Testosterone (medication)
Clinical data | |
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Pronunciation | /tɛˈstɒstəroʊn/ teh-STOS-tə-rohn[1] |
Trade names | AndroGel, Testim, TestoGel, others |
Other names | Androst-4-en-17β-ol-3-one |
AHFS/Drugs.com | Monograph |
MedlinePlus | a619028 |
License data |
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Pregnancy category |
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pellet) | |
Drug class | Androgen, anabolic steroid |
ATC code | |
Legal status | |
Legal status |
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Elimination half-life | 2–4 hours[citation needed] |
Excretion | Urine (90%), feces (6%) |
Identifiers | |
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JSmol) | |
Specific rotation | +110.2° |
Melting point | 155 °C (311 °F) |
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(verify) |
Testosterone (T) is a
Common
Testosterone was first isolated in 1935, and approved for medical use in 1939.
Medical uses
The primary use of testosterone is the treatment of males with too little or no natural testosterone production, also termed
A 2020 guideline from the
Deficiency
Testosterone deficiency (also termed hypotestosteronism or hypotestosteronemia) is an abnormally low testosterone production. It may occur because of testicular dysfunction (
Route | Medication | Major brand names | Form | Dosage |
---|---|---|---|---|
Oral | Testosteronea | – | Tablet | 400–800 mg/day (in divided doses) |
Testosterone undecanoate | Andriol, Jatenzo | Capsule | 40–80 mg/2–4x day (with meals) | |
Methyltestosteroneb | Android, Metandren, Testred | Tablet | 10–50 mg/day | |
Fluoxymesteroneb | Halotestin, Ora-Testryl, Ultandren | Tablet | 5–20 mg/day | |
Metandienoneb | Dianabol | Tablet | 5–15 mg/day | |
Mesteroloneb | Proviron | Tablet | 25–150 mg/day | |
Sublingual | Testosteroneb | Testoral | Tablet | 5–10 mg 1–4x/day |
Methyltestosteroneb | Metandren, Oreton Methyl | Tablet | 10–30 mg/day | |
Buccal | Testosterone | Striant | Tablet | 30 mg 2x/day |
Methyltestosteroneb | Metandren, Oreton Methyl | Tablet | 5–25 mg/day | |
Transdermal |
Testosterone | AndroGel, Testim, TestoGel | Gel | 25–125 mg/day |
Androderm, AndroPatch, TestoPatch | Non-scrotal patch | 2.5–15 mg/day | ||
Testoderm | Scrotal patch | 4–6 mg/day | ||
Axiron | Axillary solution | 30–120 mg/day | ||
Androstanolone (DHT) | Andractim | Gel | 100–250 mg/day | |
Rectal | Testosterone | Rektandron, Testosteronb | Suppository | 40 mg 2–3x/day |
SC ) |
Testosterone | Andronaq, Sterotate, Virosterone | Aqueous suspension | 10–50 mg 2–3x/week |
Testosterone propionateb | Testoviron | Oil solution | 10–50 mg 2–3x/week | |
Testosterone enanthate | Delatestryl | Oil solution | 50–250 mg 1x/1–4 weeks | |
Xyosted | Auto-injector | 50–100 mg 1x/week | ||
Testosterone cypionate | Depo-Testosterone | Oil solution | 50–250 mg 1x/1–4 weeks | |
Testosterone isobutyrate | Agovirin Depot | Aqueous suspension | 50–100 mg 1x/1–2 weeks | |
Testosterone phenylacetateb | Perandren, Androject | Oil solution | 50–200 mg 1x/3–5 weeks | |
Mixed testosterone esters | Sustanon 100, Sustanon 250 | Oil solution | 50–250 mg 1x/2–4 weeks | |
Testosterone undecanoate | Aveed, Nebido | Oil solution | 750–1,000 mg 1x/10–14 weeks | |
Testosterone buciclatea | – | Aqueous suspension | 600–1,000 mg 1x/12–20 weeks | |
Implant | Testosterone | Testopel | Pellet | 150–1,200 mg/3–6 months |
