Territorial evolution of Russia

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Territorial evolution of Russia from 1547 to 1725

The borders of Russia changed through military conquests and by ideological and political unions from the 16th century.

Tsarist Russia

Main article: Expansion of Russia (1500–1800)

The formal end to Tatar rule over Russia was the defeat of the Tatars at the Great Stand on the Ugra River in 1480. Ivan III (r. 1462–1505) and Vasili III (r. 1505–1533) had consolidated the centralized Russian state following the annexations of the Novgorod Republic in 1478, Tver in 1485, the Pskov Republic in 1510, Volokolamsk in 1513, Ryazan in 1521, and Novgorod-Seversk in 1522.[1]

After a period of political instability between 1598 and 1613, which became known as the

Romanovs came to power in 1613 and the expansion-colonization process of the tsardom continued. While Western Europe colonized the New World, the Tsardom of Russia
expanded overland – principally to the east, north and south.

This continued for centuries; by the end of the 19th century, the

Americas (1732–1867) and an unofficial colony in Africa (1889) in present-day Djibouti[2]
that lasted only a month.

Expansion into Asia

See also: Russian conquest of Siberia, Russian conquest of the Caucasus, Russian conquest of Central Asia, and Western imperialism in Asia
Russian expansion in Eurasia between 1533 and 1894

The first stage from 1582 to 1650 resulted in North-East expansion from the Urals to the Pacific. Geographical expeditions mapped much of Siberia. The second stage from 1785 to 1830 looked South to the areas between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea. The key areas were Armenia and Georgia, with some better penetration of the Ottoman Empire, and Persia. By 1829, Russia controlled all of the Caucasus as shown in the Treaty of Adrianople of 1829. The third era, 1850 to 1860, was a brief interlude jumping to the East Coast, annexing the region from the Amur River to Manchuria. The fourth era, 1865 to 1885 incorporated Turkestan, and the northern approaches to India, sparking British fears of a threat to India in the Great Game.[3][4]

Historian Michael Khodarkovsky describes Tsarist Russia as a "hybrid empire" that combined elements of continental and colonial empires.

Port Arthur to Japan with the Treaty of Portsmouth, though Russia kept the northern portion of the Chinese Eastern Railway
.

Table of changes

Changes in territory to the Tsardom of Russia and Russian Empire, from 1547 to 1905, listed chronologically:

Year Tsar Territory taken Taken from Background Map
1552 Ivan the Terrible Khanate of Kazan Khanate of Kazan Russo-Kazan Wars Location of Kazan
1556 Ivan the Terrible Astrakhan Khanate Astrakhan Khanate Russian control of the Volga trade route Location of Astrakhan
1583 Ivan the Terrible Loss of Polotsk and Velizh Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth Livonian War
1598 Feodor I of Russia Khanate of Sibir Khanate of Sibir Conquest of the Khanate of Sibir Khanate of Sibir
1582 – 1778 gradual Siberia Indigenous people Russian conquest of Siberia
1617 Time of Troubles Loss of Ingria and Kexholm County Sweden Ingrian War
1619 Time of Troubles Loss of Severia and Smolensk Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
Russo-Polish War (1609-1618)
1634 Michael l of Russia Town of Serpeysk Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth Smolensk War
1667 Alexis of Russia
Kiev (temporary), Zaporizhzhia (condominium with Poland
) 		Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth Russo-Polish War (1654–1667) Truce of Andrusovo 1667
1681 Feodor III of Russia Qasim Khanate Qasim Khanate Death of Queen Fatima Soltan Location of Qasim Khanate
1686 Peter the Great Gain of
Kiev and Zaporizhzhia
 Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth Union with Poland against Ottoman Empire (Great Turkish War) Union with Poland against Turkey
1700 Peter the Great Gain of Azov (temporary) Ottoman Empire Russo-Turkish War (1686-1700)

(During the Great Turkish War)

