Tetanus vaccine
Vaccine description | |
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Target | Tetanus |
Vaccine type | Toxoid |
Clinical data | |
MedlinePlus | a682198 |
License data | |
Routes of administration | injection |
ATC code | |
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Tetanus vaccine, also known as tetanus toxoid (TT), is a toxoid vaccine used to prevent tetanus.[2] During childhood, five doses are recommended, with a sixth given during adolescence.[2]
After three doses, almost everyone is initially immune,[2] but additional doses every ten years are recommended to maintain immunity.[3] A booster shot should be given within 48 hours of an injury to people whose immunization is out of date.[4]
Confirming that pregnant women are up to date on tetanus immunization during each pregnancy can prevent both maternal and neonatal tetanus.[2][5][6] The vaccine is very safe, including during pregnancy and in those with HIV/AIDS.[2]
Redness and pain at the site of injection occur in between 25% and 85% of people.[2] Fever, feeling tired, and minor muscle pain occurs in less than 10% of people.[2] Severe allergic reactions occur in fewer than one in 100,000 people.[2]
A number of vaccine combinations include the tetanus vaccine, such as
Tetanus antiserum was developed in 1890, with its protective effects lasting a few weeks.[9][10] The tetanus toxoid vaccine was developed in 1924, and came into common use for soldiers in World War II.[2][11] Its use resulted in a 95% decrease in the rate of tetanus.[2] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.[12][13]
Medical uses
Effectiveness
Vaccination confers near-complete protection from tetanus, provided the individual has received their recommended booster shots.[15] Globally, deaths from tetanus in newborns decreased from 787,000 in 1988 to 58,000 in 2010, and 34,000 deaths in 2015 (a 96% decrease from 1988).[3][16] In the 1940s, before the vaccine, there were about 550 cases of tetanus per year in the United States, which has decreased to about 30 cases per year in the 2000s.[3] Nearly all cases are among those who have never received a vaccine, or adults who have not stayed up to date on their 10-year booster shots.[17]
Pregnancy
Guidelines on
Specific types
The first vaccine is given in infancy. The baby is injected with the
For the every ten-year booster Td or Tdap may be used, though Tdap is more expensive.[6]
Schedule
Because DTaP and DT are administered to children less than a year old, the recommended location for injection is the anterolateral thigh muscle.[medical citation needed] However, these vaccines can be injected into the deltoid muscle if necessary.[medical citation needed]
The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends six doses in childhood starting at six weeks of age.[2] Four doses of DTaP are to be given in early childhood.[15] The first dose should be around two months of age, the second at four months, the third at six, and the fourth from fifteen to eighteen months of age. There is a recommended fifth dose to be administered to four- to six-year-olds.[15]
Td and Tdap are for older children, adolescents, and adults and can be injected into the deltoid muscle.[15] These are boosters and are recommended every ten years. It is safe to have shorter intervals between a single dose of Tdap and a dose of the Td booster.[23]
Additional doses
Booster shots are important because
Td and Tdap are the booster shots given every ten years to maintain immunity for adults nineteen years of age to sixty-five years of age.[6]
Tdap is given as a one-time, first-time-only dose that includes the tetanus, diphtheria, and acellular pertussis vaccinations.[7] This should not be administered to those who are under the age of eleven or over the age of sixty-five.[medical citation needed]
Td is the booster shot given to people over the age of seven and includes the tetanus and diphtheria toxoids. However, Td has less of the diphtheria toxoid, which is why the "d" is lowercase and the "T" is capitalized.[7]
In 2020, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) recommended that either tetanus and diphtheria toxoids (Td) vaccine or Tdap to be used for the decennial Td booster, tetanus prevention during wound management, and for additional required doses in the catch-up immunization schedule if a person has received at least one Tdap dose.[6]
Side effects
Common side effects of the tetanus vaccine include fever, redness, and swelling with soreness or tenderness around the injection site (one in five people have redness or swelling). Body aches and tiredness have been reported following Tdap. Td / Tdap can cause painful swelling of the entire arm in one of 500 people.[15][25] Tetanus toxoid containing vaccines (DTaP, DTP, Tdap, Td, DT) may cause
Mechanism of action
The type of vaccination for this disease is called artificial
History
The first vaccine for passive immunology was discovered by a group of German scientists under the leadership of Emil von Behring in 1890. The first inactive
Two new vaccines were launched in 1992. These combined tetanus and diphtheria with acellular pertussis (TDaP or DTaP), which could be given to adolescents and adults (as opposed to previously when the vaccine was only given to children).[15]
References
- ^ "Active substance: diphtheria / tetanus vaccines (adsorbed), diphtheria vaccines (adsorbed)" (PDF). List of nationally authorised medicinal products. European Medicines Agency. 14 January 2021.