Notes: Men produce about 3 to 11 mg testosterone per day (mean 7 mg/day in young men). Footnotes: a = Never marketed. b = No longer used and/or no longer marketed. Sources: See template. |
Low levels due to aging
Testosterone levels may decline gradually with age.[22][23] The United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) stated in 2015 that neither the benefits nor the safety of testosterone supplement have been established for low testosterone levels due to aging.[10] The FDA has required that labels on testosterone include warnings about increased risk of heart attacks and stroke.[10]
Transgender men
To take advantage of its
Medication | Brand name | Type | Route | Dosage[a] |
---|---|---|---|---|
Testosterone undecanoate | Andriol, Jatenzo | Androgen | Oral | 40–80 mg up to three times/day |
Testosterone | Striant | Androgen | Buccal | 30mg twice daily |
Natesto | Androgen | Nasal spray | 11mg three times daily | |
AndroGel[b] | Androgen | TD gel | 25–100mg/day | |
Androderm[b] | Androgen | TD patch | 2.5–10mg/day | |
Axiron | Androgen | TD liquid | 30–120mg/day | |
Testopel | Androgen | SC | 150–600mg every 3–6 months | |
Testosterone enanthate | Delatestryl[b] | Androgen | IM, SC | 50–100mg once/week or 100–250mg every 2–4 wks |
Testosterone cypionate | Depo-Test[b] | Androgen | IM, SC | 50–100mg once/week or 100–250mg every 2–4 wks |
Testosterone isobutyrate | Agovirin Depot | Androgen | IM, SC | 50–100mg once/week |
Mixed testosterone esters | Sustanon 250[b] | Androgen | IM, SC | 250mg every 2–3 wks or 500mg every 3–6 wks |
Testosterone undecanoate | Aveed[b] | Androgen | IM, SC | 750–1,000mg every 10–14 wks |
Nandrolone decanoate | Deca-Durabolin | Androgen | IM, SC | ?[35] |
GnRH analogues
|
Various | GnRH modulator |
Various | Variable |
Elagolix | Orilissa | GnRH antagonist |
Oral | 150mg/day or 200mg twice/day |
Medroxyprogesterone acetate[c] | Provera[b] | Progestin | Oral | 5–10mg/day |
Depo-Provera[b] | Progestin | IM | 150mg every 3 months | |
Depo-SubQ Provera 104 | Progestin | SC | 104mg every 3 months | |
Lynestrenol[c] | Orgametril[b] | Progestin | Oral | 5–10mg/day |
Finasteride[d] | Propecia[b] | 5αR inhibitor | Oral | 1mg/day |
Dutasteride[d] | Avodart | 5αR inhibitor | Oral | 0.5mg/day |
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Women
Testosterone therapy is effective in the short-term for the treatment of
A 2014 systematic review and meta-analysis of 35 studies consisting of over 5,000
A subsequent 2017 systematic review and meta-analysis of studies including over 3,000 postmenopausal women with HSDD similarly found that short-term transdermal testosterone therapy was effective in improving multiple domains of sexual function.[38] Androgenic adverse effects such as acne and hirsutism were significantly greater in incidence with testosterone therapy, whereas no significant differences in "increase in facial hair, alopecia, voice deepening, urinary symptoms, breast pain, headache, site reaction to the patch, total adverse events, serious adverse events, reasons for withdrawal from the study, and the number of women who completed the study" were seen relative to controls.[38]
Although testosterone has been found to be effective at improving sexual function in postmenopausal women, the doses employed have been supraphysiological.
There are no testosterone products approved for use in women in the United States and many other countries.
