Tennessee
Tennessee
ᏔᎾᏏ (Cherokee) | |
---|---|
State of Tennessee | |
Volunteer (historical significance) | |
Language | |
• Official language | English |
• Spoken language | Language spoken at home[6] |
Zebra swallowtail | |
Fish | Channel catfish Smallmouth bass |
Flower | Iris Passion flower Tennessee echinacea |
Insect | Firefly Lady beetle Honey bee |
Mammal | Tennessee Walking Horse Raccoon |
Reptile | Eastern box turtle |
Tree | Tulip poplar Eastern red cedar |
Inanimate insignia | |
Beverage | Milk |
Dance | Square dance |
Firearm | Barrett M82[7] |
Food | Tomato |
Fossil | Pterotrigonia (Scabrotrigonia) thoracica |
Gemstone | Tennessee River pearl |
Mineral | Agate |
Rock | Limestone |
Tartan | Tennessee State Tartan |
State route marker | |
State quarter | |
Released in 2002 | |
Lists of United States state symbols |
Tennessee (/ˌtɛnɪˈsiː/ ⓘ TEN-iss-EE, locally /ˈtɛnɪsi/ TEN-iss-ee),[8][9][10] officially the State of Tennessee, is a landlocked state in the Southeastern region of the United States. It borders Kentucky to the north, Virginia to the northeast, North Carolina to the east, Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi to the south, Arkansas to the southwest, and Missouri to the northwest. Tennessee is the 36th-largest by area and the 15th-most populous of the 50 states. Tennessee is geographically, culturally, and legally divided into three Grand Divisions of East, Middle, and West Tennessee. Nashville is the state's capital and largest city, and anchors its largest metropolitan area. Other major cities include Memphis, Knoxville, Chattanooga, and Clarksville. Tennessee's population as of the 2020 United States census is approximately 6.9 million.[11]
Tennessee is rooted in the Watauga Association, a 1772 frontier pact generally regarded as the first constitutional government west of the Appalachian Mountains.[12] Its name derives from Tanasi (ᏔᎾᏏ), a Cherokee town in the eastern part of the state that existed before the first European American settlement.[13] Tennessee was initially part of North Carolina, and later the Southwest Territory, before its admission to the Union as the 16th state on June 1, 1796. It earned the nickname "The Volunteer State" early in its history due to a strong tradition of military service.[14] A slave state until the American Civil War, Tennessee was politically divided, with its western and middle parts supporting the Confederacy and the eastern region harboring pro-Union sentiment. As a result, Tennessee was the last state to secede and the first readmitted to the Union after the war.[15]
During the 20th century, Tennessee transitioned from a predominantly agrarian society to a more diversified economy. This was aided in part by massive federal investment in the
.Tennessee has diverse terrain and landforms, and from east to west, contains a mix of cultural features characteristic of
Etymology
Tennessee derives its name most directly from the
History
Pre-European era
The first inhabitants of Tennessee were
Spanish conquistadors who explored the region in the 16th century encountered some of the Mississippian peoples, including the Muscogee Creek, Yuchi, and Shawnee.[28][29] By the early 18th century, most Natives in Tennessee had disappeared, most likely wiped out by diseases introduced by the Spaniards.[28] The Cherokee began migrating into what is now eastern Tennessee from what is now Virginia in the latter 17th century, possibly to escape expanding European settlement and diseases in the north.[30] They forced the Creek, Yuchi, and Shawnee out of the state in the early 18th century.[30][31] The Chickasaw remained confined to West Tennessee, and the middle part of the state contained few Native Americans, although both the Cherokee and the Shawnee claimed the region as their hunting ground.[32] Cherokee peoples in Tennessee were known by European settlers as the Overhill Cherokee because they lived west of the Blue Ridge Mountains.[33] Overhill settlements grew along the rivers in East Tennessee in the early 18th century.[34]
Exploration and colonization
The first recorded European expeditions into what is now Tennessee were led by Spanish explorers
In the 1750s and 1760s,
In 1775,
Three counties of the Washington District broke off from North Carolina in 1784 and formed the State of Franklin.[65] Efforts to obtain admission to the Union failed, and the counties, now numbering eight, rejoined North Carolina by 1788.[66] North Carolina ceded the area to the federal government in 1790, after which it was organized into the Southwest Territory on May 26 of that year.[67] The act allowed the territory to petition for statehood once the population reached 60,000.[67] Administration of the territory was divided between the Washington District and the Mero District, the latter of which consisted of the Cumberland Association and was named for Spanish territorial governor Esteban Rodríguez Miró.[68] President George Washington appointed William Blount as territorial governor.[69] The Southwest Territory recorded a population of 35,691 in the first United States census that year, including 3,417 slaves.[70]
Statehood and antebellum era
As support for statehood grew among the settlers, Governor Blount called for elections, which were held in December 1793.[71] The 13-member territorial House of Representatives first convened in Knoxville on February 24, 1794, to select ten members for the legislature's upper house, the council.[71] The full legislature convened on August 25, 1794.[72] In June 1795, the legislature conducted a census of the territory, which recorded a population of 77,263, including 10,613 slaves, and a poll that showed 6,504 in favor of statehood and 2,562 opposed.[73][74] Elections for a constitutional convention were held in December 1795, and the delegates convened in Knoxville on January 17, 1796, to begin drafting a state constitution.[75] During this convention, the name Tennessee was chosen for the new state.[23] The constitution was completed on February 6, which authorized elections for the state's new legislature, the Tennessee General Assembly.[76][77] The legislature convened on March 28, 1796, and the next day, John Sevier was announced as the state's first governor.[76][77] Tennessee was admitted to the Union on June 1, 1796, as the 16th state and the first created from federal territory.[78][79]
Tennessee reportedly earned the nickname "The Volunteer State" during the War of 1812, when 3,500 Tennesseans answered a recruitment call by the General Assembly for the war effort.[80] These soldiers, under Andrew Jackson's command, played a major role in the American victory at the Battle of New Orleans in 1815, the last major battle of the war.[80] Several Tennesseans took part in the Texas Revolution of 1835–36, including Governor Sam Houston and Congressman and frontiersman Davy Crockett, who was killed at the Battle of the Alamo.[81] The state's nickname was solidified during the Mexican–American War when President James K. Polk of Tennessee issued a call for 2,800 soldiers from the state, and more than 30,000 volunteered.[82]
Between the 1790s and 1820s, additional land cessions were negotiated with the Cherokee, who had established
As settlers pushed west of the Cumberland Plateau, a slavery-based
Civil War
At the onset of the American Civil War, most Middle and West Tennesseans favored efforts to preserve their slavery-based economies, but many Middle Tennesseans were initially skeptical of secession. In East Tennessee, most people favored remaining in the Union.[94] In 1860, slaves composed about 25% of Tennessee's population, the lowest share among the states that joined the Confederacy.[95] Tennessee provided more Union troops than any other Confederate state, and the second-highest number of Confederate troops, behind Virginia.[96][15] Due to its central location, Tennessee was a crucial state during the war and saw more military engagements than any state except Virginia.[97]
After
General
During the
When the Emancipation Proclamation was announced, Tennessee was largely held by Union forces and thus not among the states enumerated, so it freed no slaves there.[115] Andrew Johnson declared all slaves in Tennessee free on October 24, 1864.[115] On February 22, 1865, the legislature approved an amendment to the state constitution prohibiting slavery, which was approved by voters the following month, making Tennessee the only Southern state to abolish slavery.[116][117] Tennessee ratified the Thirteenth Amendment, which outlawed slavery in every state, on April 7, 1865,[118] and the Fourteenth Amendment, which granted citizenship and equal protection under the law to former slaves, on July 18, 1866.[119] Johnson became vice president when Lincoln was reelected, and president after Lincoln's assassination in May 1865.[103] On July 24, 1866, Tennessee became the first Confederate state to have its elected members readmitted to Congress.[120]
Reconstruction and late 19th century
The years after the Civil War were characterized by tension and unrest between blacks and former Confederates, the worst of which occurred in
A number of epidemics swept through Tennessee in the years after the Civil War, including
Despite New South promoters' efforts, agriculture continued to dominate Tennessee's economy.[134] The majority of freed slaves were forced into sharecropping during the latter 19th century, and many others worked as agricultural wage laborers.[135] In 1897, Tennessee celebrated its statehood centennial one year late with the Tennessee Centennial and International Exposition in Nashville.[136] A full-scale replica of the Parthenon in Athens was designed by architect William Crawford Smith and constructed for the celebration, owing to the city's reputation as the "Athens of the South".[137][138]
Earlier 20th century
Due to increasing racial segregation and poor standards of living, many black Tennesseans fled to industrial cities in the Northeast and Midwest as part of the first wave of the Great Migration between 1915 and 1930.[139] Many residents of rural parts of Tennessee relocated to larger cities during this time for more lucrative employment opportunities.[130] As part of the Temperance movement, Tennessee became the first state in the nation to effectively ban the sale, transportation, and production of alcohol in a series of laws passed between 1907 and 1917.[140] During Prohibition, illicit production of moonshine became extremely common in East Tennessee, particularly in the mountains, and continued for many decades afterward.[141]
Sgt.
