Oil Prince." In the 1975 Malaysian Chamber of Commerce resolution, Razaleigh was named "Father of Malaysian Economic Development."
Political career
Joining UMNO
As the former president of the Malayan Students Union in London and the secretary of the Malay Society in Britain, Razaleigh has been in politics since the early 60s. He formally joined UMNO in 1962 and was unanimously elected the chairman of UMNO's Ulu Kelantan Division at its annual general meeting. He had returned to Malaya earlier that year to attend his father's funeral.[31][32] A few months later, Razaleigh was chosen to be a part of Malaya's delegation to the United Nations for the 17th Session of the U.N. General Assembly in 1962. The leader of the delegation was Ismail Abdul Rahman, the then Minister of Internal Security.[33]
Tunku Abdul Rahman was a very close friend of Razaleigh's father as they shared similar backgrounds, both were from Royal houses. This closeness is also the result of their involvement in politics and their struggle for Malaya's independence. The Tunku saw leadership potential in Razaleigh and after Razaleigh's father had passed on, the Tunku sought to have him compete for a seat on the UMNO ticket. However, Razaleigh resisted the offers presented to him as he wanted to focus on his fledgling business career.[8]
This came to a head several years later when Razaleigh finally gave in after he had learned from various quarters that the Tunku had lost patience with him for stalling. He competed in the 1969 general election and won Kelantan State Legislative Assembly seat of Ulu Kelantan Barat.
In 1971, he was elected to the UMNO Supreme Council. Besides
In the
After Prime Minister Abdul Razak Hussein's sudden death in 1976,
At the same time, Razaleigh was appointed Finance Minister by Hussein. At the time, Razaleigh had gotten a reputation for being an ultra nationalist due to his hard line stance in the negotiations for PETRONAS' oil rights with the Americans. The uncompromising negotiating position adopted by Razaleigh eventually led the Americans to lobby Hussein for his dismissal from his posts in PETRONAS. However, Hussein had a great relationship with Razaleigh, who not only had great grassroots influence but who also did not take a salary when he was heading PETRONAS, and so the Americans' lobbying efforts proved unsuccessful. Eventually, Razaleigh did relinquish his positions in PETRONAS as he was juggling between many different jobs which prohibited him from focusing on his main role as Finance Minister.
Razaleigh's planning is reputed to have been the main reason the
In 1981, Hussein resigned as Prime Minister due to ongoing health concerns and Dr. Mahathir succeeded him. Instead of sticking to the original agreement he had made with Razaleigh, Dr. Mahathir declared an election for the Deputy Premiership - to be decided through the results of the UMNO Deputy Presidency. The new Prime Minister announced that he would not endorse any candidate and would be taking a neutral stance. Razaleigh sensed that Dr. Mahathir was averse to having him as his Deputy per their earlier understanding, but welcomed this decision nonetheless. His main quibble being about how this was not in accordance with tradition (Deputy Prime Ministers are usually hand-picked by the Prime Minister).[36] Razaleigh joined the contest, and his main opposition was Musa Hitam.[37][38] Eventually, Musa won the election with 722 votes to Razaleigh's 517, becoming the new Deputy President of UMNO and leading to his appointment as Deputy Prime Minister.[39] Razaleigh blamed himself for taking "a rather passive stance" and not having a campaign strategy.[40] Meanwhile, Mahathir had maintained Razaleigh as Finance Minister until he was made the Minister of International Trade and Industry in a 1984 cabinet reshuffle.
Exit from UMNO and formation of Semangat 46
Tengku Razaleigh challenged Dr. Mahathir in the 1987 UMNO leadership election, teaming up with former Deputy Prime Minister Musa Hitam, who had in the year prior resigned from Dr. Mahathir's cabinet owing to some conflict with the Prime Minister.[36] Mahathir's then Deputy Prime Minister, Ghafar Baba, contested against Musa for the Deputy Presidency. This led to UMNO being split into two camps, i.e. "Team A" and "Team B" with Dr. Mahathir and Razaleigh as leaders of the respective camps. Dr. Mahathir managed to retain his party president position by a mere 43 votes and Musa lost by 40 votes. It is worth noting that of the two living former Prime Ministers at the time, Tunku Abdul Rahman and Tun Hussein Onn, both had thrown their support behind Razaleigh. The election was held on a Friday, and coinciding with the Friday prayers, it is alleged that many used this opportunity to "buy" votes from delegates in order to have them cast a vote for their leader.[36]
There were many who changed camps at the last minute, including Najib Razak who was then the leader of UMNO's Youth Wing, who ended up endorsing Dr. Mahathir. Najib would come to express regret at his decision 30 years later.[41] It has also been alleged by Razaleigh's camp that while the votes were being counted and Razaleigh was leading, a "black-out" had suddenly occurred whereby the room lost electricity. This was especially curious as the rooms adjacent to where the votes were being counted did not experience the same. After the electric power was back on, Razaleigh's lead was slowly erased and Dr. Mahathir was eventually declared the winner.
