Territorial disputes of the People's Republic of China
This article is about territorial disputes of the People's Republic of China (PRC). A
Current disputes
Bhutan
The
In 1983, the
On 11 August 2016 Bhutan Foreign Minister Damcho Dorji visited Beijing, capital of China, for the 24th round of boundary talks with Chinese Vice President Li Yuanchao. Both sides made comments to show their readiness to strengthen co-operations in various fields and hope of settling the boundary issues.[14]
India
China has various border disputes with India; India claims Aksai Chin, which is administered by China. During the 1950s, the People's Republic of China built a 1,200 km (750 mi) road connecting Xinjiang and western Tibet, of which 179 km (112 mi) ran south of the Johnson Line through the Aksai Chin region claimed by India.[15] Aksai Chin was easily accessible to the Chinese, but was more difficult for the Indians on the other side of the Karakorams to reach.[15] The Indians did not learn of the existence of the road until 1957, which was confirmed when the road was shown in Chinese maps published in 1958.[16]
The Depsang Plains are located on the border of the Indian union territory of Ladakh and the disputed zone of Aksai Chin. The Chinese Army occupied most of the plains during its 1962 war with India,[17] while India controls the western portion of the plains.[18] The dispute remains unresolved.[19]
Japan
China and Japan have a territorial dispute over a group of
Japan argues that it surveyed the islands in the late 19th century and found them to be
The islands are included within the Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security between the United States and Japan, meaning that a defense of the islands by Japan would require the United States to come to Japan's aid.[29]
In September 2012, the Japanese government purchased three of the disputed islands from their private owner, prompting
Taiwan
The PRC claims the de jure administration of
Vietnam
China and Vietnam have an ongoing territorial dispute over the Paracel Islands. The islands are claimed by Vietnam but administered by China.[20]
South China Sea
The maritime area in South China Sea, which the PRC and ROC claimed sovereignty on area surrounding shoals and islands in the Sea, as well as historical right over the area in nine-dash line.[32]
Resolved disputes
China was generally generous in resolving disputes with its southwest neighbors.
In Central Asia, the newly-independent following the dissolution of the Soviet Union inherited the border disagreements with China, which had themselves been inherited from Tsarist Russia and the Qing dynasty.[34] China negotiated bilaterally to resolve its borders with these conflicts.[35] Ultimately, China obtained Central Asian territory significantly less than what it had originally claimed.[35] Resolution of these disputes on territorial terms generally favorable to the Central Asian countries created goodwill for China, avoided conflict, and also resulted in recognition that the czarist era borders were imposed unjustly on China.[35]
Kazakhstan
After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Kazakhstan became an independent country, and around 2,420 square kilometers of land was disputed with China.[36] A border treaty between the two nations was signed in Almaty on April 26, 1994, and ratified by the Kazakh president on June 15, 1995.[37] China received around 22% of the total disputed territory, and Kazakhstan received the remaining 78%.[36]
Kyrgyzstan
When Kyrgyzstan became independent in 1991 after the Soviet Union's dissolution, it inherited a section of the USSR-China frontier. The two countries delimited their border in 1996.[38] Formal demarcation was hampered by opposition to the border treaty by elements of the Kyrgyz opposition, centred on Azimbek Beknazarov, as part of a wider movement against then-President Askar Akayev culminating in the Tulip Revolution. The border agreement was finalised in 2009, with China giving up part of the Khan Tengri Peak while Kyrgyzstan ceded the Uzengi-Kush, a mountainous area located south of the Issyk Kul region.[39]
Laos
Mongolia
The People's Republic of China established
Myanmar
The boundary area between China and Burma (Myanmar) is inhabited by non-Han and non-Burmese peoples, and has been traditionally kept as a buffer region between the various Chinese and Burmese empires.
During the
Discussions between Burma and China over the border began in 1954, with China keen to control the area more effectively as it was being used as a base by Kuomintang troops.[42] On 28 January 1960 a treaty was signed which delimited most of the border, which was later completed with a full delimitation treaty signed on 1 October 1960, with both sides ceding small areas along the border.[42] The two sides then demarcated the border on the ground in the following year.[42]
Since then relations between the two states have remained largely cordial, though the border region has at times been volatile owing to the ongoing insurgencies in Myanmar's
Nepal
Several treaties were negotiated between Nepal and Tibet (
Nepali opposition claims Nepal and China have an ongoing border dispute over the territory along the Himalayan border. However, both of the current governments of China and Nepal deny the accusation.[55]
North Korea
China and North Korea share a 1,416 km long land border that corresponds almost entirely to the course of the
Pakistan
A solution to the two countries' border dispute was negotiated in 1950s. The
Russia
In 1991, China and
It took more than a decade for Russia and China to fully resolve the border issues and to demarcate the border. On May 29, 1994, during Russian Prime Minister Chernomyrdin's visit to Beijing, an "Agreement on the Sino-Russian Border Management System intended to facilitate border trade and hinder criminal activity" was signed. On September 3, a demarcation agreement was signed for the short (55 kilometres (34 mi)) western section of the binational border; the demarcation of this section was completed in 1998.[60]
The last unresolved territorial issue between the two countries was settled by the 2004 Complementary Agreement between the People's Republic of China and the Russian Federation on the Eastern Section of the China–Russia Boundary.[61] Pursuant to that agreement, Russia transferred to China a part of Abagaitu Islet, the entire Yinlong (Tarabarov) Island, about half of Bolshoy Ussuriysky Island, and some adjacent river islets. The transfer has been ratified by both the Chinese National People's Congress and the Russian State Duma in 2005, thus ending the decades-long border dispute. The official transfer ceremony was held on-site on October 14, 2008.[62] However, in China Standard Map Edition 2023, Bolshoy Ussuriysky Island is identified as Chinese territory.[63]
Tajikistan
China had a longstanding territorial claim on about 28,430 square kilometers (10.977 square miles) of Tajik territory since 1884, which was taken from the then Qing dynasty by unequal treaties.[64][65]
In 2011, as part of a boundary agreement, China officially relinquished its claim on 96% of the total disputed territory, while Tajikistan ceded around 4% - about 1,137 square km (439 square miles) – to China.