When the Great Depression struck in 1929, much of Tennessee was severely impoverished even by national standards.[149] As part of President Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal, the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) was created in 1933 to provide electricity, jobs, flood control, improved waterway navigation, agricultural development, and economic modernization to the Tennessee River Valley.[150] The TVA built several hydroelectric dams in the state in the 1930s and 1940s, which inundated communities and thousands of farmland acreage, and forcibly displaced families via eminent domain.[151][152] The agency quickly grew into the country's largest electric utility and initiated a period of dramatic economic growth and transformation that brought many new industries and employment opportunities to the state.[153][150]
During
Mid-20th century to present
After the U.S. Supreme Court ruled racial segregation in public schools unconstitutional in
The 1962 U.S. Supreme Court case Baker v. Carr arose out of a challenge to the longstanding rural bias of apportionment of seats in the Tennessee legislature and established the principle of "one man, one vote".[163][164] The construction of Interstate 40 through Memphis became a national talking point on the issue of eminent domain and grassroots lobbying when the Tennessee Department of Transportation (TDOT) attempted to construct the highway through the city's Overton Park. A local activist group spent many years contesting the project, and in 1971, the U.S. Supreme Court sided with the group and established the framework for judicial review of government agencies in the landmark case of Citizens to Preserve Overton Park v. Volpe.[165][166] TVA's construction of the Tellico Dam in Loudon County became the subject of national controversy in the 1970s when the endangered snail darter fish was reported to be affected by the project. After lawsuits by environmental groups, the debate was decided by the U.S. Supreme Court case Tennessee Valley Authority v. Hill in 1978, leading to amendments of the Endangered Species Act.[167]
The
In 2002, Tennessee amended its constitution to establish a
Geography
Tennessee is in the Southeastern United States. Culturally, most of the state is considered part of the Upland South, and the eastern third is part of Appalachia.[179] Tennessee covers roughly 42,143 square miles (109,150 km2), of which 926 square miles (2,400 km2), or 2.2%, is water. It is the 16th smallest state in land area. The state is about 440 miles (710 km) long from east to west and 112 miles (180 km) wide from north to south. Tennessee is geographically, culturally, economically, and legally divided into three Grand Divisions: East Tennessee, Middle Tennessee, and West Tennessee.[180] It borders eight other states: Kentucky and Virginia to the north, North Carolina to the east, Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi on the south, and Arkansas and Missouri on the west. It is tied with Missouri as the state bordering the most other states.[181] Tennessee is trisected by the Tennessee River, and its geographical center is in Murfreesboro. Nearly three–fourths of the state is in the Central Time Zone, with most of East Tennessee on Eastern Time.[182] The Tennessee River forms most of the division between Middle and West Tennessee.[180]
Tennessee's eastern boundary roughly follows the highest crests of the Blue Ridge Mountains, and the Mississippi River forms its western boundary.[183] Due to flooding of the Mississippi that has changed its path, the state's western boundary deviates from the river in some places.[184] The northern border was originally defined as 36°30′ north latitude and the Royal Colonial Boundary of 1665, but due to faulty surveys, begins north of this line in the east, and to the west, gradually veers north before shifting south onto the actual 36°30′ parallel at the Tennessee River in West Tennessee.[183][185] Uncertainties in the latter 19th century over the location of the state's border with Virginia culminated in the U.S. Supreme Court settling the matter in 1893, which resulted in the division of Bristol between the two states.[186] An 1818 survey erroneously placed Tennessee's southern border 1 mile (1.6 km) south of the 35th parallel; Georgia legislators continue to dispute this placement, as it prevents Georgia from accessing the Tennessee River.[187]
Marked by a diversity of landforms and topographies, Tennessee features six principal physiographic provinces, from east to west, which are part of three larger regions: the Blue Ridge Mountains, Ridge-and-Valley Appalachians, and Cumberland Plateau, part of the Appalachian Mountains; the Highland Rim and Nashville Basin, part of the Interior Low Plateaus of the Interior Plains; and the East Gulf Coastal Plain, part of the Atlantic Plains.[188][189] Other regions include the southern tip of the Cumberland Mountains, the Western Tennessee Valley, and the Mississippi Alluvial Plain. The state's highest point, which is also the third-highest peak in eastern North America, is Clingmans Dome, at 6,643 feet (2,025 m) above sea level.[190] Its lowest point, 178 feet (54 m), is on the Mississippi River at the Mississippi state line in Memphis.[5] Tennessee has the most caves in the United States, with more than 10,000 documented.[191]
Geological formations in Tennessee largely correspond with the state's topographic features, and, in general, decrease in age from east to west. The state's oldest rocks are igneous strata more than 1 billion years old found in the Blue Ridge Mountains,[192][193] and the youngest deposits in Tennessee are sands and silts in the Mississippi Alluvial Plain and river valleys that drain into the Mississippi River.[194] Tennessee is considered seismically active and contains two major seismic zones, although destructive earthquakes rarely occur there.[195][196] The Eastern Tennessee Seismic Zone spans the entirety of East Tennessee from northwestern Alabama to southwestern Virginia, and is considered one of the most active zones in the Southeastern United States, frequently producing low-magnitude earthquakes.[197] The New Madrid Seismic Zone in the northwestern part of the state produced a series of devastating earthquakes between December 1811 and February 1812 that formed Reelfoot Lake near Tiptonville.[198]
Topography
The southwestern Blue Ridge Mountains lie within Tennessee's eastern edge, and are divided into several subranges, namely the Great Smoky Mountains, Bald Mountains, Unicoi Mountains, Unaka Mountains, and Iron Mountains. These mountains, which average 5,000 feet (1,500 m) above sea level in Tennessee, contain some of the highest elevations in eastern North America. The state's border with North Carolina roughly follows the highest peaks of this range, including Clingmans Dome. Most of the Blue Ridge area is protected by the Cherokee National Forest, the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, and several federal wilderness areas and state parks.[199] The Appalachian Trail roughly follows the North Carolina state line before shifting westward into Tennessee.[200]