Route | Medication | Major brand names | Form | Dosage |
---|---|---|---|---|
Oral | Testosterone undecanoate | Andriol, Jatenzo | Capsule | 40–80 mg 1x/1–2 days |
Methyltestosterone | Metandren, Estratest | Tablet | 0.5–10 mg/day | |
Fluoxymesterone | Halotestin | Tablet | 1–2.5 mg 1x/1–2 days | |
Normethandronea | Ginecoside | Tablet | 5 mg/day | |
Tibolone | Livial | Tablet | 1.25–2.5 mg/day | |
Prasterone (DHEA)b | – | Tablet | 10–100 mg/day | |
Sublingual | Methyltestosterone | Metandren | Tablet | 0.25 mg/day |
Transdermal |
Testosterone | Intrinsa | Patch | 150–300 μg/day |
AndroGel | Gel, cream | 1–10 mg/day | ||
Vaginal |
Prasterone (DHEA) | Intrarosa | Insert | 6.5 mg/day |
Injection | Testosterone propionatea | Testoviron | Oil solution | 25 mg 1x/1–2 weeks |
Testosterone enanthate | Delatestryl, Primodian Depot | Oil solution | 25–100 mg 1x/4–6 weeks | |
Testosterone cypionate | Depo-Testosterone, Depo-Testadiol | Oil solution | 25–100 mg 1x/4–6 weeks | |
Testosterone isobutyratea | Femandren M, Folivirin | Aqueous suspension | 25–50 mg 1x/4–6 weeks | |
Mixed testosterone esters |
Climacterona | Oil solution | 150 mg 1x/4–8 weeks | |
Omnadren, Sustanon | Oil solution | 50–100 mg 1x/4–6 weeks | ||
Nandrolone decanoate | Deca-Durabolin | Oil solution | 25–50 mg 1x/6–12 weeks | |
Prasterone enanthatea | Gynodian Depot | Oil solution | 200 mg 1x/4–6 weeks | |
Implant | Testosterone | Testopel | Pellet | 50–100 mg 1x/3–6 months |
Notes: Over-the-counter . Sources: See template.
|
Route | Medication | Form | Dosage | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Oral | Methyltestosterone | Tablet | 30–200 mg/day | |
Fluoxymesterone | Tablet | 10–40 mg 3x/day | ||
Calusterone | Tablet | 40–80 mg 4x/day | ||
Normethandrone | Tablet | 40 mg/day | ||
Buccal | Methyltestosterone | Tablet | 25–100 mg/day | |
SC ) |
Testosterone propionate | Oil solution | 50–100 mg 3x/week | |
Testosterone enanthate | Oil solution | 200–400 mg 1x/2–4 weeks | ||
Testosterone cypionate | Oil solution | 200–400 mg 1x/2–4 weeks | ||
Mixed testosterone esters |
Oil solution | 250 mg 1x/week | ||
Methandriol | Aqueous suspension | 100 mg 3x/week | ||
Androstanolone (DHT) | Aqueous suspension | 300 mg 3x/week | ||
Drostanolone propionate | Oil solution | 100 mg 1–3x/week | ||
Metenolone enanthate | Oil solution | 400 mg 3x/week | ||
Nandrolone decanoate | Oil solution | 50–100 mg 1x/1–3 weeks | ||
Nandrolone phenylpropionate | Oil solution | 50–100 mg/week | ||
Note: Dosages are not necessarily equivalent. Sources: See template. |
Available forms
Testosterone has been marketed for use by
Route | Ingredient | Form | Dose[b] | Brand names[c] | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Oral | Test. undecanoate | Capsule | 40 mg | Andriol, Jatenzo | |
Sublingual | Testosterone | Tablet | 10 mg | Testoral | |
Buccal | Testosterone | Tablet | 30 mg | Striant | |
Intranasal
|
Testosterone | Nasal gel | 5.5 mg/spray, 120 sprays | Natesto | |
Transdermal
|
Testosterone | Non-scrotal patch | 2.5, 4, 5, 6 mg/day | Androderm | |
Non-scrotal patch | 150, 300 μg/day | Intrinsa | |||
Scrotal patch[d] | 4, 6 mg/day | Testoderm | |||
Topical gel | 25, 50, 75, 100, 125 mg/pump | AndroGel, Testim | |||
Axillary solution | 30 mg/pump | Axiron | |||
Rectal | Testosterone | Suppository | 40 mg | Rektandron | |
Injection[e] | Test. enanthate | Oil solution | 50, 100, 180, 200, 250 mg/mL | Delatestryl | |
Test. cypionate | Oil solution | 50, 100, 200, 250 mg/mL | Depo-Testosterone | ||
Mixed test. esters[f] | Oil solution | 100, 250 mg/mL | Sustanon | ||
Test. undecanoate | Oil solution | 750, 1000 mg | Aveed, Nebido | ||