This left Razaleigh and his Team B supporters unsatisfied. A few Team B leaders had claimed many party delegates were improperly elected. They eventually took UMNO to court and filed suit to overturn the election after finding discrepancies throughout the voting process. The courts found that some of the delegates that voted were ineligible and UMNO was thus declared illegal on technical grounds in 1988. Despite Dr. Mahathir's camp blaming Razaleigh for UMNO being declared an unlawful party although Razaleigh was not among the twelve plaintiffs, he was widely believed to be funding and co-ordinating the suit.[42] The event did not please Mahathir began making heated attacks on the judiciary and it was considered a judicial intervention of the political dispute triggering the 1988 Malaysian constitutional crisis.[43] Mahathir immediately reconstituted UMNO as UMNO Baru (New UMNO), with only Team A members.[44] Most of its leaders, however, were selected from Team A of the old UMNO, with Team B ignored.[45] UMNO Baru was later announced the de facto and de jure party to succeed its predecessor, the original but 'illegal' UMNO, dropping the 'Baru' suffix and have the old UMNO's assets transferred over too.[46][47]
Razaleigh and his supporters which constituted Team B, had faced difficulties to register as members of Team A's newly formed UMNO Baru. With the personal support of former UMNO prime ministers
In the
Return to UMNO
Tengku Razaleigh return to UMNO as he has discussed earlier with Mahathir after the dissolution of Semangat 46 in 1996.[54] Dr Mahathir dismissed allegations that he brought Razaleigh back to check the influence of Anwar Ibrahim in the party and government.[55][56]
As Anwar was sacked from UMNO in 1998, Mahathir himself brought Razaleigh back into the limelight again in June 1999 by making him the UMNO Kelantan liaison chief, a job the PM had held himself since 1987, Razaleigh could well been Mahathir's heir apparent if he had defeated PAS and won his home state.[8][57]
In 2004, he announced his interest for the UMNO top post yet again but failed to garner enough nominations to contest the presidency. In 2008, Razaleigh had again expressed his interest in becoming Prime Minister, hoping to replace Abdullah Ahmad Badawi. However, his movement also did not get enough traction to seriously contest against Najib Razak for the post.
On 22 July 2011, Razaleigh launched a
After the 2018 general election (GE14) which see the downfall of BN federal government and Najib's resignation as President of UMNO, Razaleigh contested the post of party president for a second time in the 2018 UMNO leadership election but lost to former Deputy Prime Minister Ahmad Zahid Hamidi in a three-corner fight along with former Youth chief Khairy Jamaluddin.[62]
He was made the Chairman of the Advisory Council of UMNO afterwards. Razaleigh somehow had sent the resignation letter from the UMNO post dated 20 September 2021 to the party caretaker President Ahmad Zahid, expressing his dissatisfaction and disappointment of the political cooperation between UMNO and the Malaysian United Indigenous Party (BERSATU) in collaborating a failed government.[63]
In popular culture
Razaleigh is one of many Malaysian politicians, celebrities, and other well-known personalities who appear in
In conjunction with the 50th anniversary of the formation of Malaysia, Pete Teo released the video "Hari Malaysia", featuring many public figures and well-known personalities. Razaleigh was seen sitting next to