Stretching west from the Blue Ridge Mountains for about 55 miles (89 km) are the Ridge-and-Valley Appalachians, also known as the Tennessee Valley[c] or Great Valley of East Tennessee. This area consists of linear parallel ridges separated by valleys that trend northeast to southwest, the general direction of the entire Appalachian range.[201] Most of these ridges are low, but some of the higher ones are commonly called mountains.[201] Numerous tributaries join to form the Tennessee River in the Ridge and Valley region.[202]
The Cumberland Plateau rises to the west of the Tennessee Valley, with an average elevation of 2,000 feet (610 m).[203] This landform is part of the larger Appalachian Plateau and consists mostly of flat-topped tablelands.[204] The plateau's eastern edge is relatively distinct, but the western escarpment is irregular, containing several long, crooked stream valleys separated by rocky cliffs with numerous waterfalls.[205] The Cumberland Mountains, with peaks above 3,500 feet (1,100 m), comprise the northeastern part of the Appalachian Plateau in Tennessee, and the southeastern part of the Cumberland Plateau is divided by the Sequatchie Valley.[205] The Cumberland Trail traverses the eastern escarpment of the Cumberland Plateau and Cumberland Mountains.[206]
West of the Cumberland Plateau is the Highland Rim, an elevated plain that surrounds the Nashville Basin, a geological dome.[207] Both of these physiographic provinces are part of the Interior Low Plateaus of the larger Interior Plains. The Highland Rim is Tennessee's largest geographic region, and is often split into eastern and western halves.[208] The Eastern Highland Rim is characterized by relatively level plains dotted by rolling hills, and the Western Highland Rim and western Nashville Basin are covered with uneven rounded knobs with steep ravines separated by meandering streams.[209] The Nashville Basin has rich, fertile farmland,[210] and porous limestone bedrock very close to the surface underlies both the Nashville Basin and Eastern Highland Rim.[211] This results in karst that forms numerous caves, sinkholes, depressions, and underground streams.[212]
West of the Highland Rim is the Western Tennessee Valley, which consists of about 10 miles (16 km) in width of hilly land along the banks of the Tennessee River.[213] West of this is the Gulf Coastal Plain, a broad feature that begins at the Gulf of Mexico and extends northward into southern Illinois.[214] The plain begins in the east with low rolling hills and wide stream valleys, known as the West Tennessee Highlands, and gradually levels out to the west.[215] It ends at steep loess bluffs overlooking the Mississippi embayment, the westernmost physiographic division of Tennessee, which is part of the larger Mississippi Alluvial Plain.[216] This flat 10 to 14 miles (16 to 23 km) wide strip is commonly known as the Mississippi Bottoms, and contains lowlands, floodplains, and swamps.[217][218]
Hydrology
Tennessee is drained by
About half the state's land area is in the Tennessee Valley drainage basin of the Tennessee River.[219] The Cumberland River basin covers the northern half of Middle Tennessee and a small portion of East Tennessee.[220] A small part of north-central Tennessee is in the Green River watershed.[223] All three of these basins are tributaries of the Ohio River watershed. Most of West Tennessee is in the Lower Mississippi River watershed.[221] The entirety of the state is in the Mississippi River watershed, except for a small sliver near the southeastern corner traversed by the Conasauga River, which is part of the Mobile Bay watershed.[224]
Ecology
Tennessee is within a
Forests cover about 52% of Tennessee's land area, with oak–hickory the dominant type.[232] Appalachian oak–pine and cove hardwood forests are found in the Blue Ridge Mountains and Cumberland Plateau, and bottomland hardwood forests are common throughout the Gulf Coastal Plain.[233] Pine forests are also found throughout the state.[233] The Southern Appalachian spruce–fir forest in the highest elevations of the Blue Ridge Mountains is considered the second-most endangered ecosystem in the country.[234] Some of the last remaining large American chestnut trees grow in the Nashville Basin and are being used to help breed blight-resistant trees.[235] Middle Tennessee is home to many unusual and rare ecosystems known as cedar glades, which occur in areas with shallow limestone bedrock that is largely barren of overlying soil and contain many endemic plant species.[236]
Common mammals found throughout Tennessee include white-tailed deer, red and gray foxes, coyotes, raccoons, opossums, wild turkeys, rabbits, and squirrels. Black bears are found in the Blue Ridge Mountains and on the Cumberland Plateau. Tennessee has the third-highest number of amphibian species, with the Great Smoky Mountains home to the most salamander species in the world.[237] The state ranks second in the nation for the diversity of its freshwater fish species.[238]
Climate
Most of Tennessee has a humid subtropical climate, with the exception of some of the higher elevations in the Appalachians, which are classified as a cooler mountain temperate or humid continental climate.[239] The Gulf of Mexico is the dominant factor in Tennessee's climate, with winds from the south responsible for most of the state's annual precipitation. Generally, the state has hot summers and mild to cool winters with generous precipitation throughout the year. The highest average monthly precipitation usually occurs between December and April. The driest months, on average, are August to October. The state receives an average of 50 inches (130 cm) of precipitation annually. Snowfall ranges from 5 inches (13 cm) in West Tennessee to over 80 inches (200 cm) in East Tennessee's highest mountains.[240][241]
Summers are generally hot and humid, with most of the state averaging a high of around 90 °F (32 °C). Winters tend to be mild to cool, decreasing in temperature at higher elevations. For areas outside the highest mountains, the average overnight lows are generally near freezing. The highest recorded temperature was 113 °F (45 °C) at Perryville on August 9, 1930, while the lowest recorded temperature was −32 °F (−36 °C) at Mountain City on December 30, 1917.[242]
