Terrorist Surveillance Program
National Security Agency surveillance |
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The Terrorist Surveillance Program was an
The program was named the Terrorist Surveillance Program by the
On August 17, 2006, U.S. District Judge Anna Diggs Taylor ruled the program unconstitutional and illegal. On appeal, the decision was overturned on procedural grounds and the lawsuit was dismissed without addressing the merits of the claims,[7] although one further challenge is still pending in the courts. On January 17, 2007, Attorney General Alberto Gonzales informed U.S. Senate leaders by letter[8] that the program would not be reauthorized by the president, but would be subjected to judicial oversight. "Any electronic surveillance that was occurring as part of the Terrorist Surveillance Program will now be conducted subject to the approval of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court", according to his letter.[9]
On June 6, 2013, it was revealed that the Terrorist Surveillance Program was replaced by a new NSA program, referred to by its codeword,
Description
While no specific information has been offered, the Bush Administration has indicated that the wiretapping program targets communications where at least one party is outside the United States, and where it asserts that there are reasonable grounds to believe that one or more parties involved in the communication have ties to
The complete details of the program are not known, as the Bush Administration contended that security concerns did not allow it to release details, and limit judicial authorization and review.[
President Bush stated that he had reviewed and reauthorized the program approximately every 45 days since it was implemented. The leadership of the intelligence committees of the House of Representatives and Senate were briefed a number of times since initiation of the program.[12] They were not, however, allowed to make notes or confer with others to determine the legal ramifications, or even to mention the existence of the program to the full membership of the intelligence committees. Further, the administration even refused to identify to the public which members of the committees were briefed; it has, however, provided a complete list of these members to the Senate Intelligence Committee.[13]
Pen register tap
Prominent legal scholar and blogger Orin Kerr has argued that the program is probably not a wiretap or call database, but more likely to be a pen register (or tap-and-trace) tap.[14] Unlike wiretaps, where the actual content of the call is monitored, or listened to, a pen register is a limited form of wiretap where only basic call data (metadata) such as originating and receiving telephone numbers, time of call and duration are logged. Because of the limited nature of the data, frequently characterized as "outside the envelope", pen register taps have much lower legal standards than conventional wiretaps, and are not subject to Fourth Amendment protection.
The only physical evidence of the NSA program are documents accidentally leaked to lawyers for an al-Qaeda front group the Al-Haramain Foundation. These documents contain only logs of phone calls being placed, but not actual transcripts, suggesting the wiretapping program is merely a pen-register tap.[15]
Call database
On May 10, 2006,
Undersea cable tapping
Both the U.S. government and also spy organizations in the U.K. have tapped "the spine of the internet", a transatlantic Ethernet cable, using submarines to access it and put on equipment to commandeer as much information as they wish to apply special searches in order to narrow down potential terrorist activity. With current laws in the U.S. (as of 2013), a warrant is not necessary if the government's surveillance is 'reasonably believed' to be overseas.[17] "A new set of documents purportedly lifted from the U.S. National Security Agency suggests that American spies have burrowed deep into the Middle East's financial network, apparently compromising the Dubai office of the anti-money laundering and financial services firm EastNets."[18]
News reporting
December 16, 2005
On December 16, 2005, The New York Times printed a story asserting that following 9/11, "President Bush secretly authorized the National Security Agency to eavesdrop on Americans and others inside the United States to search for evidence of terrorist activity without the court-approved warrants ordinarily required for domestic spying" as part of the War on Terror.[19]
Under a presidential order signed in 2002, the intelligence agency monitored the international telephone calls and international e-mail messages of hundreds, perhaps thousands, of people inside the United States without warrants over the past three years in an effort to track possible "dirty numbers" linked to Al Qaeda, the officials said. The agency, they said, still seeks warrants to monitor entirely domestic communications.
According to the Times:
The White House asked The New York Times not to publish this article, arguing that it could jeopardize continuing investigations and alert terrorists that they might be under scrutiny. After meeting with senior administration officials to hear their concerns, the newspaper delayed publication for a year to conduct additional reporting. Some information that administration officials argued could be useful to terrorists has been omitted.