See also
- Chinese salami slicing strategy
- Debt trap diplomacy
- East China Sea EEZ disputes
- Foreign relations of China
- Territorial changes of the People's Republic of China
- Borders of China
References
- ^ a b Horton, Chris (8 July 2019). "Taiwan's Status Is a Geopolitical Absurdity". The Atlantic.
- ^ ISBN 0844407771. Retrieved 2008-05-30.
- ^ a b c d Balaji, Mohan (Jan 12, 2008). "In Bhutan, China and India collide". Asia Times Online. Archived from the original on May 9, 2008. Retrieved 30 May 2008.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) - ^ a b M Shamsur Rabb Khan (8 April 2008). "Elections in the Himalayan Kingdom: New Dawn of India-Bhutan Relations". Institute of Peace & Conflict Studies. Retrieved 29 May 2008.
- ^ a b Bhutan: a land frozen in time (9 February 1998). BBC. Accessed 30 May 2008.
- ^ "Economic and political relations between Bhutan and the neighbouring countries pp-168" (PDF). Institute of developing economies Japan external trade organisation. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 December 2020. Retrieved 29 June 2020.
- ^ Ranade, Jayadeva (16 July 2017). "A Treacherous Faultline". The Pioneer.
- ISBN 9781134032945.
- ^ Arpi, Claude (16 July 2016). "Little Bhutan in Tibet". The Statesman.
- ^ "Ladakhi and Bhutanese Enclaves in Tibet" (PDF). John Bray.
- ^ a b c Bhutan-China relations (5 July 2004). BhutanNewsOnline.com. Accessed 30 May 2008.
- ^ India and the upcoming Druk democracy Archived 13 January 2008 at the Wayback Machine (May 2007). HimalMag.com. Accessed 30 May 2008.
- ^ a b Bhutan Gazette[permanent dead link] (7 June 2007). BhutanGazette. Accessed 30 May 2008.
- ^ "China hopes to forge diplomatic ties with Bhutan". Xinhua News. Archived from the original on August 11, 2016. Retrieved 29 September 2016.
- ^ ISBN 978-0224618878.
- ^ China's Decision for War with India in 1962 by John W. Garver Archived 26 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Manoj Joshi (2013-05-07). "Making sense of the Depsang incursion". The Hindu. Retrieved 2014-03-15.
- ^ "Khurshid to visit China on May 9, no date for flag meet". Hindustan Times. 2013-04-25. Archived from the original on April 25, 2013. Retrieved 2014-03-15.
- ^ "Let's shake hands: 20 days on, China withdraws troops from Ladakh : India, News – India Today". Indiatoday.intoday.in. 2013-05-05. Retrieved 2014-03-15.
- ^ a b c "CIA World Factbook – China". 6 June 2023.
- ISBN 978-0-231-11814-9.
- ISBN 9781600214455.
- ISBN 9781928914310.
- ^ Ogura, Junko (14 October 2010). "Japanese party urges Google to drop Chinese name for disputed islands". US: CNN. Archived from the original on 4 October 2012.
- ^ Kristof, Nicholas (10 September 2010). "Look Out for the Diaoyu Islands". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 20 October 2012. Retrieved 15 August 2012.
- ^ JOHN W. FINNEY Special to The New York Times (11 November 1971). "SENATE ENDORSES OKINAWA TREATY – Votes 84 to 6 for Island's Return to Japan – Rioters There Kill a Policeman Senate, in 84 to 6 Vote, Approves the Treaty Returning Okinawa to Japan – Front Page". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 23 July 2018. Retrieved 20 August 2012.
- ^ Lee, Seokwoo et al. (2002). Territorial disputes among Japan, Taiwan and China concerning the Senkaku Islands, pp. 11–12., p. 11, at Google Books
- ^ "Q&A: China-Japan islands row" Archived 10 July 2018 at the Wayback Machine BBC News 11 September 2012
- ^ "U.S. says Senkaku Islands fall within scope of Japan-U.S. security treaty". Kyodo News. Archived from the original on 15 July 2012. Retrieved 20 August 2012.