While Tennessee is far enough from the coast to avoid any direct impact from a hurricane, its location makes it susceptible to the remnants of tropical cyclones, which weaken over land and can cause significant rainfall.[243] The state annually averages about 50 days of thunderstorms, which can be severe with large hail and damaging winds.[244] Tornadoes are possible throughout the state, with West and Middle Tennessee the most vulnerable. The state averages 15 tornadoes annually.[245] They can be severe, and the state leads the nation in the percentage of total tornadoes that have fatalities.[246] Winter storms such as in 1993 and 2021 occur occasionally, and ice storms are fairly common. Fog is a persistent problem in some areas, especially in East Tennessee.[247]
Monthly Normal High and Low Temperatures For Various Tennessee Cities (F)[248] | ||||||||||||
City | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bristol | 44/25 | 49/27 | 57/34 | 66/41 | 74/51 | 81/60 | 85/64 | 84/62 | 79/56 | 68/43 | 58/35 | 48/27 |
Chattanooga | 50/31 | 54/33 | 63/40 | 72/47 | 79/56 | 86/65 | 90/69 | 89/68 | 82/62 | 72/48 | 61/40 | 52/33 |
Knoxville | 47/30 | 52/33 | 61/40 | 71/48 | 78/57 | 85/65 | 88/69 | 87/68 | 81/62 | 71/50 | 60/41 | 50/34 |
Memphis | 50/31 | 55/36 | 63/44 | 72/52 | 80/61 | 89/69 | 92/73 | 92/72 | 86/65 | 75/52 | 62/43 | 52/34 |
Nashville | 47/28 | 52/31 | 61/39 | 70/47 | 78/57 | 85/65 | 89/70 | 89/69 | 82/61 | 71/49 | 59/40 | 49/32 |
Cities, towns, and counties
Tennessee is divided into 95 counties, each of which has a county seat.[249] The state has 340 municipalities in total.[250] The Office of Management and Budget designates ten metropolitan areas in Tennessee, four of which extend into neighboring states.[251]
Nashville is Tennessee's capital and largest city, with nearly 700,000 residents.[252] Its 13-county metropolitan area has been the state's largest since the early 1990s and is one of the nation's fastest-growing metropolitan areas, with about 2 million residents.[253] Memphis, with more than 630,000 inhabitants, was the state's largest city until 2016, when Nashville surpassed it.[2] It is in Shelby County, Tennessee's largest county in both population and land area.[254] Knoxville, with about 190,000 inhabitants, and Chattanooga, with about 180,000 residents, are the third- and fourth-largest cities, respectively.[252] Clarksville is a significant population center, with about 170,000 residents.[252] Murfreesboro is the sixth-largest city and Nashville's largest suburb, with more than 150,000 residents.[252] In addition to the major cities, the Tri-Cities of Kingsport, Bristol, and Johnson City are considered the sixth major population center.[255]
Rank | Name
|
County
|
Pop. | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nashville Memphis |
1 | Nashville | Davidson | 689,447 | Knoxville Chattanooga | ||||
2 | Memphis | Shelby | 633,104 | ||||||
3 | Knoxville | Knox | 190,740 | ||||||
4 | Chattanooga | Hamilton | 181,099 | ||||||
5 | Clarksville | Montgomery | 166,722 | ||||||
6 | Murfreesboro | Rutherford | 152,769 | ||||||
7 | Franklin | Williamson | 83,454 | ||||||
8 | Johnson City | Washington | 71,046 | ||||||
9 | Jackson | Madison | 68,205 | ||||||
10 | Hendersonville | Sumner | 61,753 |
Demographics
Census | Pop. | Note | %± |
---|---|---|---|
1790 | 35,691 | — | |
1800 | 105,602 | 195.9% | |
1810 | 261,727 | 147.8% | |
1820 | 422,823 | 61.6% | |
1830 | 681,904 | 61.3% | |
1840 | 829,210 | 21.6% | |
1850 | 1,002,717 | 20.9% | |
1860 | 1,109,801 | 10.7% | |
1870 | 1,258,520 | 13.4% | |
1880 | 1,542,359 | 22.6% | |
1890 | 1,767,518 | 14.6% | |
1900 | 2,020,616 | 14.3% | |
1910 | 2,184,789 | 8.1% | |
1920 | 2,337,885 | 7.0% | |
1930 | 2,616,556 | 11.9% | |
1940 | 2,915,841 | 11.4% | |
1950 | 3,291,718 | 12.9% | |
1960 | 3,567,089 | 8.4% | |
1970 | 3,923,687 | 10.0% | |
1980 | 4,591,120 | 17.0% | |
1990 | 4,877,185 | 6.2% | |
2000 | 5,689,283 | 16.7% | |
2010 | 6,346,105 | 11.5% | |
2020 | 6,910,840 | 8.9% | |
2023 (est.) | 7,126,489 | 3.1% | |
Source: 1910–2020[256] |
The 2020 United States census reported Tennessee's population at 6,910,840, an increase of 564,735, or 8.90%, since the 2010 census.[4] Between 2010 and 2019, the state received a natural increase of 143,253 (744,274 births minus 601,021 deaths), and an increase from net migration of 338,428 people into the state. Immigration from outside the U.S. resulted in a net increase of 79,086, and migration within the country produced a net increase of 259,342.[257] Tennessee's center of population is in Murfreesboro in Rutherford County.[258]
According to the 2010 census, 6.4% of Tennessee's population were under age 5, 23.6% were under 18, and 13.4% were 65 or older.[259] In recent years, Tennessee has been a top source of domestic migration, receiving an influx of people relocating from places such as California, the Northeast, and the Midwest due to the low cost of living and booming employment opportunities.[260][261] In 2019, about 5.5% of Tennessee's population was foreign-born. Of the foreign-born population, approximately 42.7% were naturalized citizens and 57.3% non-citizens.[262] The foreign-born population consisted of approximately 49.9% from Latin America, 27.1% from Asia, 11.9% from Europe, 7.7% from Africa, 2.7% from Northern America, and 0.6% from Oceania.[263] In 2018, The top countries of origin for Tennessee's immigrants were Mexico, India, Honduras, China and Egypt.[264]
With the exception of a slump in the 1980s, Tennessee has been one of the fastest-growing states in the nation since 1970, benefiting from the larger Sun Belt phenomenon.[265] The state has been a top destination for people relocating from Northeastern and Midwestern states. This time period has seen the birth of new economic sectors in the state and has positioned the Nashville and Clarksville metropolitan areas as two of the fastest-growing regions in the country.[266]
According to HUD's 2022 Annual Homeless Assessment Report, there were an estimated 10,567 homeless people in Tennessee.[267][268]
Ethnicity
Race and Ethnicity[269] | Alone | Total | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
White (non-Hispanic)
|
70.9% | 74.6% | ||
African American (non-Hispanic) | 15.7% | 17.0% | ||
Hispanic or Latino[d] | — | 6.9% | ||
Asian | 1.9% | 2.5% | ||
Native American | 0.2% | 2.0% | ||
Pacific Islander | 0.1% | 0.1% | ||
Other | 0.1% | 0.3% |
Non-Hispanic White 50–60%60–70%70–80%80–90%90%+Black or African American 50–60%
Historical racial composition | 1940[270] | 1970[270] | 1990[270] | 2000[e][271] | 2010[271] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
White | 82.5% | 83.9% | 83.0% | 80.2% | 77.6% |
Black | 17.4% | 15.8% | 16.0% | 16.4% | 16.7% |
Asian | - | 0.1% | 0.7% | 1.0% | 1.4% |
Native | - | 0.1% | 0.2% | 0.3% | 0.3% |
Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islander |
- | - | – | – | 0.1% |
Other race |
- | - | 0.2% | 1.0% | 2.2% |
Two or more races | - | - | – | 1.1% | 1.7% |
In 2020, 6.9% of the total population was of Hispanic or Latino origin (of any race), up from 4.6% in 2010. Between 2000 and 2010, Tennessee's Hispanic population grew by 134.2%, the third-highest rate of any state.