White House press secretary Scott McClellan refused to comment on the story on December 16, exclaiming "there's a reason why we don't get into discussing ongoing intelligence activities, because it could compromise our efforts to prevent attacks from happening."[20] The next morning, the president gave a live eight-minute television address instead of his normal weekly radio address, during which he addressed the wiretap story directly:[21]
I authorized the National Security Agency, consistent with U.S. law and the Constitution, to intercept the international communications of people with known links to al Qaeda and related terrorist organizations. Before we intercept these communications, the government must have information that establishes a clear link to these terrorist networks.
In the address, President Bush implied he had approved the tracing of domestic calls originating or terminating overseas, stating the program would "make it more likely that killers like these 9/11 hijackers will be identified and located in time."
He forcefully defended his actions as "crucial to our national security" and claimed that the American people expected him to "do everything in my power, under our laws and Constitution, to protect them and their civil liberties" as long as there was a "continuing threat" from al Qaeda. The president also had harsh words for those who broke the story, saying that they acted illegally. "The unauthorized disclosure of this effort damages our national security and puts our citizens at risk", he said.[22]
The FBI began an investigation into the leaks surrounding this program in 2005, with 25 agents and 5 prosecutors on the case.[23]
January 1, 2006
On January 1, 2006, The New York Times printed a story revealing that aspects of the program were suspended for weeks in 2004. The Times story said the
The New York Times had withheld the article from publication for over a year. Both editor-in-chief
January 3, 2006
On January 3, the news program
Tice says the technology exists to track and sort through every domestic and international phone call as they are switched through centers, such as one in New York, and to search for key words or phrases that a terrorist might use.
"If you picked the word 'jihad' out of a conversation," Tice said, "the technology exists that you focus in on that conversation, and you pull it out of the system for processing."
According to Tice, intelligence analysts use the information to develop graphs that resemble spiderwebs linking one suspect's phone number to hundreds or even thousands more.
"That would mean for most Americans that if they conducted, or you know, placed an overseas communication, more than likely they were sucked into that vacuum," Tice said.
January 17, 2006
On January 17, the New York Times reported that "more than a dozen current and former law-enforcement and counterterrorism officials", some of whom knew of the domestic spying program, "said the torrent of tips [from NSA wiretapping] led them to few potential terrorists inside the country they did not know of from other sources and diverted agents from counterterrorism work they viewed as more productive".[28]
February 5, 2006
On February 5, The Washington Post noted that "fewer than 10 U.S. citizens or residents a year, according to an authoritative account, have aroused enough suspicion during warrantless eavesdropping to justify interception of their (purely) domestic calls, as well. That step still requires a warrant from a federal judge, for which the government must supply evidence of probable cause." Also in the article: "The minimum legal definition of probable cause, said a government official who has studied the program closely, is that evidence used to support eavesdropping ought to turn out to be 'right for one out of every two guys at least.' Those who devised the surveillance plan, the official said, 'knew they could never meet that standard—that's why they didn't go through'" the
Also on February 5, USA Today ran a story reporting that according to seven telecommunications executives, the NSA had secured the cooperation of the main telecommunications companies in charge of international phone calls, including
May 22, 2006
In its issue dated May 22, 2006, Newsweek put the controversy on the cover of its magazine and ran several stories inside summarizing what is known and speculations about it.[31]
On May 22, 2006,
Legality of the program
The NSA's electronic surveillance operations are governed primarily by four legal sources: the
Critics of the Bush administration have regularly compared the current NSA surveillance program to those of
The American Civil Liberties Union filed an ultimately unsuccessful lawsuit against the program in 2006 on behalf of journalists, scholars, and lawyers. In the initial trial, U.S. District Judge Anna Diggs Taylor on August 17, 2006, ruled the program was unconstitutional and imposed an injunction against it.[36] The Justice Department filed an appeal within hours of the ruling and requested a stay of the injunction pending appeal. While opposing the stay, the ACLU agreed to delay implementation of the injunction until September 7 to allow time for the judge to hear the appeal.[37] On appeal, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit dismissed the case without addressing the merits of the claims, holding 2–1 that the plaintiffs lacked standing to bring the suit.[7]
Controversy
When classified details were leaked to the press at some point in 2005, critics began to
- Are the parameters of this program subject to FISA and
- If so, did the president have authority, inherent or otherwise, to bypass FISA.
