Terence Rattigan
Terence Rattigan | |
---|---|
Born | South Kensington, London, England | 10 June 1911
Died | 30 November 1977 | (aged 66)
Other names | Terence Mervyn Rattigan |
Occupation | Playwright |
Sir Terence Mervyn Rattigan
A troubled homosexual who saw himself as an outsider,[2] Rattigan wrote a number of plays which centred on issues of sexual frustration, failed relationships, or a world of repression and reticence.[3][2]
Early life
Terence Rattigan was born in 1911 in
Rattigan's birth certificate and his birth announcement in The Times indicate he was born on 9 June 1911. However, most reference books state that he was born the following day; Rattigan himself never publicly disputed this date. There is evidence suggesting that the date on the birth certificate is incorrect.[4] He was given no middle name, but he adopted the middle name "Mervyn" in early adulthood.[citation needed]
Education
Rattigan was educated at
Life and career
Success as a playwright came early, with the comedy
Rattigan's determination to write a more serious play produced After the Dance (1939), a satirical social drama about the "bright young things" and their failure to politically engage. The outbreak of the Second World War scuppered any chances of a long run. Shortly before the war, Rattigan had written (together with Anthony Goldsmith) a satire about Nazi Germany, Follow My Leader; the Lord Chamberlain refused to license it on grounds of offence to a foreign country, but it was performed from January 1940.[10]
During the war, Rattigan served in the
After the war, Rattigan alternated between comedies and dramas, establishing himself as a major playwright: the most successful of which were The Winslow Boy (1946), The Browning Version (1948), The Deep Blue Sea (1952), and Separate Tables (1954).
Rattigan's belief in understated emotions and craftsmanship was deemed old fashioned and "pre-war" after the overnight success in 1956 of
Rattigan was homosexual,[14] with numerous lovers but no long-term partners, a possible exception being his "congenial companion ... and occasional friend" Michael Franklin.[15] From 1944 to January 1947 he enjoyed a volatile affair with the politician Henry "Chips" Channon who detailed the relationship in his diary published posthumously in 2022.[16]
It has been claimed his work is essentially autobiographical, containing coded references to his sexuality, which was known by some in the theatrical world but not known to the public. There is some truth in this, but it risks being crudely reductive; for example, the repeated claim that Rattigan originally wrote The Deep Blue Sea as a play about male lovers, turned at the last minute into a heterosexual play, may be unfounded,[17] though Rattigan said otherwise.[18]
On the other hand, for the Broadway staging of Separate Tables, he wrote an alternative version of the newspaper article in which Major Pollock's indiscretions are revealed to his fellow hotel guests; in this version, those whom the Major approached for sex were men rather than young women. However, Rattigan changed his mind about staging it, and the original version proceeded.[19][20]
Rattigan was fascinated with the life and character of
Rattigan was diagnosed with
In 1964, Rattigan wrote to the playwright Joe Orton congratulating the latter on his very dark comedy Entertaining Mr Sloane, to which Rattigan had escorted Vivien Leigh in its first week. He had invested £3,000 in getting the play transferred to the West End. Although an unlikely champion of the risqué Orton, Rattigan recognised the younger man's talent and approved of what he considered a well-written piece of theatre. He also acknowledged in retrospect that, "in a way, I was not Orton's best sponsor. I'm a very unfashionable figure still, and I was then wildly unfashionable critically. My sponsorship rather put critics off, I think."[22]
Rattigan was knighted in the Queen's Birthday Honours of June 1971 for services to the theatre, being only the fourth playwright to be knighted in the 20th century (after Sir W. S. Gilbert in 1907, Sir Arthur Wing Pinero in 1909 and Sir Noël Coward in 1970).[23] He had previously been appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE), in June 1958. He moved back to Britain, where he experienced a minor revival in his reputation before his death.[24]
Death
Rattigan died in
Legacy
In 1990, the British Library acquired Rattigan's papers consisting of 300 volumes of correspondence and papers relating to his prose and dramatic works.[26]
There was a revival of The Deep Blue Sea in 1993, at the
as Lady Nelson.In 2011, the BBC presented The Rattigan Enigma by Benedict Cumberbatch,[2] a documentary on Rattigan's life and career presented by actor Benedict Cumberbatch, who, like Rattigan, attended Harrow.
