Terra (mythology)
Terra | |
---|---|
The Dʰéǵʰōm | |
Albanian equivalent | Dhé[1] |
In
The attributes of Tellus were the
Name
The two words terra and tellus are thought to derive from the formulaic phrase tersa tellus, meaning "dry land".[citation needed] The etymology of tellus is uncertain; it is perhaps related to Sanskrit talam, "plain ground". [11]
The 4th century AD Latin commentator
Not without cause was the Earth (Terra) called Mater and Ceres. It was believed that those who cultivated her led a pious and useful life (piam et utilem ... vitam), and that they were the sole survivors from the line of King Saturn.[18]
Ovid distinguishes between Tellus as the locus ("site, location") of growth, and Ceres as its causa ("cause, agent").[19]: 1.671–674 [20] Mater, the Latin word for "mother," is often used as an honorific for goddesses, including Vesta, who was represented as a virgin. "Mother" therefore is an honorific that expresses the respect one would owe any good mother. Tellus and Terra are both regarded as mothers in both the literal and honorific sense; Vesta in the honorific only.
Temple
The Temple of Tellus was the most prominent landmark of the Carinae,[21][12]: 8.361 a fashionable neighborhood on the Oppian Hill.[22]: 71, 378 [24] It was near homes (domūs) belonging to Pompey[26][27][28][22]: 133, 378 and to the Cicero family.[29][30]: 2.3.7 [22]: 378
The temple was the result of a ) of its dedication was December 13.
A mysterious object called the magmentarium was stored in the temple,[37][38][22]: 379 which was also known for a representation of Italy on the wall, either a map or an allegory.[5]: 1.2.1 [39][22]: 378–379
A statue of
Festivals
Festivals celebrated for Tellus were mainly concerned with agriculture and often connected with Ceres. In January, both goddesses were honored as "mothers of produce"[43] at the moveable feast (feriae conceptivae) of Sementivae, a festival of sowing.[45] On December 13, the anniversary of the Temple of Tellus was celebrated along with a lectisternium (banquet) for Ceres, who embodied "growing power" and the productivity of the earth.[46]
Tellus received the
"By the death of cattle, oh King, Tellus must be placated: two cows, that is. Let a single heifer yield two lives (animae) for the rites."
Vestals, who used the ash from the holocaust to prepare suffimen, a ritual substance used later in April for the Parilia.[19]: 4.731–734 [52][14]: 71 [47]: 53, 383During the
: 150Prayers and rituals
The sacrum ceriale ("cereal rite") was carried out for Tellus and Ceres by a
Varro,[55] the two goddesses jointly received the porca praecidanea, a pig sacrificed in advance of the harvest.[58] Some rites originally pertaining to Tellus may have been transferred to Ceres, or shared with her, as a result of her identification with Greek Demeter.[59]Tellus was felt to be present during
rites of passage, either implicitly, or invoked. She was perhaps involved in the ceremonies attending the birth of a child, as the newborn was placed on the ground immediately after coming into the world.[citation needed] Tellus was also invoked at Roman weddings.[60][61]Dedicatory inscriptions to either Tellus or Terra are relatively few,[23]: 304 but epitaphs during the Imperial period sometimes contain formulaic expressions such as "Terra Mater, receive me."[62] In the provincial mining area of Pannonia, at present-day Ljubija, votive inscriptions record dedications to Terra Mater from vilici, imperial slave overseers who ran operations at ore smelting factories (ferrariae).[63][64]: 58–59
These are all dated April 21, when the founding day (dies natalis, "birthday") of Rome was celebrated, perhaps reflecting the connection between the Parilia on April 21 and the Fordicidia as a feast of Tellus.
Moesia Superior.[65][64]: 59 (note 29), 78 Measuring 30 by 20 meters, the temple was located at the entrance to the work zone.[64]: 78Iconography
Tellus is often identified as the central figure on the so-called Italia relief panel of the
Four Elements, typically identified by a cornucopia, farm animals, and vegetable products.Tellumo
Male counterparts named Tellumo or Tellurus are mentioned, although rarely. Augustine of Hippo identified Tellumo as the male counterpart of Tellus.[6]: 7.23 A Tellurus is named by Capella[68] but by no other source.[69][70]
In science
In several modern Romance languages, Terra or Terre is the name of planet Earth. Earth is sometimes referred to as "Terra" by speakers of English to match post-classical Latin astronomical naming conventions, and to distinguish the planet from the soil covering part of it. It is also, rarely, called "Tellus", mainly via the adjective "tellurian".[71]
See also
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Allegories of earth.Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tellus.Notes
- ^ This article preserves the nomenclature Tellus or Terra as used by individual ancient sources.
References
- ^ Ushaku, Ruzhdi (1988). "Mbi strukturën leksiko-semantike dhe etimologjike të tipit të togfjalëshit të shqipes burri i dheut (Mundësia për një rindërtim)". Gjurmime Albanologjike. 17–18: 63–76. pp=92, 95–97.
- ^
ISBN 978-0-19-958441-3.- ^ Forsythe, Gary (2012). Time in Roman Religion: One thousand years of religious history. Routledge. p. 73.
- ^ McDonough, Christopher M. (2010). "Roman Religion". The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece and Rome. Vol. 1. Oxford University Press. p. 97.
- ^
Marcus Terentius Varro. Rerum rusticarum libri tres [Agricultural Topics in Three Books].- ^
De civitate Dei. S2CID 193124610.- ^ Haydock (1995). Larousse Desk Reference Encyclopedia. The Book People. p. 215.[full citation needed]
- ^ a b c d Lipka, Michael (2009). Roman Gods: A conceptual approach. Brill.