- ^ "Viewpoints: How serious are China-Japan tensions?". BBC. 8 February 2013. Archived from the original on 28 November 2013. Retrieved 16 November 2013.
- ^ Wu 2013, p. 79(at History of the U-shaped line)
- ^ "The South China Sea conflict in a nutshell". japantimes. 10 June 2015.
- ^ OCLC 939553543.
- OCLC 939553543.
- ^ OCLC 939553543.
- ^ from the original on 2017-01-29. Retrieved 2020-08-08.
- ^ See the text of the "Agreement between the Republic of Kazakhstan and the People's Republic of China on the Kazakhstan-China international border, signed in Almaty on Aprel 26, 1994" in О ратификации Соглашения между Республикой Казахстан и Китайской Народной Республикой о казахстанско-китайской государственной границе. Указ Президента Республики Казахстан от 15 июня 1995 г. N 2331 Archived 2013-10-05 at the Wayback Machine. The border shown on Google Maps follows the description in the treaty; specifically, border point 38 described in the text is at the border line's crossing with the Terekty River (铁列克提河; Tiělièkètí Hé) can be seen at 45°37′00″N 82°15′30″E / 45.61667°N 82.25833°E. The 1969-era Soviet claim in the area can be seen on the period's topo maps, e.g. border point No. 40 on this map Archived 2013-10-01 at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ Wikisource. [China-Kyrgyzstan Border Agreement] (in Chinese). 1996-07-04 – via
- ^ Kyrgyzstan, China end common border demarcation, 14 July 2009
- ^ "Laos – Encyclopædia Britannica Overview". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 23 January 2011.
- ISBN 978-1-897643-32-7.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i "China-Mongolia Boundary" (PDF). International Boundary Study (173). The Geographer, Bureau of Intelligence and Research: 2–6. August 1984. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-09-16. Retrieved 2008-06-16.
- ^ a b "Mongolia-China relations". Library of Congress. Archived from the original on 2017-08-01. Retrieved 2008-06-15.
- ^ "Wilson Center Digital Archive".
- ^ "International Boundary Study No. 42 – Burma-China Boundary" (PDF). US DOS. 30 November 1964. Retrieved 17 September 2020.
- ^ Burma Road – Britannica Online Encyclopedia
- ^ Donald M. Seekins, Historical Dictionary of Burma (Myanmar), p. 251
- ^ "A Forgotten Invasion: Thailand in Shan State, 1941–45"
- ^ "More fighting feared as thousands flee Burma". Bangkok Post. Agence France-Presse. 27 August 2009. Retrieved 28 August 2009.
- ^ "Myanmar says Chinese tip-off led to border clash". Associated Press. 10 September 2009. Retrieved 11 September 2009.
- ^ Asia Times Online, Virtual gambling in Myanmar's drug country, Michael Black and Roland Fields, Aug 26, 2006
- ^ "Asia Times Online :: south-east Asia news – Virtual gambling in Myanmar's drug country". Atimes.com. 2006-08-26. Archived from the original on 2006-10-19. Retrieved 2012-11-29.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) - ^ "Strategic Programme Framework: Union of Myanmar 2004–2007" (PDF). United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. Retrieved 2009-01-01.
- ^ Office of the Geographer (30 May 1965). "China – Nepal Boundary" (PDF). Bureau of Intelligence and Research.
- ^ Sharma, Gopal; Crossley, Gabriel (3 November 2020). "China, Nepal deny Nepali opposition's landgrab accusations". Reuters.
- S2CID 56347789.
- ^ "Signing with the Red Chinese". Time (magazine). 15 March 1963. Archived from the original on 22 December 2008. Retrieved 28 October 2019.
- ^ NOORANI, A.G. (Jan 14, 2012). "Map fetish". Vol. 29, no. 01. Frontline. Archived from the original on 24 January 2020. Retrieved 24 January 2020.
- ISBN 978-1-85567-578-0: "As a friendly gesture some territory in the northern areas was surrendered to China and a treaty was signed which stated that there were no border disputes between the two countries."
- ^ Chen, Qimao, "Sino-Russian relations after the break-up of the Soviet Union", in Chufrin, Gennady (ed.), Russia and Asia: the Emerging Security Agenda (PDF), pp. 288–291, archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-05-19, retrieved 2015-07-15
- ^ Дополнительное Соглашение Между Российской Федерацией И Китайской Народной Республикой О Российско-Китайской Государственной Границе На Ее Восточной Части (Заключено В Г. Пекине 14.10.2004), January 2015, archived from the original on 2011-08-12, retrieved 2015-07-15. October 14, 2004 (in Russian)
- ^ "The cockerel's cropped crest". The Economist. 26 July 2008.
- ^ "Analysis: China's new map a timed move to reassert its territorial claims, flex muscles ahead of regional summits". CNA. Retrieved 2023-09-06.
- ^ "Tajikistan Cedes Disputed Land to China". Jamestown. The Jamestown Foundation. 24 January 2011.
- S2CID 56347789.
- ^ "Tajikistan cedes land to China". BBC News. 13 January 2011.