A new screen version of The Deep Blue Sea, directed by Terence Davies, was released in 2011, starring Rachel Weisz and Tom Hiddleston.[29]
Stage plays
- 1934 First Episode
- 1935 A Tale of Two Cities (an adaptation of Charles Dickens's novel, written with John Gielgud; it was not produced onstage until 2013, but appeared in 1950 as a radio play)
- 1936 French Without Tears
- 1939 After the Dance
- 1940 Follow My Leader
- 1940 Grey Farm
- 1942 Flare Path
- 1943 While the Sun Shines
- 1944 Love In Idleness (rewriting of Less Than Kind; played in U.S. as O Mistress Mine)
- 1946 The Winslow Boy
- 1948 Harlequinade
- 1948 The Browning Version
- 1949 Adventure Story
- 1950 Who is Sylvia? (filmed as The Man Who Loved Redheads)
- 1952 The Deep Blue Sea
- 1953 The Sleeping Prince (filmed as The Prince and the Showgirl)
- 1954 Separate Tables
- 1958 Variation on a Theme
- 1960 Ross
- 1960 Joie de Vivre, a musical version of French Without Tears, with music by Robert Stolz and song lyrics by Paul Dehn
- 1963 Man and Boy
- 1970 A Bequest to the Nation
- 1973 In Praise of Love
- 1973 Before Dawn
- 1976 Duologue
- 1977 Cause Célèbre
Television plays
- 1951 The Final Test (TV: 1951; film: 1953)
- 1962 The Largest Theatre in the World: Heart to Heart
- 1964 Ninety Years On
- 1966 Nelson – A Portrait in Miniature
- 1968 All on Her Own
- 1972 High Summer
Radio plays
Many of Rattigan's stage plays have been produced for radio by the BBC. The first play he wrote directly for radio was Cause Célèbre, broadcast on BBC Radio 4 on 27 October 1975, based on the 1935 murder of Francis Rattenbury.
Film
Filmed plays
A number of Rattigan's plays have been filmed (he was the screenwriter or co-writer for all those made in his lifetime):
- French Without Tears (1940; Anatole de Grunwald and Ian Dalrymple were credited as screenwriters, although Rattigan also played a major role)
- While the Sun Shines (1947; with de Grunwald)
- The Winslow Boy (1948 and 1999)
- Adventure Story (BBC TV versions: 1950 and 1961)
- The Browning Version (film: 1951 and 1994; TV: 1955 and 1985)
- The Final Test (1953; based on his 1951 television play)
- The Man Who Loved Redheads (1954; based on Who Is Sylvia?)
- The Deep Blue Sea (1955 and 2011)
- The Prince and the Showgirl (1957; based on The Sleeping Prince)
- Separate Tables (1958; Rattigan and co-writer John Gay were nominated for an Academy Award for screenwriting; David Niven won the Best Actor Oscar and Wendy Hiller won Best Supporting Actress).
- A 1970 BBC TV production directed by Alan Cooke. Geraldine McEwan (Sibyl/Anne); Eric Porter (Major Pollock/John Malcolm); Annette Crosbie (Miss Cooper); Robert Harris (Mr.Fowler); Hazel Hughes (Miss Meacham); Pauline Jameson (Mrs. Railton-Bell); Cathleen Nesbitt (Lady Matheson).
- John Schlesinger directed a television film version in 1983 with Julie Christie and Alan Bates as the two couples, Claire Bloom as Miss Cooper and Irene Worth as Mrs Railton-Bell.
- A Bequest to the Nation (1973)
- Cause Célèbre (1987; TV)
Original screenplays
Terence Rattigan also wrote or co-wrote the following original screenplays:
- English Without Tears (1944; with Anatole de Grunwald; U.S. title Her Man Gilbey)
- Journey Together (1945)
- Bond Street (1948; uncredited; with de Grunwald and Rodney Ackland)
- The Sound Barrier (1952; U.S. title Breaking the Sound Barrier; Rattigan's first Academy Award nomination)
- The V.I.P.s (1963; Margaret Rutherford won a Best Supporting Actress Academy Award for her performance)
- The Yellow Rolls-Royce (1964)
Other screenwriting
Rattigan wrote or co-wrote the following screenplays from existing material by other writers:
- Gypsy (1937)
- Quiet Wedding (1940; with Anatole de Grunwald; based on the play by Esther McCracken)
- The Day Will Dawn (1942; with de Grunwald; U.S. title The Avengers; based on a treatment by Patrick Kirwan)
- Uncensored (1942; with Rodney Ackland; based on the book by Oscar Millard adapted by Wolfgang Wilhelm)
- The Way to the Stars (1945; from a story written by Rattigan, de Grunwald and Richard Sherman; U.S. title Johnny in the Clouds)
- Brighton Rock (1947; with Graham Greene, from Greene's novel)
- Goodbye, Mr. Chips (1969; based on the novel by James Hilton)
References
- ^ ISBN 978-1-85702-201-8
- ^ BBC Programmes. BBC. July 2011. Retrieved 6 October 2011.
- ^ The Rattigan Enigma, by Benedict Cumberbatch, BBC TV [1]
- ^ a b Wansell, p. 13.
- ^ Sir Terence Rattigan profile Pollard, Wendy. The Literary Encyclopedia. 24 May 2005. Retrieved 11 March 2009.
- ^ "Carpathia-from Fictional Country to Nature Conservation" (PDF). www.natura2000oltenita-chiciu.ro. Retrieved 30 June 2021.