Religion
Since colonization, Tennessee has always been predominantly
Tennessee is included in most definitions of the Bible Belt, and is ranked as one of the nation's most religious states.[279] Several Protestant denominations have their headquarters in Tennessee, including the Southern Baptist Convention and National Baptist Convention (in Nashville); the Church of God in Christ and the Cumberland Presbyterian Church (in Memphis);[280] and the Church of God and the Church of God of Prophecy (in Cleveland);[281][282] and the National Association of Free Will Baptists (in Antioch).[283] Nashville has publishing houses of several denominations.[284]
Economy
As of 2021, Tennessee had a
Taxation
Tennessee has a reputation as a low-tax state and is usually ranked as one of the five states with the lowest tax burden on residents.[288] Despite being low-tax, it is ranked third among U.S. states for fiscal health.[289] It is one of nine states that do not have a general income tax; the sales tax is the primary means of funding the government.[290] The Hall income tax was imposed on most dividends and interest at a rate of 6% but was completely phased out by 2021.[291] The first $1,250 of individual income and $2,500 of joint income was exempt from this tax.[292] Property taxes are the primary source of revenue for local governments.[293]
The state's sales and use tax rate for most items is 7%, the second-highest in the nation, along with Mississippi, Rhode Island, New Jersey, and Indiana. Food is taxed at 4%, but candy, dietary supplements, and prepared foods are taxed at 7%.[294] Local sales taxes are collected in most jurisdictions at rates varying from 1.5% to 2.75%, bringing the total sales tax between 8.5% and 9.75%. The average combined rate is about 9.5%, the nation's highest average sales tax.[295] Intangible property tax is assessed on the shares of stockholders of any loan, investment, insurance, or for-profit cemetery companies. The assessment ratio is 40% of the value times the jurisdiction's tax rate.[293] Since 2016, Tennessee has had no inheritance tax.[296]
Agriculture
Tennessee has the
The state ranks fourth nationwide in the production of
Industry
Until World War II, Tennessee, like most Southern states, remained predominantly agrarian. Chattanooga became one of the first industrial cities in the south in the decades after the Civil War, when many factories, including iron foundries, steel mills, and textile mills were constructed there.[130] But most of Tennessee's industrial growth began with the federal investments in the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) and the Manhattan Project in the 1930s and 1940s. The state's industrial and manufacturing sector continued to expand in the succeeding decades, and Tennessee is now home to more than 2,400 advanced manufacturing establishments, which produce a total of more than $29 billion worth of goods annually.[307]
The
Business
Since the 1990s, the geographical area between Oak Ridge and Knoxville has been known as the Tennessee Technology Corridor, with more than 500 high-tech firms in the region.
Energy and mineral production
Tennessee's electric utilities are regulated monopolies, as in many other states.
Tennessee has very little petroleum and natural gas reserves, but is home to one oil refinery, in Memphis.
Tourism
Tennessee is the 11th-most visited state in the nation,
The
Culture
A culturally diverse state, Tennessee blends
Tennessee is perhaps best known culturally for its musical heritage and contributions to the development of many forms of
Music
Tennessee has played a critical role in the development of many forms of American popular music, including blues, country, rock and roll, rockabilly, soul, bluegrass, Contemporary Christian, and gospel. Many consider Memphis's Beale Street the epicenter of the blues, with musicians such as W. C. Handy performing in its clubs as early as 1909.[356] Memphis was historically home to Sun Records, where musicians such as Elvis Presley, Johnny Cash, Carl Perkins, Jerry Lee Lewis, Roy Orbison, and Charlie Rich began their recording careers, and where rock and roll took shape in the 1950s.[356] Stax Records in Memphis became one of the most important labels for soul artists in the late 1950s and 1960s, and a subgenre known as Memphis soul emerged.[359] The 1927 Victor recording sessions in Bristol generally mark the beginning of the country music genre and the rise of the Grand Ole Opry in the 1930s helped make Nashville the center of the country music recording industry.[360][361] Nashville became known as "Music City", and the Grand Ole Opry remains the nation's longest-running radio show.[357]
Many museums and historic sites recognize Tennessee's role in nurturing various forms of popular music, including Sun Studio, Memphis Rock N' Soul Museum, Stax Museum of American Soul Music, and Blues Hall of Fame in Memphis, the Ryman Auditorium, Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum, Musicians Hall of Fame and Museum, National Museum of African American Music, and Music Row in Nashville, the International Rock-A-Billy Museum in Jackson, the Mountain Music Museum in Kingsport, and the Birthplace of Country Music Museum in Bristol.[362] The Rockabilly Hall of Fame, an online site recognizing the development of rockabilly, is also based in Nashville. Several annual music festivals take place throughout the state, the largest of which are the Beale Street Music Festival in Memphis, the CMA Music Festival in Nashville, Bonnaroo in Manchester, and Riverbend in Chattanooga.[363]
Education
Education in Tennessee is administered by the Tennessee Department of Education.[364] The state Board of Education has 11 members: one from each Congressional district, a student member, and the executive director of the Tennessee Higher Education Commission (THEC), who serves as ex-officio nonvoting member.[365] Public primary and secondary education systems are operated by county, city, or special school districts to provide education at the local level, and operate under the direction of the Tennessee Department of Education.[364] The state also has many private schools.[366]
The state enrolls approximately 1 million K–12 students in 137 districts.[367] In 2021, the four-year high school graduation rate was 88.7%, a decrease of 1.2% from the previous year.[368] According to the most recent data, Tennessee spends $9,544 per student, the 8th lowest in the nation.[369]
Colleges and universities
Public higher education is overseen by the Tennessee Higher Education Commission (THEC), which provides guidance to the state's two public university systems. The University of Tennessee system operates four primary campuses in Knoxville, Chattanooga, Martin, and Pulaski; a Health Sciences Center in Memphis; and an aerospace research facility in Tullahoma.[370] The Tennessee Board of Regents (TBR), also known as The College System of Tennessee, operates 13 community colleges and 27 campuses of the Tennessee Colleges of Applied Technology (TCAT).[371] Until 2017, the TBR also operated six public universities in the state; it now only gives them administrative support.[372]
In 2014, the Tennessee General Assembly created the
Tennessee has 107 private institutions.