Personal life
Razaleigh married his longtime friend, former Malaysia Airlines executive Yvonne Law, an ethnic Chinese, who changed her name to Noor Yvonne Abdullah after her conversion to Islam then.[8] While being out of the limelight and shying away from the public, she was married to him since 9 December 1993. She died on 5 June 2015 due to multiple myeloma, a blood cancer disease she had been suffering from for the previous year.[64][65]
Election results
Year | Constituency | Candidate | Votes | Pct | Opponent(s) | Votes | Pct | Ballots cast | Majority | Turnout | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1969 | N30 Ulu Kelantan Barat | Tengku Razaleigh Hamzah (UMNO) | 4,061 | 63.57% | Hussin Abdullah ( PAS )
|
2,327 | 36.43% | N/A | 1,734 | N/A |
Year | Constituency | Candidate | Votes | Pct | Opponent(s) | Votes | Pct | Ballots cast | Majority | Turnout | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1974 | P027 Ulu Kelantan , Kelantan
|
Tengku Razaleigh Hamzah (UMNO) | Unopposed | |||||||||
1978 | Tengku Razaleigh Hamzah (UMNO) | 10,267 | 64.28% | Khaidir Khatib ( PAS )
|
5,705 | 35.72% | N/A | 4,562 | N/A | |||
1982 | Tengku Razaleigh Hamzah (UMNO) | 15,573 | 61.35% | Hassan Mat Saman ( PAS )
|
9,810 | 38.65% | 26,100 | 5,763 | 80.68% | |||
1986 | P029 Gua Musang, Kelantan | Tengku Razaleigh Hamzah (UMNO) | 12,538 | 70.61% | PAS )
|
5,219 | 29.39% | 18,250 | 7,319 | 76.11% | ||
1990 | Tengku Razaleigh Hamzah (S46) | 18,973 | 76.82% | Wan Ismail Ibrahim (UMNO) | 5,724 | 23.18% | 25,172 | 13,249 | 81.03% | |||
1995 | Tengku Razaleigh Hamzah (S46) | 13,716 | 74.33% | Nik Ismail Wan Idris ( AKIM )
|
4,736 | 25.67% | 21,671 | 28,104 | 77.11% | |||
1995 | Tengku Razaleigh Hamzah (S46)1 | 13,144 | 61.02% | Hussein Ahmad (UMNO) | 8,398 | 38.98% | 21,765 | 4,746 | 77.72% | |||
1999 | Tengku Razaleigh Hamzah (UMNO) | 12,825 | 56.44% | Razak Abas (PAS) | 9,900 | 43.56% | 23,176 | 2,925 | 77.54% | |||
2004 | P032 Gua Musang, Kelantan | Tengku Razaleigh Hamzah (UMNO) | 13,570 | 66.06% | Zulkefli Mohamad (PAS) | 6,972 | 33.94% | 21,076 | 6,598 | 80.64% | ||
2008 | Tengku Razaleigh Hamzah (UMNO) | 14,063 | 59.10% | Zulkefli Mohamad ( PAS )
|
9,669 | 40.64% | 24,283 | 4,394 | 83.77% | |||
2013 | Tengku Razaleigh Hamzah (UMNO) | 21,367 | 62.14% | Wan Abdul Rahim Wan Abdullah (PAS )
|
12,954 | 37.67% | 35,097 | 8,413 | 87.36% | |||
2018 | Tengku Razaleigh Hamzah (UMNO) | 19,426 | 48.64% | Abdullah Hussein ( PAS )
|
15,513 | 38.84% | 41,206 | 3,913 | 78.45% | |||
Mohd Nor Hussin (BERSATU) | 4,997 | 12.51% | ||||||||||
2022 | Tengku Razaleigh Hamzah (UMNO) | 21,663 | 44.78% | BERSATU )
|
21,826 | 45.12% | 48,337 | 163 | 68.86% | |||
Asharun Aji ( PKR )
|
4,517 | 9.34% | ||||||||||
Samsu Abdadi Mamat ( PEJUANG )
|
371 | 0.77% |
Note: 1 On 1 August 1995, the Kota Bharu High Court ordered a fresh election for the Gua Musang Parliamentary Seat after declaring the contest in the 8th General Election held in April the same year earlier null and void. Tengku Razaleigh Hamzah was the incumbent MP.[77]
Honours
Honours of Malaysia
- Malaysia :
- Commander of the Order of Loyalty to the Crown of Malaysia (PSM) – Tan Sri (1973)[78]
- Kelantan :*
Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Crown of Kelantan (SPMK) – Dato'(1967,[79] revoked 2 December 2010)[80]- Recipient of the Royal Family Order of Kelantan (DK) (1978,[81] revoked 2 December 2010[82] and reinstated June 2018)