FISA explicitly covers "electronic surveillance for foreign intelligence information" performed within the United States, and there is no court decision supporting the theory that the president's constitutional authority allows him to override statutory law. This was emphasized by fourteen constitutional law scholars, including the dean of Yale Law School and the former deans of Stanford Law School and the University of Chicago Law School:
The argument that conduct undertaken by the commander in chief that has some relevance to 'engaging the enemy' is immune from congressional regulation finds no support in, and is directly contradicted by, both case law and historical precedent. Every time the Supreme Court has confronted a statute limiting the commander in chief's authority, it has upheld the statute. No precedent holds that the president, when acting as commander in chief, is free to disregard an Act of Congress, much less a criminal statute enacted by Congress, that was designed specifically to restrain the president as such.(Emphasis in original.)[38]
The American Bar Association, the Congressional Research Service, former congressional representative of New York Elizabeth Holtzman, former White House Counsel John Dean, and lawyer/author Jennifer van Bergen have also criticized the administration's justification for conducting electronic surveillance within the U.S. without first obtaining warrants as contrary to current U.S. law.[35][39][40][41][42] President Bush's former Assistant Deputy Attorney General for national security issues, David Kris, and five former FISC judges, one of whom resigned in protest, have also voiced their doubts as to the legality of a program bypassing FISA [43] Stanford's Chip Pitts has usefully distinguished between the core NSA eavesdropping program, the data mining program, and the use of National Security Letters to clarify that each continues to present serious legal problems despite the government's supposedly bringing them within the relevant laws.[44]
See also
- Hepting v. AT&T
- NSA warrantless surveillance controversy
- Mass surveillance
- COINTELPRO
- Communications Assistance for Law Enforcement Act
- Family Jewels
- Stellar Wind (code name)
- ThinThread
- Trailblazer Project
- Utah Data Center
- Whistleblowers
- William Binney
- Thomas Andrews Drake
- Edward Snowden
- Russ Tice
- Thomas Tamm
References
- ^ "Same Surveillance state, Different War". The Atlantic. Adrienne Lafrance. 8 April 2015. Retrieved 18 April 2015.
- ^ Yoo, John. "The Terrorist Surveillance Program and the Constitution". Geo. Mason L.
- ^ a b James Risen and Eric Lichtblau (2005-12-21). "Spying Program Snared U.S. Calls". New York Times. Retrieved 2006-05-28.
- ^ The Secret Sharer, Jane Mayer, The New Yorker, May 23 2011, retrieved 2011 May 16
- ^ Washington Post: Surveillance Net Yields Few Suspects. February 5, 2006.
- ^ White House: "President Discusses Global War on Terror at Kansas State University". The White House. Archived from the original on March 13, 2007. Retrieved 2009-12-10.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link). January 23, 2006. - ^ a b "Court dismisses lawsuit on spying". Reuters. July 6, 2007.
- ^ "Letter from Alberto Gonzalez, Attorney General, to Senators Patrick Leahy and Arlen Specter" (PDF). The New York Times.
- ^ bad link as of Aug 19, 2007[dead link]
- ^ Gellman, Barton; Poitras, Laura (June 7, 2013). "U.S. intelligence mining data from nine U.S. Internet companies in broad secret program". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2013-06-06.
- ^ a b Cauley, Leslie (May 10, 2006). "NSA has massive database of Americans' phone calls". USA Today. Retrieved May 20, 2010.
- ^ Statement of Hon. Alberto R. Gonzales, attorney general, February 6, 2006 Archived February 14, 2006, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "David Corn". David Corn. Retrieved 2013-06-06.
- ^ "The Volokh Conspiracy". Volokh.com. Retrieved 2013-06-06.
- ^ "Top Secret: We're Wiretapping You". Wired. March 5, 2007. Archived from the original on February 26, 2015.
- ^ Froomkin, Dan (May 19, 2006). "A Change of Subject". Washington Post. Retrieved May 20, 2010.
- ^ June, Daniel, "How the Government Taps Undersea Internet Cables to Spy on Us"
- ^ "New leak suggest NSA penetrated banking networks in Middle East". CBS News. 14 April 2017. Retrieved 18 April 2017.