1711 Peter the Great Loss of Azov Ottoman Empire Russo-Turkish War (1710-1711)
1721 Peter the Great Livonia, Estonia, Ingria, and Karelia Sweden Great Northern War Treaty of Nystad
1739 Anna of Russia Regain of Azov Ottoman Empire Russo-Turkish War (1735-1739)
1743 Elizabeth of Russia South-West Karelia Sweden Russo-Swedish War (1741–1743) Treaty of Åbo
1771 Catherine the Great Kalmyk Khanate Kalmyk Khanate exodus of the Kalmyks to Dzungaria Location of Kalmyk Khanate
1772 Catherine the Great Inflanty Voivodeship and Eastern Belarus Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth First Partition of Poland Polish Partition
1774 Catherine the Great Southern Bug and Karbadino Ottoman Empire Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774) Crimean Khanate (in yellow)
1783 Catherine the Great Crimean Khanate Ottoman Empire Annexation of the vassal state Crimean Khanate (in yellow)
1792 Catherine the Great Yedisan Ottoman Empire Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792) Location of Yedisan
1793 Catherine the Great Right-bank Ukraine and Belarus Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth Second Partition of Poland Polish Partition
1795 Catherine the Great Western Galicia and Southern Mazovia Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth Third Partition of Poland Polish Partition
1799 Paul I of Russia Alaska Indigenous people
Russian America
 Russian Alaska in 1860
1801 Alexander I of Russia Eastern Georgia Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti Annexation of Georgia Eastern Georgia
1807 Alexander I of Russia Białystok Kingdom of Prussia Napoleonic Wars
1809 Alexander I of Russia Grand Duchy of Finland Sweden Finnish War Grand Duchy of Finland
1810 Alexander I of Russia Western Georgia Kingdom of Imereti Annexation of Georgia
1812 Alexander I of Russia Bessarabia (Moldova) Ottoman Empire Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812) Location of Bessarbia
1813 Alexander I of Russia Duchy of Warsaw (Under Occupation) France Napoleonic Wars Duchy of Warsaw
1813 Alexander I of Russia Georgia, Dagestan, parts of northern Azerbaijan, and parts of northern Armenia Sublime State of Persia Russo-Persian War (1804–1813) Losses by Persia
1815 Alexander I of Russia Congress Poland Duchy of Warsaw Napoleonic Wars
1828 Nicholas I of Russia Iğdır Province, rest of northern Azerbaijan, and Armenia Sublime State of Persia Russo-Persian War (1826–1828) Losses by Persia
1829 Nicholas l of Russia Danube Delta, Anapa, Novorossiysk, Poti, Akhaltsikhe and Akhalkalaki Ottoman Empire Russo-Turkish War (1828-1829)
1856 Alexander II of Russia Loss of Danube Delta and Southern Bessarabia Principality of Moldavia (Ottoman Empire) Crimean War
1858 Alexander II of Russia North of the
Amur River
Qing Empire
(China) 		Second Opium War Convention of Peking
1859 Alexander II of Russia Caucasian Imamate Caucasian Imamate Caucasian War
1860 Alexander II of Russia East of the
Ussuri River
Qing Empire
(China) 		Second Opium War Convention of Peking
1730–1863 gradual Kazakhstan
Middle Horde, Great Horde
 Incorporation of the Kazakh Khanate Kazakhstan
1864 Alexander II of Russia Circassia Circassians Caucasian War
1866 Alexander II of Russia Uzbekistan Emirate of Bukhara Russian conquest of Bukhara conquest of Uzbekistan
1867 Alexander II of Russia Loss of Alaska
United States of America
 Alaska Purchase Russian Alaska in 1860
1873 Alexander II of Russia North Turkmenistan Khanate of Khiva Khivan campaign of 1873 conquest of Turkmenistan
1875 Alexander II of Russia Sakhalin Empire of Japan border settlement with Japan Sakhalin and Kuril islands
1876 Alexander II of Russia Kyrgyzstan and West Tajikistan Khanate of Kokand Annexation of the vassal state conquest of Kokand
1878 Alexander II of Russia Regain of Southern Bessarabia Ottoman Empire Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)
Batum Oblast
 Kars and Batumi
1885 Alexander III of Russia South Turkmenistan Turkmens Turkmen campaign
Territorial evolution of Russia is located in Turkmenistan
Ashgabat
Ashgabat
Krasno vodsk
Krasno
vodsk
Chik ishlyar
Chik
ishlyar
Merv
Merv
Pandjeh
Pandjeh
Geok Tepe
Geok Tepe
Bami
Bami
Kazil- Arvat
Kazil-
Arvat
Chat
Chat
Territorial evolution of Russia
Bukhara
Bukhara
Khiva
Khiva
class=notpageimage|
Turkmen campaign of 1880–85
* Blue=Russian fort; Yellow=Khanate of Khiva.
1895 Alexander III of Russia East Tajikistan sparsely populated Exploration of the Pamir plateau Pamir region
1905
Nicholas II of Russia
 Loss of South Sakhalin Empire of Japan Russo-Japanese War South Sakhalin