Media
Tennessee is home to more than 120 newspapers. The most-circulated paid newspapers in the state include The Tennessean in Nashville, The Commercial Appeal in Memphis, the Knoxville News Sentinel, the Chattanooga Times Free Press, and The Leaf-Chronicle in Clarksville, The Jackson Sun, and The Daily News Journal in Murfreesboro. All of these except the Times Free Press are owned by Gannett.[379]
Six
Transportation
The Tennessee Department of Transportation (TDOT) is the primary agency that is tasked with regulating and maintaining Tennessee's transportation infrastructure.[383] Tennessee is currently one of five states with no transportation-related debts.[384][385]
Roads
Tennessee has 96,167 miles (154,766 km) of roads, of which 14,109 miles (22,706 km) are maintained by the state.[386] Of the state's highways, 1,233 miles (1,984 km) are part of the Interstate Highway System. Tennessee has no tolled roads or bridges but has the sixth-highest mileage of high-occupancy vehicle (HOV) lanes, which are utilized on freeways in the congestion-prone Nashville and Memphis metropolitan areas.[387]
Airports
Major airports in Tennessee include
Railroads
For passenger rail service, Memphis and
Waterways
Tennessee has a total of 976 miles (1,571 km) of navigable waterways, the 11th highest in the nation.[386] These include the Mississippi, Tennessee, and Cumberland rivers.[397] Five inland ports are located in the state, including the Port of Memphis, which is the fifth-largest in the United States and the second largest on the Mississippi River.[398]
Law and government
The Constitution of Tennessee was adopted in 1870. The state had two previous constitutions. The first was adopted in 1796, the year Tennessee was admitted to the union, and the second in 1834. Since 1826, Nashville has been the capital of Tennessee. The capital was previously in three other cities.[399] Knoxville was the capital from statehood in 1796 until 1812,[399] except for September 21, 1807, when the legislature met in Kingston for a day.[400] The capital was relocated to Nashville in 1812, where it remained until it was relocated back to Knoxville in 1817. The next year, the capital was moved to Murfreesboro, where it remained until 1826. Nashville was officially named Tennessee's permanent capital in 1843.[399]
Executive and legislative branches
Like the federal government, Tennessee's government has three branches. The executive branch is led by the governor, who holds office for a four-year term and may serve a maximum of two consecutive terms.[401] The governor is the only official elected statewide. The current governor is Bill Lee, a Republican. The governor is supported by 22 cabinet-level departments, most headed by a commissioner the governor appoints. The executive branch also includes several agencies, boards, and commissions, some of which are under the auspices of one of the cabinet-level departments.[402]
The bicameral legislative branch, the Tennessee General Assembly, consists of the 33-member Senate and the 99-member House of Representatives.[403] Senators serve four-year terms and House members serve two-year terms.[404] Each chamber chooses a Speaker, who is elected by a joint session of the legislature.[405] The Speaker of the Senate also serves as the lieutenant governor, a practice found only in one other state, and the House Speaker is third in line for the governorship.[401] The legislature can override a veto by a simple majority, and the state has no "pocket veto".[401] The legislature convenes at noon on the second Tuesday in January and meets for a total of 90 days over two sessions, usually adjourning in late April or early May.[404] Special sessions may be called by the governor or by two-thirds of the members of both chambers.[406]
Judicial system
Tennessee's highest court is the state Supreme Court.[407] It has a chief justice and four associate justices.[407] No more than two justices can be from the same Grand Division.[407] The Supreme Court of Tennessee appoints the state's Attorney General, a practice only found in Tennessee.[408] Both the Court of Appeals and the Court of Criminal Appeals have 12 judges, who are evenly from each Grand Division.[409] Under the Tennessee Plan, the governor appoints justices on all three courts to eight-year terms; they must be retained by the voters during the first general election after appointment and at the end of their term.[410] Tennessee is divided into 31 judicial districts, each with a circuit and chancery court, and a district attorney and judges elected to eight-year terms. Separate criminal courts serve 13 of the 31 judicial districts; circuit courts handle criminal cases in the remaining districts. Local courts include general sessions, juvenile and domestic, and municipal courts.[411]
Tennessee maintains four dedicated law enforcement agencies: the Tennessee Highway Patrol (THP), the Tennessee Wildlife Resources Agency (TWRA), the Tennessee Bureau of Investigation (TBI), and the Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation (TDEC). The Highway Patrol is the primary entity that enforces highway safety regulations and general non-wildlife state laws. It is under the jurisdiction of the Department of Safety. The TWRA is an independent agency tasked with enforcing all wildlife, boating, and fishery regulations outside of state parks. TDEC enforces state environmental laws and regulations. The TBI is the primary state-level criminal investigative department. State park rangers are responsible for all activities and law enforcement inside the Tennessee State Parks system. Capital punishment is legal in Tennessee and has existed at various times since statehood.[412][413] Lethal injection is the primary means of execution, but electrocution is also allowed.[414][415]
Local
Tennessee is divided into 95 counties, with 92 county governments that use a county commission legislative body and a separately elected county executive. The governments of Davidson (Nashville), Moore (Lynchburg), and Trousdale (Hartsville) are consolidated with their county seats. Each county elects a sheriff, property assessor, trustee, register of deeds, and county clerk.[416] Tennessee has more than 340 municipalities. Most cities and towns use the weak mayor-council (mayor-aldermen), strong-mayor council, city commission, or council–manager forms of government. Local law enforcement is divided between county sheriff's offices and municipal police departments. In every county except Davidson, the sheriff is the chief law enforcement officer.[417]
Federal
Tennessee sends nine representatives to the United States House of Representatives. The current delegation consists of eight Republicans and one Democrat. Its U.S. senators are Marsha Blackburn and Bill Hagerty, both Republicans. Tennessee is under the jurisdiction of the Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals, which has jurisdiction over three district courts in the state: the Eastern, Middle, and Western districts.[418]
Tribal
The Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians is Tennessee's only federally recognized Native American tribe. It owns 79 acres (32 ha) in Henning, which the tribe placed into federal trust in 2012. This is governed directly by the tribe.[419]
Politics
Year | Republican / Whig | Democratic | Third party | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No. | % | No. | % | No. | % | |
2020 | 1,852,475 | 60.66% | 1,143,711 | 37.45% | 57,665 | 1.89% |
2016 | 1,522,925 | 60.72% | 870,695 | 34.72% | 114,407 | 4.56% |
2012 | 1,462,330 | 59.42% | 960,709 | 39.04% | 37,865 | 1.54% |
2008 | 1,479,178 | 56.85% | 1,087,437 | 41.79% | 35,367 | 1.36% |
2004 | 1,383,336 | 56.81% | 1,035,160 | 42.51% | 16,453 | 0.68% |
2000 | 1,061,949 | 51.15% | 981,720 | 47.28% | 32,512 | 1.57% |
1996 | 863,530 | 45.59% | 909,146 | 48.00% | 121,429 | 6.41% |
1992 | 841,300 | 42.43% | 933,521 | 47.08% | 207,817 | 10.48% |
1988 | 947,233 | 57.89% | 679,794 | 41.55% | 9,223 | 0.56% |
1984 | 990,212 | 57.84% | 711,714 | 41.57% | 10,067 | 0.59% |
1980 | 787,761 | 48.70% | 783,051 | 48.41% | 46,804 | 2.89% |
1976 | 633,969 | 42.94% | 825,879 | 55.94% | 16,498 | 1.12% |
1972 | 813,147 | 67.70% | 357,293 | 29.75% | 30,742 | 2.56% |
1968 | 472,592 | 37.85% | 351,233 | 28.13% | 424,792 | 34.02% |
1964 | 508,965 | 44.49% | 634,947 | 55.50% | 34 | 0.00% |