Implant | Testosterone | Pellet | 50, 75, 100, 200 mg | Testopel | |
Footnotes and sources:
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Non-medical use
Athletics
Testosterone is used as a form of
After a series of scandals and publicity in the 1980s (such as Ben Johnson's improved performance at the 1988 Summer Olympics), prohibitions of AAS use were renewed or strengthened by many sports organizations. Testosterone and other AAS were designated a "controlled substance" by the United States Congress in 1990, with the Anabolic Steroid Control Act.[65] Their use is seen as an issue in modern sport, particularly given the lengths to which athletes and professional laboratories go to in trying to conceal such use from sports regulators. Steroid use once again came into the spotlight as a result of Canadian professional wrestler Chris Benoit's double murder-suicide in 2007; however, there is no evidence implicating steroid use as a factor in the incident.[citation needed]
Some female athletes may have naturally higher levels of testosterone than others, and may be asked to consent to sex verification and either surgery or drugs to decrease testosterone levels.[66] This has proven contentious, with the Court of Arbitration for Sport suspending the IAAF policy due to insufficient evidence of a link between high androgen levels and improved athletic performance.[67][68]
Detection of abuse
A number of methods for detecting testosterone use by athletes have been employed, most based on a urine test. These include the testosterone/epitestosterone ratio (normally less than 6), the testosterone/luteinizing hormone ratio and the carbon-13/carbon-12 ratio (pharmaceutical testosterone contains less carbon-13 than endogenous testosterone). In some testing programs, an individual's own historical results may serve as a reference interval for interpretation of a suspicious finding. Another approach being investigated is the detection of the administered form of testosterone, usually an ester, in hair.[69][70][71][72]
Contraindications
Absolute
Side effects
Adverse effects may also include minor side effects such as oily skin, acne, and seborrhea, as well as loss of scalp hair, which may be prevented or reduced with
Other side effects include increased hematocrit, which can require venipuncture in order to treat, and exacerbation of sleep apnea.[81]
The FDA stated in 2015 that neither the benefits nor the safety of testosterone have been established for low testosterone levels due to aging.[10] The FDA has required that testosterone pharmaceutical labels include warning information about the possibility of an increased risk of heart attacks and stroke.[10] They have also required the label include concerns about abuse and dependence.[82]
Injectable forms of testosterone can cause a lung problem called pulmonary oil microembolism (POME). Symptoms of POME include cough, shortness of breath, tightening of the throat, chest pain, sweating, dizziness, and fainting.[83][84] A postmarketing analysis by the manufacturer of Aveed (testosterone undeconate injection) found that POME occurred at a rate of less than 1% per injection per year for Aveed.[85]
Long-term adverse effects
Cardiovascular disease
Adverse effects of testosterone supplementation may include increased cardiovascular events (including
Up to the year 2010, studies had not shown any effect on the risk of death, prostate cancer or cardiovascular disease;[94][95] more recent[when?] studies, however, do raise concerns.[96] A 2013 study, published in the Journal of the American Medical Association, reported "the use of testosterone therapy was significantly associated with increased risk of adverse outcomes." The study began after a previous, randomized, clinical trial of testosterone therapy in men was stopped prematurely "due to adverse cardiovascular events raising concerns about testosterone therapy safety."[87]