Russian SFSR and Soviet Union

After the October Revolution of November 1917, Poland and Finland became independent from Russia and remained so thereafter. The Russian Empire ceased to exist, and the Russian SFSR, 1917–1991, was established on much of its territory. Its area of effective direct control varied greatly during the Russian Civil War of 1917 to 1922. Eventually the revolutionary Bolshevik government regained control of most of the former Eurasian lands of the Russian Empire, and in 1922 joined the Russian SFSR to Belarus, Transcaucasia, and Ukraine as the four constituent republics of a new state, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), which lasted until December 1991.

Map of territorial changes in Europe after World War I (as of 1923)

Territories of the former Russian Empire that permanently or temporarily became independent:

In 1919, northern Mhlyn, Novozybkiv, Starodub, and Surazh counties (povits) of Ukraine's

Donetsk Governorate of Ukraine to Russia's North Caucasus krai.[9][10]

By the end of World War II the Soviet Union had annexed:

USSR Republics numbered by alphabet 1 Armenia, 2 Azerbaijan, 3 Belarus, 4 Estonia, 5 Georgia, 6 Kazakhstan, 7 Kyrgyzstan, 8 Latvia, 9 Lithuania, 10 Moldova, 11 Russia, 12 Tajikistan, 13 Turkmenistan, 14 Ukraine, 15 Uzbekistan

Of these, Pechenga, Salla, Tuva, Kaliningrad Oblast, Klaipėda, the Kurils, and Sakhalin were added to the territory of the RSFSR.

The Chinese Eastern Railway, formerly a tsarist concession, was taken again by the Soviet Union after the 1929 Sino-Soviet conflict,[11] the railway was returned in 1952.[12]

Meanwhile, territories were removed from the Russian SFSR, including

Crimean oblast and city of Sevastopol
were transferred to Ukraine on 19 February 1954 (later annexed by the Russian Federation in 2014).

There were numerous minor border changes between Soviet republics as well.

After World War II, the Soviet Union set up seven

satellite states, known as “European colonies”, while remaining independent though their politics, military, foreign and domestic policies were dominated by the Soviet Union:[13]

Russian Federation

Changes in national boundaries after the end of the Cold War and after the dissolution of the Soviet Union
Map showing the annexed Ukrainian oblasts per Russian claims in yellow, with a red line marking the area of actual control by Russia on 30 September 2022.

The dissolution of the Soviet Union has led to the creation of independent post-Soviet states, with the Russian SFSR declaring its independence in December 1991 and changing its name to the Russian Federation.

The Chechen Republic of Ichkeria was a secessionist government of the Chechen Republic during 1991–2000. After Russian defeat at the Battle of Grozny, the First Chechen War ended with Russia recognizing the new Ichkerian government of president Maskhadov in January 1997 and signing a peace treaty in May. But Russia invaded again in 1999, restoring a Chechen Republic and the Ichkeria government was exiled in 2000.

The Russian Federation has been involved in territorial disputes with several its neighbours, including with

Tarabarov Island and Bolshoy Ussuriysky Island (settled in 2001), with its coastal neighbours over Caspian Sea boundaries, and with Estonia over the adjoining border. Russia also had disputes with Ukraine over the status of the federal city of Sevastopol, but agreed it belonged to Ukraine in the 1997 Russian–Ukrainian Friendship Treaty, and over the uninhabited Tuzla Island, but gave up this claim in the 2003 Treaty on the Sea of Azov and the Kerch Strait
.