- Pahang :
- Grand Knight of the Order of Sultan Ahmad Shah of Pahang (SSAP) – Dato' Sri (1980)[79]
- Selangor :
- Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Crown of Selangor (SPMS) – Dato' Seri (1982)[83]
Note: Both awards from Kelantan were rescinded on 2 December 2010. DK was reinstated some time in June 2018, but the status of the SPMK award is unknown.[84]
See also
- Ulu Kelantan (federal constituency)
- Gua Musang (federal constituency)
- 1988 Malaysian constitutional crisis
- 1993 Malaysian constitutional crisis
- Parti Melayu Semangat 46
- Gagasan Rakyat
- Angkatan Perpaduan Ummah
Notes and references
- ^ British Business in Post-Colonial Malaysia, 1957-70 Neo-colonialism Or Disengagement?, Nicholas J. White, Page 78, Routledge
- ^ Malaysiaís foreign policy the first fifty years Alignment neutralism Islamism 1957-70: Neo-colonialism Or Disengagement?, Johan Saravanamuttu, Page 141, Institute of Southeast Asian Studies
- ^ The Straits Times, 7 July 1975, Page 10, National Library, Singapore
- ^ Tengku Razaleigh, Rintangan Dan Cabaran, Alias Muhammad, Page 42, Gateway Publishing House
- ^ "President Carter's speech at the 33rd Annual Meetings of IBRD and IMF Board of Governors".
- ^ Ku Li now longest-serving MP The Star
- ^ "ASIANOW - Asiaweek | Malaysia: The Leader in Waiting | 11/12/99". edition.cnn.com. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
- ^ a b c d Jonathan Sprague and Santha Oorjitham (12 November 1999). "The Leader in Waiting: Tengku Razaleigh could well be Mahathir Mohamad's heir apparent - if he can win his home state". CNN. Kota Bahru: Asiaweek ASIANOW VOL. 25 NO. 45. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
- ^ ISBN 967-908-051-X.
- ^ "Pulang Dari England Kerana Ayah Sakit". Berita Harian (in Malay). Singapore: Straits Times Singapore. 22 February 1962. p. 5.
- ^ The Straits Times 5 May 1965 page 18, National Library, Singapore
- ^ The Straits Times 8 May 1965 page 1, National Library, Singapore
- ^ The Straits Times 15 July 1965 page 11, National Library, Singapore
- ^ The Straits Times 4 September 1965 page 11, National Library, Singapore
- ^ The Straits Times 1 October 1965 page 1, National Library, Singapore
- ^ The Straits Times 10 March 1966 page 10, National Library, Singapore
- ^ The Developing Economies, Malaysia's Localization Policy and its impact of British owned Enterprises, Page 372, Institute of Developing Economies, Japan
- ^ The Developing Economies, Malaysia's Localization Policy and its impact of British owned Enterprises, Page 374, Institute of Developing Economies, Japan
- ^ The Straits Times 2 January 1976 page 5, National Library, Singapore
- ^ "A Onetime Political Star Returns to Malaysia's Stage". asiasentinel.com. 24 March 2008.
- ^ The Political Economy of Malaysia's Trade Relation with China, John Wong, Page 9, Institute of Southeast Asian Studies
- ^ Searle, Peter (1 November 1998). The Riddle Of Malaysian Capitalism. ASAA SOUTHEAST ASIA PUBLICATIONS SERIES. p. 104.
- ^ a b Searle, Peter (1 November 1998). The Riddle Of Malaysian Capitalism. ASAA SOUTHEAST ASIA PUBLICATIONS SERIES. p. 105.
- ^ The Straits Times 17 September 1972 page 1, National Library, Singapore
- ^ Yusof, Marina. "Letter then UMNO Supreme Council member Hajjah Marinah Yusoff wrote to the Prime Minister on 14 April 1987". mahazalim. Retrieved 16 October 2020.
- ^ Searle, Peter (1 November 1998). The Riddle Of Malaysian Capitalism. ASAA SOUTHEAST ASIA PUBLICATIONS SERIES. p. 106.