However, when given to men with hypogonadism in the short- and medium-term, testosterone replacement therapy does not increase the risk of cardiovascular events (including strokes and heart attacks and other heart diseases). The long-term safety of the therapy is not known yet.[97][98]
Benign prostatic hyperplasia
Testosterone therapy for patients with late-onset hypogonadism, in addition to increasing risk of cardiovascular disease and prostate cancer, may exacerbate the risk factors associated with benign prostatic hyperplasia, a condition that involves the noncancerous enlargement of the prostate gland, which can lead to urinary symptoms.[99]
Prostate cancer
Testosterone in the presence of a slow-growing prostate cancer is assumed to increase its growth rate. However, the association between testosterone supplementation and the development of prostate cancer is unproven.[100] Nevertheless, physicians are cautioned about the cancer risk associated with testosterone supplementation.[101]
Testosterone may accelerate pre-existing prostate cancer growth in individuals who have undergone androgen deprivation.[81] It is recommended that physicians screen for prostate cancer with a digital rectal exam and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level before starting therapy, and monitor PSA and hematocrit levels closely during therapy.[22]
Ethnic groups have different rates of prostate cancer.[102] Differences in sex hormones, including testosterone, have been suggested as an explanation for these differences.[102] This apparent paradox can be resolved by noting that prostate cancer is very common. In autopsies, 80% of 80-year-old men have prostate cancer.[103]
Pregnancy and breastfeeding
Testosterone is
Interactions
5α-Reductase inhibitors
Aromatase inhibitors
Aromatase inhibitors like anastrozole prevent the conversion of testosterone into estradiol by aromatase.[50] As only a very small fraction of testosterone is converted into estradiol, this does not affect testosterone levels, but it can prevent estrogenic side effects like gynecomastia that can occur when testosterone is administered at relatively high dosages.[50] However, estradiol exerts negative feedback on the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis and, for this reason, prevention of its formation can reduce this feedback and disinhibit gonadal production of testosterone, which in turn can increase levels of endogenous testosterone.[110] Testosterone therapy is sometimes combined with an aromatase inhibitor for men with secondary hypogonadism who wish to conceive children with their partners.[111]
Cytochrome P450 inhibitors
Inhibitors and inducers of cytochrome P450 enzymes like CYP3A4 have been associated with little or no effect on circulating testosterone levels.[citation needed]
Antiandrogens and estrogens
Pharmacology
Pharmacodynamics
Medication | Ratioa |
---|---|
Testosterone | ~1:1 |
Androstanolone (DHT) | ~1:1 |
Methyltestosterone | ~1:1 |
Methandriol | ~1:1 |
Fluoxymesterone | 1:1–1:15 |
Metandienone | 1:1–1:8 |
Drostanolone | 1:3–1:4 |
Metenolone | 1:2–1:30 |
Oxymetholone | 1:2–1:9 |
Oxandrolone | 1:3–1:13 |
Stanozolol | 1:1–1:30 |
Nandrolone | 1:3–1:16 |
Ethylestrenol | 1:2–1:19 |
Norethandrolone | 1:1–1:20 |
Notes: In rodents. Footnotes: a = Ratio of androgenic to anabolic activity. Sources: See template. |
Testosterone is a high
Effects in the body and brain
The ARs are expressed widely throughout the body, including in the