The Russian Federation has also used its armed forces, armed formations, and material support to help establish the

near abroad around the Russian Federation and farther abroad.[14][15] Following these conflicts, both Transnistria and South Ossetia
have made proposals for joining Russia.

In 2014, when after

broke out the Donbas region
of Ukraine, in which the Kremlin denies an active role, but is widely considered to be fuelled by soldiers, militants, weapons, and ammunition from the Russian Federation.

On February 21, 2022, the Russian president Putin signed a decree recognizing the independence of two Donbas republics in Ukraine, and invaded the region. Two days later,

Russian troops openly invaded Ukrainian-held territory of Ukraine, a move widely seen as an attempt to conduct regime change and occupy much or all of Ukraine. After failing to seize Ukraine's capital Kyiv for over a month, the Russian defence minister stated that the main goal of the war was the "liberation of the Donbas",[16] but later a Russian general stated that it was to seize eastern and southern Ukraine right through to Transnistria, a breakaway territory in Moldova.[17][18]

On 30 September 2022, Putin announced

Russia was to annex four partially occupied regions of Ukraine: Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk, and Zaporizhzhia Oblasts.[20] However, Russia's annexation of these territories was widely condemned by the international community,[21] and Russia does not control the full territory of any of the four annexed regions, and its government was unable to describe the new international "borders".[22]

See also

References

  1. ^ Allen F. Chew, An Atlas of Russian History: Eleven Centuries of Changing Borders (2nd ed. 1967). pp 14–43.
  2. ^ John Channon, The Penguin historical atlas of Russia (1995) pp 8–12, 44–75.
  3. ^ Brian Catchpole, A map history of Russia (1983) pp 6–31.
  4. ^ Allen F. Chew, An Atlas of Russian History: Eleven Centuries of Changing Borders (2nd ed. 1967)
  5. ^ "Empire of the steppe: Russia's colonial experience on the Eurasian frontier". www.international.ucla.edu. Retrieved 9 August 2021.
  6. ^ "The Great Game, 1856-1907: Russo-British Relations in Central and East Asia | Reviews in History". reviews.history.ac.uk. Retrieved 9 August 2021.
  7. ^
    ISSN 1468-2281
    .
  8. ^ "Chernihiv gubernia". Encyclopedia of Ukraine. Retrieved 28 May 2020.
  9. ISBN 9781442651265
    .
  10. doi:10.13187/ra.2015.10.288
    .
  11. OCLC 966274204.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link
    )
  12. S2CID 162586404
    .
  13. ^ Vladimir Tismaneanu, Marius Stan, Cambridge University Press, 17 May, 2018, Romania Confronts Its Communist Past: Democracy, Memory, and Moral Justice, p. 132
  14. ISSN 0362-4331
    . Retrieved 30 November 2020.
  15. ^ "Interview given by Dmitry Medvedev to Television Channels Channel One, Rossia, NTV". President of Russia. Archived from the original on 17 December 2020. Retrieved 30 November 2020.
  16. ^ "Russia pledges to scale down military activity near Kyiv, Chernihiv — live updates". DW.COM. 29 March 2022. Retrieved 29 March 2022.
  17. ^ Ma, Alexandra. "Russia says its goal in Ukraine is to conquer the country's eastern and southern regions". Business Insider. Retrieved 24 April 2022.
  18. ^ "Ukraine war: What are Russia's plans for its 'second phase' - and why does it include Moldova?". ca.news.yahoo.com. 22 April 2022. Retrieved 24 April 2022.
  19. ^ "Signing of treaties on accession of Donetsk and Lugansk people's republics and Zaporozhye and Kherson regions to Russia". Kremlin.
  20. ^ "Putin says Russia has 'four new regions' as he announces annexation of Ukrainian territory". Reuters. 30 September 2022. Archived from the original on 30 September 2022. Retrieved 30 September 2022.
  21. ^ "Global condemnation for Russia's illegal annexation of Ukrainian territory". DW.
  22. ^ "Russia no longer has full control of any of four 'annexed' Ukrainian provinces". Guardian.

Further reading

Atlases

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