- ^ Azhar, Kamarul (8 November 2018). "Cover Story: What do the others own?". The Edge Markets. Retrieved 16 October 2020.
- ^ ISBN 967-978-101-1.
When Taib became Minister of Land and Mines, he showed considerable interest in the development of this resource, and in his view, there should be a sharing of royalties between the State (i.e. Sarawak) and the Federal government.(page 121) ... Tengku Razaleigh visited Datuk Rahman, ... I suggested the formation of a company, not a statutory corporation, which would distribute profits equally between the Federal government and Sarawak in the form of cash payments. He accepted the proposal and I rushed back to Tun Razak with the news. (page 122) ... The proceeds would accrue to Petronas, but 5 percent of the oil revenue thereafter would go to the State, and a similar amount to the Federal government. Rahman agreed (page 123).
- ^ "Bid to nullify the oil royalty deal". Daily Express. 26 September 2012. Archived from the original on 28 October 2012. Retrieved 30 May 2015.
- ^ The Straits Times 7 September 1974 page 8, National Library, Singapore
- ^ The Straits Times 24 April 1962 page 11, National Library, Singapore
- ^ Hashim, Zakaria (18 July 1962). "Perubahan besar dalam UMNO Kelantan". Berita Harian (in Malay). Singapore: Straits Times. p. Page 5.
- ^ The Straits Times, 10 September 1962, Page 5, National Library, Singapore
- ^ "7 muka baru terpileh jadi ahli Majlis Kerja UMNO". Berita Harian (in Malay). Singapore: Straits Times. 25 January 1971. p. 1.
- ISBN 978-0-415-62531-9.
- ^ a b c d Wong Chin Huat (17 August 2007). "Splits in Umno and Opposition unity". The Sun. Retrieved 29 September 2021 – via Malaysian Bar.
- ^ Tan & Vasil, p. 42.
- ^ "Loser Will Stay On: Dr M to accept decision of delegates" (PDF). The Star. 25 June 1981 – via Perdana Leadership Foundation Library.
- ^ Tan & Vasil, p. 204.
- ^ Tan & Vasil, p. 112.
- ^ "Najib and Ku Li: We have no ill-will towards each other". The Star. Retrieved 15 October 2020.
- ^ Means, p. 206.
- ^ Means, pp. 217–218.
- ^ Rodan (1996), p. 138
- ^ Means, pp. 224, 225, 230......
- ^ "Terus fokus menyatukan Melayu". Utusan Online. 1 December 2012. Archived from the original on 6 February 2017. Retrieved 23 June 2016.
- ^ "Will BN rebranding work? Not with just Umno, analysts say". Malay Mail. 30 October 2018. Retrieved 29 September 2021.
- ^ Tan (1989), p. 38-40
- ^ Hwang (2003), p. 182
- ^ a b "The Indie Story: 'PARTI MELAYU SEMANGAT 46' (Penghormatan buat UMNO LAMA) Moderator". 1 May 2008.
- ^ Government and Society in Malaysia, Crouch, pg 146
- ^ About Malaysia, for all Malaysians Archived 3 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine, SOO EWE JIN, 2 December 2007, The Star
- ^ Stewart (2003), p. 28
- ^ a b "S46-Dissolve: Parti Melayu Semangat '46 To Be Dissolved On Oct 6" (PDF). Bernama. 18 August 1996 – via Perdana Leadership Foundation Library.
- ^ "Mahathir-Anwar: Tengku Razaleigh's Return Not To Check Anwar's Influence" (PDF). Bernama. 6 July 1996 – via Perdana Leadership Foundation Library.
- ^ "Razaleigh-Reaction: Anwar Welcomes Ku Li's Move To Rejoin Umno" (PDF). Bernama. 9 July 1996 – via Perdana Leadership Foundation Library.
- ^ Assif Shameen (30 November 2000). "COVER STORY MALAYSIA : Quiet, But Not Forgotten - The Kelantan prince waiting in the wings". CNN. Kuala Lumpur: Asiaweek ASIANOW Web-only Exclusives. Retrieved 30 September 2021.
- ^ "Amanah diketuai Ku Li dilancar Jumaat, sandar amanat Tunku". The Malaysian Insider. 20 July 2011. Archived from the original on 26 December 2013.