- Promotes growth, function, and maintenance of the and thereafter
- Promotes growth and maintenance of upper body
- Causes body fat
- Suppresses breast development induced by estrogens, but can also still produce gynecomastia via excessive conversion into estradiol if levels are too high
- Maintains skin health, integrity, appearance, and hydration and slows the rate of aging of the skin, but can also cause seborrhea
- Promotes the growth of scalp hair loss and hirsutism
- Contributes to broadening of the shouldersat puberty
- Modulates liver protein synthesis, such as the production of sex hormone-binding globulinand many other proteins
- Increases production of erythropoietin in the kidneys and thereby stimulates red blood cell production in bone marrow and elevates hematocrit
- Exerts negative feedback on the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis by suppressing the secretion of the gonadotropins follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) from the pituitary gland, thereby inhibiting gonadal sex hormone production as well as spermatogenesis and fertility
- Regulates the body temperature via the hypothalamus, thereby preventing hot flashes
- Modulates brain function, with effects on mood, emotionality, aggression, and sexuality, as well as cognition and memory
- Increases spontaneous erections and nocturnal emissions
- Increases the risk of benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate cancer and accelerates the progression of prostate cancer
- Decreases breast proliferation and the risk of breast cancer
Pharmacokinetics
Testosterone can be taken by a variety of different
Chemistry
Testosterone is a
Derivatives
Testosterone esters are
All synthetic AAS are
Androgen | Structure | Ester | Relative mol. weight |
Relative T contentb |
logPc | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Position(s) | Moiet(ies) | Type | Lengtha | ||||||
Testosterone | – | – | – | – | 1.00 | 1.00 | 3.0–3.4 | ||
Testosterone propionate | C17β | Propanoic acid |
Straight-chain fatty acid | 3 | 1.19 | 0.84 | 3.7–4.9 | ||
Testosterone isobutyrate | C17β | Isobutyric acid | Branched-chain fatty acid | – (~3) | 1.24 | 0.80 | 4.9–5.3 | ||
Testosterone isocaproate | C17β | Isohexanoic acid |
Branched-chain fatty acid | – (~5) | 1.34 | 0.75 | 4.4–6.3 | ||
Testosterone caproate | C17β | Hexanoic acid |
Straight-chain fatty acid | 6 | 1.35 | 0.75 | 5.8–6.5 | ||
Testosterone phenylpropionate | C17β | Phenylpropanoic acid | Aromatic fatty acid | – (~6) | 1.46 | 0.69 | 5.8–6.5 | ||
Testosterone cypionate | C17β | Cyclopentylpropanoic acid |
Cyclic carboxylic acid | – (~6) | 1.43 | 0.70 | 5.1–7.0 | ||
Testosterone enanthate | C17β | Heptanoic acid |
Straight-chain fatty acid | 7 | 1.39 | 0.72 | 3.6–7.0 | ||
Testosterone decanoate | C17β | Decanoic acid |
Straight-chain fatty acid | 10 | 1.53 | 0.65 | 6.3–8.6 | ||
Testosterone undecanoate | C17β | Undecanoic acid |
Straight-chain fatty acid | 11 | 1.58 | 0.63 | 6.7–9.2 | ||
Testosterone buciclated | C17β | Bucyclic acid e |
Cyclic carboxylic acid | – (~9) | 1.58 | 0.63 | 7.9–8.5 | ||
Footnotes: a = Length of Bucyclic acid = trans-4-Butylcyclohexane-1-carboxylic acid. Sources: See individual articles.
|
History
Testosterone was first isolated and
The history of testosterone as a medication has been reviewed.[128][129][130][131]
Society and culture
Usage
In the US in the 2000s, companies and figures in the popular media have heavily marketed notions of "andropause" as something parallel to
Generic names
Testosterone is the
Brand names
Testosterone is marketed under a large number of brand names throughout the world.