1960 | 556,577 | 52.92% | 481,453 | 45.77% | 13,762 | 1.31% |
1956 | 462,288 | 49.21% | 456,507 | 48.60% | 20,609 | 2.19% |
1952 | 446,147 | 49.99% | 443,710 | 49.71% | 2,696 | 0.30% |
1948 | 202,914 | 36.87% | 270,402 | 49.14% | 76,967 | 13.99% |
1944 | 200,311 | 39.22% | 308,707 | 60.45% | 1,674 | 0.33% |
1940 | 169,153 | 32.35% | 351,601 | 67.25% | 2,069 | 0.40% |
1936 | 146,520 | 30.81% | 327,083 | 68.78% | 1,935 | 0.41% |
1932 | 126,752 | 32.48% | 259,473 | 66.49% | 4,031 | 1.03% |
1928 | 195,388 | 53.76% | 167,343 | 46.04% | 742 | 0.20% |
1924 | 130,728 | 43.54% | 158,682 | 52.86% | 10,810 | 3.60% |
1920 | 219,829 | 51.29% | 206,558 | 48.19% | 2,239 | 0.52% |
1916 | 116,223 | 42.70% | 153,280 | 56.31% | 2,687 | 0.99% |
1912 | 60,475 | 24.00% | 133,021 | 52.80% | 58,437 | 23.20% |
1908 | 117,977 | 45.87% | 135,608 | 52.73% | 3,595 | 1.40% |
1904 | 105,363 | 43.40% | 131,653 | 54.23% | 5,734 | 2.36% |
1900 | 123,108 | 44.95% | 145,240 | 53.03% | 5,512 | 2.01% |
1896 | 148,683 | 46.33% | 167,168 | 52.09% | 5,052 | 1.57% |
1892 | 100,537 | 37.83% | 136,468 | 51.36% | 28,727 | 10.81% |
1888 | 138,978 | 45.76% | 158,699 | 52.26% | 6,017 | 1.98% |
1884 | 124,101 | 47.74% | 133,770 | 51.45% | 2,107 | 0.81% |
1880 | 107,677 | 44.26% | 129,569 | 53.26% | 6,017 | 2.47% |
1876 | 89,566 | 40.21% | 133,177 | 59.79% | 0 | 0.00% |
1872 | 85,655 | 47.84% | 93,391 | 52.16% | 0 | 0.00% |
1868 | 56,628 | 68.43% | 26,129 | 31.57% | 0 | 0.00% |
1864 | 30,000 | 85.71% | 5,000 | 14.29% | 0 | 0.00% |
1860 | 0 | 0.00% | 11,281 | 7.72% | 134,825 | 92.28% |
1856 | 0 | 0.00% | 69,704 | 52.18% | 63,878 | 47.82% |
1852 | 58,586 | 50.73% | 56,900 | 49.27% | 0 | 0.00% |
1848 | 64,321 | 52.52% | 58,142 | 47.48% | 0 | 0.00% |
1844 | 60,040 | 50.05% | 59,917 | 49.95% | 0 | 0.00% |
1840 | 60,194 | 55.66% | 47,951 | 44.34% | 0 | 0.00% |
1836 | 36,027 | 57.92% | 26,170 | 42.08% | 0 | 0.00% |
Tennessee's politics are currently dominated by the Republican Party.[422][423] Republicans currently hold both of the state's U.S. Senate seats, 8 out of 9 Congressional seats, 75 out of 99 state House seats, and 27 out of 33 state Senate seats. Democratic strength is largely concentrated in Nashville, Memphis, and parts of Knoxville, Chattanooga, and Clarksville. Several suburban areas of Nashville and Memphis also contain significant Democratic minorities. Tennessee is one of thirteen states which holds its presidential primaries on Super Tuesday.[424] Tennessee does not require voters to declare a party affiliation when registering. The state is one of eight states which require voters to present a form of photo identification.[425] Tennessee has one of the highest rates of felony disenfranchisement, with nearly 10% of its voting-age population ineligible to vote. The state also has the highest rate of Black and Latino felony disenfranchisement.[426][427]
Between the end of the Civil War and the mid-20th century, Tennessee was part of the Democratic Solid South, but had the largest Republican minority of any former Confederate state.[428] During this time, East Tennessee was heavily Republican and the western two-thirds mostly voted Democratic, with the latter dominating the state.[429] This division was related to the state's pattern of Unionist and Confederate loyalism during the Civil War.[429] Tennessee's 1st and 2nd congressional districts, based in the Tri-Cities and Knoxville, respectively, are among the few historically Republican districts in the South. The first has been in Republican hands continuously since 1881, and Republicans or their antecedents have held it for all but four years since 1859.[430] The second has been held continuously by Republicans or their antecedents since 1855.[431]
During Reconstruction, freedmen and former free blacks were granted the right to vote; most joined the Republican Party. Numerous African Americans were elected to local offices, and some to state office. Following Reconstruction, Tennessee continued to have competitive party politics, but in the 1880s, the White-dominated state government passed
Between the end of Reconstruction and the mid-20th century, Tennessee voted consistently Democratic in Presidential elections, except in two nationwide Republican landslides in the 1920s. Tennesseans narrowly supported Warren G. Harding over Ohio Governor James Cox in 1920,[435] and more decisively voted for Herbert Hoover over New York Governor Al Smith in 1928.[436] During the first half of the 20th century, state politics were dominated by the Democratic Crump machine in Memphis.[437] For most of the second half of the 20th century, Tennessee was a swing state in presidential elections.[438] During this time, Democratic presidential nominees from Southern states, including Lyndon B. Johnson, Jimmy Carter, and Bill Clinton, tended to fare better in Tennessee than their Northern counterparts, especially among split-ticket voters outside the metropolitan areas. In the 1950s, Tennessee twice voted for Republican Dwight D. Eisenhower, former Allied Commander of the Armed Forces during World War II.[439] Howard Baker, first elected in 1966, became the first Republican U.S. Senator from Tennessee since Reconstruction.[440] The Republican Southern strategy did not have as much of an effect in Tennessee as in most Southern states, but the elections of Winfield Dunn as governor and Bill Brock to the U.S. Senate in 1970 further helped make the GOP competitive among Whites in statewide elections.[441] In the 2000 presidential election, Vice President Al Gore, who had previously served as a Democratic U.S. Senator from Tennessee, failed to carry his home state, an unusual occurrence but indicative of strengthening Republican support.[442]
Beginning in the early 21st century, Tennessee transitioned into a solid Republican state, primarily due to rural white voters who have rejected the increasing
Sports
Tennessee is home to four major professional sports franchises:[452] the Tennessee Titans have played in the National Football League (NFL) since 1997,[453] the Nashville Predators have played in the National Hockey League (NHL) since 1998,[454] the Memphis Grizzlies have played in the National Basketball Association (NBA) since 2001,[455] and Nashville SC has played in Major League Soccer (MLS) since 2020.[456]
The state is also home to eight minor league teams. Four of these are
The state is home to 12
Tennessee is also home to the
See also
- Outline of Tennessee – organized list of topics about Tennessee
- Index of Tennessee-related articles
- List of people from Tennessee
- USS Tennessee, 6 ships
Notes
- ^ a b Elevation adjusted to North American Vertical Datum of 1988
- ^ Recent research suggests that the town Pardo recorded was at the confluence of the Pigeon River and the French Broad River, near modern-day Newport, Tennessee.[19]
- ^ Not to be confused with the Tennessee Valley, the drainage basin of the Tennessee River, which covers most of this region.
- ^ Persons of Hispanic or Latino origin are not distinguished between total and partial ancestry.
- ^ First census allowing respondents to select more than one race
References
Citations
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- ^ "State Area Measurements and Internal Point Coordinates". US Census Bureau. Census Reference Files. 2010. Retrieved January 23, 2024.
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- ^ a b c "Elevations and Distances in the United States". United States Geological Survey. 2001. Archived from the original on October 15, 2011. Retrieved October 24, 2011.
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- ^ Ebert, Joel (February 24, 2016). "Barrett M82 sniper rifle becomes official state rifle". The Tennessean. Retrieved June 10, 2023.
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- ^ Corlew, Folmsbee & Mitchell 1981, pp. 60–61.
- ^ Finger 2001, pp. 64–68.
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- ^ Corlew, Folmsbee & Mitchell 1981, pp. 65–67.
- ^ Satz 1979, p. 66.
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- ^ Corlew, Folmsbee & Mitchell 1981, p. 53.
- ^ Albright 1909, pp. 49–50.
- ^ Albright 1909, pp. 68–72.
- ^ "Founding of Nashville". Nashville Metropolitan Government Archives. Nashville Public Library. Retrieved May 2, 2021.
- ^ Finger 2001, pp. 84–88.
- ^ Corlew, Folmsbee & Mitchell 1981, pp. 73–74.