- ^ James Risen, Eric Lichtblau (December 16, 2005). "Bush Lets U.S. Spy on Callers Without Courts". The New York Times.
- National Archives.
- National Archives.
- ^ "US eavesdropping program 'saves lives': Bush". Sydney Morning Herald. Associated Press. December 18, 2005.
- ^ Scott Shane (11 June 2010). "Obama Takes a Hard Line Against Leaks to Press". The New York Times.
- ^ James Risen, Eric Lichtblau (January 1, 2006). "Justice Deputy Resisted Parts of Spy Program". New York Times.
- ^ Calame, Byron (January 1, 2006). "Behind the Eavesdropping Story, a Loud Silence". The New York Times.
- ^ "Why NSA whistle-blower Russ Tice may be right". Slate. 17 January 2006. Retrieved January 17, 2006.
- ^ "NSA Whistleblower Alleges Illegal Spying". ABCNews. January 10, 2006.
- ^ LOWELL BERGMAN, ERIC LICHTBLAU, SCOTT SHANE and DON VAN NATTA Jr. (January 17, 2006). "Spy Agency Data After Sept. 11 Led F.B.I. to Dead Ends". The New York Times.
{{cite news}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Barton Gellman, Dafna Linzer and Carol D. Leonnig (February 5, 2006). "Surveillance Net Yields Few Suspects - NSA's Hunt for Terrorists Scrutinizes Thousands of Americans, but Most Are Later Cleared". The Washington Post. pp. A01.
- ^ Cauley, Leslie; Diamond, John (February 2, 2006). "Telecoms let NSA spy on calls". USA Today. Retrieved May 20, 2010.
- ^ "NSA Spying: Hold the Phone". Newsweek. May 22, 2006. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016.
- ^ "Why We Published the AT&T Docs". Wired News. May 22, 2006. Retrieved 2006-05-27.
- ^ David Alan Jordan. Decrypting the Fourth Amendment: Warrantless NSA Surveillance and the Enhanced Expectation of Privacy Provided by Encrypted Voice over Internet Protocol Archived October 30, 2007, at the Wayback Machine. Boston College Law Review. May, 2006. Last access date January 23, 2007
- ^ Leonnig, Carol D. (March 2, 2006). "Saudi Group Alleges Wiretapping by U.S.: Defunct Charity's Suit Details Eavesdropping". Washington Post. Retrieved May 20, 2010.
- ^ a b John W. Dean, "George W. Bush as the New Richard M. Nixon: Both Wiretapped Illegally, and Impeachable; Both Claimed That a President May Violate Congress' Laws to Protect National Security", FindLaw, December 30, 2005
- ^ Sarah Karush. Judge Finds NSA Program Unconstitutional. Associated Press. August 18, 2006. Last access date August 18, 2006
- ^ Sarah Karush. Feds Appeal Ruling on Surveillance. Associated Press. August 18, 2006. Last access date August 18, 2006.
- ^ "Letter to Congress regarding FISA and NSA, fourteen constitutional law scholars, February 2, 2006; p. 5" (PDF). Retrieved 2013-06-06.
- ^ The Impeachment of George W. Bush Archived 2006-03-18 at the Wayback Machine by Elizabeth Holtzman, The Nation, January 11, 2006
- ^
- ^ AMERICAN BAR ASSOCIATION ADOPTED BY THE HOUSE OF DELEGATES Archived 2009-03-26 at the Wayback Machine, February 13, 2006
- Washington Post, February 14, 2006
- ^ Eric Lichtblau,
"Judges on Secretive Panel Speak Out on Spy Program", New York Times, March 29, 2006
- Wash. Spec. Archived from the originalon February 26, 2015.
External links
- The Program, by Laura Poitras, New York Times, August 22, 2012.
- Giving In to the Surveillance State, by Shane Harris, New York Times, August 22, 2012.
- WhiteHouse.gov: "Setting the Record Straight"
- Deflem, Mathieu, Silva, Derek M.D., and Anna S. Rogers. 2018. "Domestic Spying: A Historical-Comparative Perspective." pp. 109–125 in The Cambridge Handbook of Social Problems, Volume 2, edited by A. Javier Treviño. New York: Cambridge University Press.