- ^ Ernout-Meillet (ed.). Dictionnaire Etymologique De La Langue Latine [Etymological Dictionary of the Latin Language] (in French).[full citation needed]
- ^ Augoustakis (2010)[2] citing the entry on tellus in Ernout-Meillet[10]
- ^
Maurus Servius Honoratus. note on [Virgil's] Aeneid.- ^ "Tellus". The Oxford Classical Dictionary. Oxford University Press. 1996. p. 1480.
- ^ a b c d e Fowler, William Warde (1908). The Roman Festivals of the Period of the Republic. London.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)- ^ Fowler (1908),[14]: 74 who concurs with Ludwig Preller
- ^ a b c Schilling, Robert (1992) [1981]. "Rome". Roman and European Mythologies. University of Chicago Press. from the French edition of 1981.
- ^ a b c Wagenvoort, Hendrik (1956). "Initia Cereris". Studies in Roman Literature, Culture and Religion. Brill.
- ^ Varro[5]: 3.1.5 cited by Wagenvoort (1956).[17]: 153
- ^
Fastorum Libri Sex (Fasti)[Six Books on the Calendar]. ISBN 9780520028418.- ^ Suetonius, Grammatici 15
- ^ a b c d e f g Richardson, Lawrence (1992). A New Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
- ^
S2CID 192992171.- ^ According to Taylor[23]: 306 it was on the lower slopes of the Esquiline Hill.
- ^ Suetonius, Grammatici, 15
- ^ Pompey's domus rostrata, the house that was ornamented with the prows (rostra) from the so-called Cilician pirates.[25]
- ^ Appian, Bellum Civile, 2.126
- ^ Kuttner, Ann (1999). "Culture and history at Pompey's museum". Transactions of the American Philological Association. 129: 349.
- ^ Plutarch, Life of Cicero, 8.3
- ^ a b Marcus Tulius Cicero. Letters to My Brother Quintus.
Florus, 1.14.2- ^ Valerius Maximus 6.3.1b; Dionysius of Halicarnassus 8.79.3.
- ^ Cicero, De domo sua 101
- ^ Livy, 2.41.11
- ^ Dionysius of Halicarnassus, 8.79.3
- ^ Valerius Maximus, 6.3.1b.
- ^ Cicero, De haruspicum responsis 31
- ^ Stambaugh, John E. (1978). "The functions of Roman temples". Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt. II.16.1, p. 571.
- ^ Hölkeskamp, Karl-J. (1993). "Conquest, competition, and consensus: Roman expansion in Italy and the rise of the nobilitas". Historia. 42 (1): 28.
S2CID 163483058.- ^ McDermott, William C. (1971). "Q. Cicero". Historia. 20: 107.
- ^ Cicero, De haruspicum responsis, 31.
- ^ Frugum matres, Ovid[19]: 1.671
ISBN 9780801414022.- ^ Scullard (1981)[44] considers January 24–26 to be the regular date of the feriae conceptivae.
- ^ Wagenvoort (1956)[17]: 159ff argues that Ceres herself originated as the generative aspect of Tellus.
- ^
ISBN 9780521316828– via Google Books.- ^ Morte boum tibi, rex, Tellus placanda duarum: / det sacris animas una iuvenca duas.[19]: 4.641–666
Hittiteparallels. Varro, as noted by Fowler (1908).[14]: 71- ^ Smith, Christopher John (2006). The Roman Clan: The gens from ancient ideology to modern anthropology. Cambridge University Press. p. 207.
- ^ Harmon, Daniel P. (1986). "Religion in the Latin elegists". Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt. 2.16.3, p. 1958.
Fabius Pictor[clarification needed]- ^ Rüpke, Jörg (2012). Religion in Republican Rome: Rationalization and ritual change. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 181.
- ^ As cited by Nonius, p. 240 in the edition of Wallace Lindsay, as cited by Schilling[16]: 122
- ^ Cato. On Agriculture. 134.
- ^ Gellius. Attic Nights. 4.6.8.
- ^ Cato[56] and Gellius[57] name Ceres as the sole recipient.
- ^ Schilling[16]: 124 "Cicero as Theologian"
Servius, note to Aeneid4.166- ^ Spaeth. The Roman Goddess Ceres. p. 5.[full citation needed]
- ^ Fowler, William Warde (1922). The Religious Experience of the Roman People. London. p. 122.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)- ^ Hirt, Alfred Michael (2010). Imperial Mines and Quarries in the Roman World: Organizational aspects 27 BC–AD 235. Oxford University Press. sect. 6.2.
- ^ a b c d Dušanić, Slobodan (1977). "Aspects of Roman Mining in Noricum, Pannonia, Dalmatia and Moesia Superior". Aufstieg und Niedergang der Römischen Welt. 2 (6).
- ^ CIL 3.8333
- ^ Feeney, Denis (2004). "Interpreting sacrificial ritual in Roman poetry: Disciplines and their models". In Steiner, Franz (ed.). Rituals in Ink: A conference on religion and literary production in ancient Rome. p. 12.
- ^ For more on the iconography of Tellus, see Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae, 7.1.879–889.
- ^ Martianus Minneus Felix Capella. De nuptiis Philologiae et Mercurii [On the Marriage of Philology and Mercury]. 1.49.
- ^ Woodard, Roger D. (2006). Indo-European sacred space: Vedic and Roman cult. University of Illinois Press. p. 115.
- ^ Stahl, William Harris; Bruge, E.L. (1977). Martianus Capella and the Seven Liberal Arts: The marriage of philology and Mercury. Columbia University Press. p. 23.
- ^ Nabodus, Valentinus (1573). Primae de coelo et terra institutiones ... [The main precepts for understanding the celestial and terrestrial ...]. Venete. pp. 33, 41–42 – via Google Books.