- ^ Corlew, Folmsbee & Mitchell 1981, pp. 81–83.
- ^ a b Corlew, Folmsbee & Mitchell 1981, pp. 86–87.
- ^ Corlew, Folmsbee & Mitchell 1981, pp. 56–57, 90.
- ^ Langsdon 2000, pp. 16–17.
- ^ Lamon 1980, p. 4.
- ^ a b Corlew, Folmsbee & Mitchell 1981, pp. 93–94.
- ^ Langsdon 2000, pp. 20–21.
- ^ Corlew, Folmsbee & Mitchell 1981, p. 95.
- ^ Langsdon 2000, p. 22.
- ^ Corlew, Folmsbee & Mitchell 1981, p. 97.
- ^ a b Langsdon 2000, p. 24.
- ^ a b Corlew, Folmsbee & Mitchell 1981, p. 99.
- ^ Langsdon 2000, pp. 25–26.
- ISBN 978-0-226-35591-7– via Internet Archive.
- ^ a b Corlew, Folmsbee & Mitchell 1981, pp. 139–140.
- JSTOR 42638126.
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- ^ Corlew, Folmsbee & Mitchell 1981, pp. 149–150.
- ^ Corn, James F. (1959). Red Clay and Rattlesnake Springs: A History of the Cherokee Indians of Bradley County, Tennessee. Marceline, Missouri: Walsworth Publishing Company. pp. 67–70.
- ^ Satz 1979, p. 103.
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- ^ a b Lamon 1980, pp. 9–12.
- ^ a b Corlew, Folmsbee & Mitchell 1981, pp. 209–212.
- ^ Corlew, Folmsbee & Mitchell 1981, p. 210.
- ^ Lamon 1980, pp. 7–9.
- JSTOR 42626297.
- ^ Connelly 1979, pp. 3–8.
- ^ Lamon 1980, p. 116.
- JSTOR 42626970.
- ^ "CWSAC Report". Civil War Sites Advisory Commission. National Park Service. December 8, 1997. Archived from the original on December 19, 2018. Retrieved February 17, 2020.
- ^ Connelly 1979, pp. 3–4, 291.
- ^ Connelly 1979, pp. 3–4.
- ^ Corlew, Folmsbee & Mitchell 1981, p. 294.
- ISBN 1166069060– via Internet Archive.
- ^ Madden, David (1980). "Unionist Resistance to Confederate Occupation: The Bridge Burners of East Tennessee". East Tennessee Historical Society Publications. 52: 42–53.
- ^ a b Langsdon 2000, p. 131.
- ^ Connelly 1979, pp. 24–30.
- ^ Connelly 1979, pp. 45–51.
- ^ Connelly 1979, pp. 51–53.
- ^ Connelly 1979, pp. 54–65.
- ^ Connelly 1979, pp. 65–68.
- ^ Connelly 1979, pp. 77–79.
- ^ Connelly 1979, pp. 80–82.
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- ^ U.S. Government Printing Office, 112th Congress, 2nd Session, Senate Document No. 112–9 (2013). "The Constitution of the United States Of America Analysis And Interpretation Centennial Edition Interim Edition: Analysis Of Cases Decided By The Supreme Court Of The United States To June 26, 2013s" (PDF). p. 30. Retrieved February 17, 2014.
{{cite web}}
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Bibliography
- ISBN 1166645126– via Google Books.
- Connelly, Thomas Lawrence (1979). Civil War Tennessee: Battles and Leaders. Knoxville, TN: ISBN 9780870492617– via Google Books.
- Corlew, Robert E.; Folmsbee, Stanley E.; Mitchell, Enoch (1981). Tennessee: A Short History (2nd ed.). Knoxville, TN: University of Tennessee Press. ISBN 9780870496479– via Internet Archive.
- Finger, John R. (2001). ISBN 978-0-253-33985-0.
- Lamon, Lester C. (1980). Blacks in Tennessee, 1791–1970. University of Tennessee Press. ISBN 978-0-87049-324-9– via Internet Archive.
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- Lyons, William; Scheb II, John M.; Stair, Billy (2001). Government and Politics in Tennessee. Knoxville, TN: University of Tennessee Press. ISBN 9781572331419– via Google Books.
- Moore, Harry (1994). A Geologic Trip Across Tennessee by Interstate 40. Knoxville, TN: University of Tennessee Press. ISBN 9780870498329. Retrieved May 14, 2021 – via Google Books.
- ISBN 978-1-4585-0040-3– via Google Books.
- Satz, Ronald (1979). Tennessee's Indian Peoples. Knoxville, TN: University of Tennessee Press. ISBN 978-0-87049-285-3– via Internet Archive.
- Tennessee Blue Book 2005-2006 (PDF) (Report). Nashville, TN: Tennessee Secretary of State. November 2005. pp. 616–626. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 14, 2012. Retrieved May 21, 2021.
Further reading
- Bergeron, Paul H. (1982). Antebellum Politics in Tennessee. ISBN 978-0-8131-1469-9.
- Cartwright, Joseph H. (1976). The Triumph of Jim Crow: Tennessee's Race Relations in the 1880s. University of Tennessee Press.
- Cimprich, John (1985). Slavery's End in Tennessee, 1861–1865. Tuscaloosa, AL: ISBN 978-0-8173-0257-3– via Google Books.
- Honey, Michael K. (1993). Southern Labor and Black Civil Rights: Organizing Memphis Workers. University of Illinois Press. ISBN 978-0-252-02000-1– via Internet Archive.
- ISBN 978-0-914875-19-2– via Internet Archive.
- Norton, Herman (1981). Religion in Tennessee, 1777–1945. University of Tennessee Press. ISBN 978-0-87049-318-8.
- Schaefer, Richard T. (2006). Sociology Matters. New York: NY: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0-07-299775-0– via Internet Archive.
- Van West, Carroll, ed. (1998). Tennessee History: The Land, The People, and The Culture. University of Tennessee Press. ISBN 978-1-57233-000-9– via Google Books.
Primary sources
- Bontemps, Arna (1941). William C. Handy: Father of the Blues: An Autobiography. New York: Macmillan Company.
- Brownlow, W.G. (1862). Sketches of the Rise, Progress, and Decline of Secession: With a Narrative of Personal Adventures among the Rebels – via Internet Archive.
- Olson, Ted (2009). A Tennessee Folklore Sampler: Selected Readings from the Tennessee Folklore Society Bulletin, 1934–2009. University of Tennessee Press. ISBN 978-1-57233-668-1.
External links
- Official website
- Tennessee Department of Tourist Development
- Tennessee State Library and Archives
- Tennessee Blue Book
- Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture
- Tennessee State Agency Databases by the Government Documents Round Table of the American Library Association
- TNGen Web Project, free genealogy resources for the state
- Tennessee QuickFacts by the U.S. Census Bureau
- Tennessee: State Resource Guide, from the Library of Congress
- Tennessee scientific resources by the U.S. Geological Survey
- Tennessee state data by the U.S. Department of Agriculture
- Tennessee State Profile and Energy Estimates by U.S. Energy Information Administration
- Tennessee Code Annotated by LexisNexis
- Tennessee Landforms
- Ramsey, J. G. M. (1853). The Annals of Tennessee to the End of the Eighteenth Century. John Russell.
- Tennessee at Curlie
- Geographic data related to Tennessee at OpenStreetMap