- ^ "Sandroyd School's list of Distinguished Alumni". Archived from the original on 28 October 2010.
- ^ "The Home of CricketArchive". cricketarchive.com.
- ^ a b John Colville, Footprints in Time, 1976. Chapter 8, Two Faces.
- ^ "A Topical Comedy", The Times, 15 January 1940, p. 4.
- ^ "Looking for Flying Officer Rattigan, Group Captain Clive Montellier RAF, 2013" (PDF). The Terence Rattigan Society. Retrieved 3 November 2021.
- ^ "Sir Terence Rattigan", The Times, 1 December 1977, p. 16.
- ^ "Edna Welthorpe (Mrs) - A Tribute to Joe Orton". Edna Welthorpe (Mrs).
- ISBN 0-300-08102-2.
- ^ Darlow, Michael: Terence Rattigan — The Man and His Work, London: Quartet Books, 2010, p. 440.
- ^ "The Diaries of Chips Channon Vol 3". Penguin UK. Retrieved 8 September 2022.
- ^ B.A. Young mentions a "Kenneth Morgan version" of the play that was supposedly shown to Rattigan collaborator Alvin Rakoff in 1962 and that has since disappeared (Young, B.A.: The Rattigan Version, London: Hamish Hamilton, 1986, p. 110). Darlow also speculates on the possible existence of such a draft (Darlow, Michael: Terence Rattigan – The Man and His Work, London: Quartet Books, 2010, p. 440).
- ^ Rattigan's letter to John Osborne, 1968 cited in John Osborne Looking Back, London: Faber, 1999, p. 286 (originally published in Almost a Gentleman, Faber, 1991).
- ^ Cavendish, Dominic (9 April 2006). "On the road: Separate Tables, Love's Labour's Lost, The School for Scandal". The Daily Telegraph.
- ^ "London Premiere for Gay Version of Rattigan's Separate Tables - Playbill". Playbill. 23 March 1998.
- ^ Thorpe, Vanessa (20 August 2011). "Film of The Deep Blue Sea returns playwright Terence Rattigan to the spotlight". The Guardian.
- ^ Lahr, John (1978)Prick Up Your Ears; The Biography of Joe Orton. New York: Knopf.
- ^ Wansell, p. 364.
- ^ "BFI Screenonline: Rattigan, Terence (1911-1977) Biography". screenonline.org.uk. Retrieved 19 November 2022.
- ^ Wilson, Scott. Resting Places: The Burial Sites of More Than 14,000 Famous Persons, 3d ed.: 2 (Kindle Locations 38781-38782). McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers. Kindle Edition.
- ^ Rattigan Papers, archives and manuscripts catalogue, the British Library. Retrieved 26 May 2020
- ^ "terencerattigan". terencerattigan.
- ^ "Trevor Nunn Season 2011 – 2012". Theatre Royal Haymarket.
- ^ "The Deep Blue Sea: In Cinemas Now". Film4. Retrieved 27 November 2011.
Further reading
- Hill, Holly: A Critical Analysis of the Plays of Terence Rattigan; doctoral dissertation, New York University, 1977;
- Darlow, Michael; Hobson, Gillian: Terence Rattigan – The Man & His Work; London: Quartet Books, 1979 (2010);
- Rusinko, Susan: Terence Rattigan; Boston: Twayne, 1983;
- Young, B. A.: The Rattigan Version – The Theatre of Character; London: Hamish Hamilton, 1986;
- Wansell, Geoffrey: Terence Rattigan – A Biography; London: Fourth Estate Limited, 1995 (2009);
- Bertolini, John A.: The Case for Terence Rattigan, Playwright; Palgrave Macmillan, 2016.
Wolfe, Peter. Terence Rattigan: The Playwright as Battlefield. Lexington, 2019.
Other works including discussions on Rattigan's theatre:
- O’Connor, Sean: Straight Acting – Popular Gay Drama from Wilde to Rattigan, London: Cassell, 1998;
- Shellard, Dominic: British Theatre Since the War, New Haven/London: Yale University Press, 1999;
- Innes, Christopher: Modern British Drama 1890–1990, 2nd Edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2002/2009;
- Billington, Michael: The State of the Nation, London: Faber, 2008
- Rebellato, Dan: 1956 and All That – The Making of Modern British Drama, London: Routledge, 1999/2006.
- See also Dan Rebellato's extensive Introductions to the more recent Nick Hern Books Editions of Rattigan's major plays.
External links
- Terence Rattigan – official site
- Terence Rattigan Collection at the Harry Ransom Center
- Terence Rattigan at the Internet Broadway Database
- Terence Rattigan at IMDb
- Terence Rattigan on Lubbock Avalanche-Journal (1997)
- Terence Rattigan's plays performances listed in the Theatre Archive, University of Bristol
- Terence Rattigan at the BFI's Screenonline