- ^ "Bila Amanah mahu tunjuk belangnya?". Harakah Daily. 2011. Archived from the original on 25 January 2019.
- ^ "Zaid Ibrahim: Amanah mesti jelas niatnya". Malaysiakini. 27 July 2011.
- ^ "AMANAH pimpinan Ku Li didesak jadi parti politik". Malaysiakini. 13 January 2012.
- The Star Online. Retrieved 1 July 2018.
- ^ Radzi Razak (22 September 2021). "Ku Li quits as Umno advisory board chairman". Malay Mail. Retrieved 27 September 2021.
- ^ "Ku Li's wife passes away - The Rakyat Post". The Rakyat Post. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
- ^ "Noor Yvonne, wife of Tengku Razaleigh, dies - The Malaysian Insider". www.themalaysianinsider.com. Archived from the original on 16 December 2015. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
- ^ "Kelantan Dalam Sejarah: Kerana Cina S'pura, Menteri Besar PAS Dan PM Bersumpah Di Masjid, Menjelang 13 Mei 1969". sokmo.net.
- ^ "Berita Wilayah". bernama.com.
- ^ "Pilihan Raya Umum Malaysia". pmo.gov.my. Archived from the original on 18 December 2014.
- ^ "Keputusan Pilihan Raya Umum Parlimen/Dewan Undangan Negeri" (in Malay). Election Commission of Malaysia. Retrieved 4 February 2017. Percentage figures based on total turnout.
- ^ "Malaysia General Election". undiinfo Malaysian Election Data. Malaysiakini. Retrieved 4 February 2017. Results only available from the 2004 election.
- ^ "KEPUTUSAN PILIHAN RAYA UMUM 13". Sistem Pengurusan Maklumat Pilihan Raya Umum (in Malay). Election Commission of Malaysia. Retrieved 24 March 2017.
- ^ "my undi : Kawasan & Calon-Calon PRU13 : Keputusan PRU13 (Archived copy)". www.myundi.com.my. Archived from the original on 31 March 2014. Retrieved 9 April 2014.
- ^ "Keputusan Pilihan Raya Umum ke-13". Utusan Malaysia. Retrieved 26 October 2014.
- ^ "SEMAKAN KEPUTUSAN PILIHAN RAYA UMUM KE - 14" (in Malay). Election Commission of Malaysia. Retrieved 17 May 2018. Percentage figures based on total turnout.
- ^ "The Star Online GE14". The Star. Retrieved 24 May 2018. Percentage figures based on total turnout.
- ^ "The Star Online GE15 Kelantan". The Star. Retrieved 10 July 2022. Percentage figures based on total turnout.
- ^ New Straits Times May 8, 1997 Page 2
- ^ "Senarai Penuh Penerima Darjah Kebesaran, Bintang dan Pingat Persekutuan Tahun 1973" (PDF).
- ^ a b "Profil YBM Tengku Razaleigh" (PDF). lib.perdana.org.my.
- ^ "Ku Li has been stripped of two Kelantan state awards". The Star. 5 December 2010. Retrieved 12 November 2019.
- ^ "吉兰丹州苏丹 今庆六十华诞" [The Sultan of Kelantan celebrates his 60th birthday today]. 星洲日報. 15 July 1978. p. 6.
- ^ "Ku Li's titles revoked by Sultan of Kelantan". The Star. 5 December 2010. Retrieved 12 November 2019.
- ^ "SPMS 1982". awards.selangor.gov.my. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
- ^ "Ku Li wearing the order's sash at the Installation of 16th Yang di-Pertuan Agong of Malaysia on 30 July 2019". Instagram. Archived from the original on 26 December 2021. Retrieved 20 November 2019.
Other references
- Kamarudin, Raja Petra (9 November 2005). "The Anwar Factor". Malaysia Today.
External links
- Tengku Razaleigh Hamzah's Official Site updated with speeches, news, press releases.
- Tengku Razaleigh Hamzah's Official Facebook Page updated with public addresses and events
- Tengku Razaleigh Hamzah's channel on YouTubevideo archives of speeches, dialogues, Q&A sessions. Also included videos of Malaysia's past prime ministers (Tunku Abdul Rahman and Tun Hussein Onn's interviews)