Availability
United States
As of November 2016[update], unmodified (non-esterified) testosterone is available in the United States in the following formulations:[56]
- Topical gels: AndroGel, Fortesta, Testim, Testosterone (generic)
- Topical solutions: Axiron, Testosterone (generic)
- Transdermal patches: Androderm, Testoderm (discontinued), Testoderm TTS (discontinued), Testosterone (generic)
- Intranasal gels: Natesto
- Buccal tablets: Striant
- Pellet implants: Testopel
And the following ester prodrugs of testosterone are available in the United States in oil solutions for intramuscular injection:[56]
- Testosterone cypionate: Depo-Testosterone, Testosterone Cypionate (generic)
- Testosterone enanthate: Delatestryl, Xyosted (auto-injector), Testosterone Enanthate (generic)
- Testosterone propionate: Testosterone Propionate (generic)
- Testosterone undecanoate: Aveed
Unmodified testosterone was also formerly available for intramuscular injection but was discontinued.[56]
Testosterone cypionate and testosterone enanthate were formerly available in combination with estradiol cypionate and estradiol valerate, respectively, under the brand names Depo-Testadiol and Ditate-DS, respectively, as oil solutions for intramuscular injection, but these formulations have been discontinued.[56]
Unlike in Europe, Canada, and much of the rest of the world, oral testosterone undecanoate is not available in the United States.[56][138][139]
Canada
As of November 2016[update], testosterone is available in Canada in the form of topical gels (AndroGel, Testim), topical solutions (Axiron), transdermal patches (Androderm), and intranasal gels (Natesto).[140] Testosterone cypionate (Depo-Testosterone, Testosterone Cypionate (generic)), testosterone enanthate (Delatestryl, PMS-Testosterone Enanthate), and testosterone propionate (Testosterone Propionate (generic)) are available as oil solutions for intramuscular injection and testosterone undecanoate (Andriol, PMS-Testosterone, Taro-Testosterone) is available in the form of oral capsules.[140] Testosterone buccal tablets and pellet implants do not appear to be available in Canada.[140]
Other countries
Testosterone and/or its esters are widely available in countries throughout the world in a variety of formulations.[135]
Legal status
Testosterone and its esters, along with other AAS, are
Litigation
As of 2014[update], a number of lawsuits are underway against manufacturers of testosterone, alleging a significantly increased rate of stroke and heart attack in elderly men who use testosterone supplementation.[143][needs update]
Doping in sports
There are many known cases of
Research
Depression
Testosterone has been used to treat depression in men who are of middle age with low testosterone. However, a 2014 review showed no benefit on the mood of the men with normal levels of testosterone or on the mood of the older men with low testosterone.[144] Conversely, a 2009 review found that testosterone had an antidepressant effect in men with depression, especially those with hypogonadism, HIV/AIDS, and in the elderly.[145]
Heart failure
Testosterone replacement can significantly improve
Male contraception
Testosterone, as esters such as testosterone undecanoate or testosterone buciclate, has been studied and promoted as a
Anorgasmia
Testosterone is under development in a low-dose intranasal formulation for the treatment of anorgasmia in women.[150]
Miscellaneous
Testosterone therapy may improve the management of type 2 diabetes.[151] Low testosterone has been associated with the development of Alzheimer's disease.[152][153]
Topical androgens like testosterone have been used and studied in the treatment of cellulite in women.[154]
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- Hohl A (March 30, 2017). Testosterone: From Basic to Clinical Aspects. Springer. ISBN 978-3-319-46086-4. Archivedfrom the original on April 14, 2019. Retrieved July 31, 2018.
- Nieschlag E, Nieschlag S (2014). "Testosterone deficiency: a historical perspective". Asian J. Androl. 16 (2): 161–8. PMID 24435052.
- Llewellyn W (2011). Anabolics. Molecular Nutrition Llc. ISBN 978-0-9828280-1-4. Archivedfrom the original on April 14, 2021. Retrieved November 18, 2016.
- Shoskes JJ, Wilson MK, Spinner ML (December 2016). "Pharmacology of testosterone replacement therapy preparations". Translational Andrology and Urology. 5 (6): 834–843. PMID 28078214.
- Celec P, Ostatníková D, Hodosy J (February 2015). "On the effects of testosterone on brain behavioral functions". Frontiers in Neuroscience. 9: 12. PMID 25741229.
External links
- "Testosterone Transdermal Patch". MedlinePlus.
- "Testosterone Buccal". MedlinePlus.
- "Testosterone Topical". MedlinePlus.
- "Testosterone Injection". MedlinePlus.
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