- ^ PMID 28185446.
- ^ a b c d Hamborsky J, Kroger A, Wolfe S, eds. (2015). "Chapter 21: Tetanus". Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases (13th ed.). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Archived from the original on 13 April 2017. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
- ^ "Puncture wounds: First aid". Mayo Clinic. 4 February 2015. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 6 December 2015.
- ^ .
- ^ .
- ^ a b c d e f "Vaccines: VPD-VAC/Tetanus/main page". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Archived from the original on 12 February 2015. Retrieved 10 February 2015. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
- ^ "Recommended Child and Adolescent Immunization Schedule for ages 18 years or younger, United States, 2020". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 3 February 2020. Retrieved 6 February 2020. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
- ISBN 9780230285590.
- ISBN 9781483141312.
- ISBN 9781285687148. Archivedfrom the original on 5 March 2016.
- hdl:10665/325771. WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.
- hdl:10665/345533. WHO/MHP/HPS/EML/2021.02.
- ^ "Deaths from tetanus, by age". Our World in Data. Retrieved 13 January 2020.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-01-706609-1. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 March 2008. Retrieved 4 January 2016. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
- ^ World Health Organization (9 May 2018). "Tetanus". World Health Organization (WHO). Retrieved 12 January 2020.
- ^ "About Tetanus". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Archived from the original on 11 November 2014. Retrieved 11 December 2014. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
- ^ "Pregnancy Guidelines and Recommendations by Vaccine - Tetanus, Diphtheria, and Pertussis (Tdap); & Tetanus and Diphtheria (Td)". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). August 2016. Retrieved 15 January 2020. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
- PMID 28451568.
- ^ "2016 Binational Immunization Resource Tool for Children from Birth Through 18 Years" (PDF). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 February 2017. Retrieved 22 December 2016. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
- PMID 18830213. Archived from the original on 7 November 2016. Retrieved 22 December 2016. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
- PMID 24004825.
- ^ Talbot EA (2010). The Safety of Immunizing with Tetanus–diphtheria–acellular Pertussis Vaccine (Tdap) Less than 2 Years following Previous Tetanus Vaccination: Experience during a Mass Vaccination Campaign of Healthcare Personnel during a Respiratory Illness Outbreak. pp. 8001–7.
- ^ Veronesi R (1981). Tetanus: Important New Concepts. Amsterdam: Excerpta Medica.
- ^ "Tdap (Tetanus, Diphtheria, Pertussis) Vaccine Information Statement". U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). August 2021. Archived from the original on 28 December 2019. Retrieved 28 December 2019. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
- .
- ^ "Vaccines & Immunizations". U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Archived from the original on 22 December 2011. Retrieved 27 November 2011. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
- ^ "Whooping Cough: Vaccine Combined with Tetanus, Diphtheria". Archived from the original on 6 June 2017. Retrieved 1 May 2017.
Further reading
- Liang JL, Tiwari T, Moro P, Messonnier NE, Reingold A, Sawyer M, Clark TA (April 2018). "Prevention of Pertussis, Tetanus, and Diphtheria with Vaccines in the United States: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP)" (PDF). MMWR Recomm Rep. 67 (2): 1–44. PMID 29702631.
- Kahn KE, Black CL, Ding H, Williams WW, Lu PJ, Fiebelkorn AP, Havers F, D'Angelo DV, Ball S, Fink RV, Devlin R (September 2018). "Influenza and Tdap Vaccination Coverage Among Pregnant Women - United States, April 2018" (PDF). MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 67 (38): 1055–1059. PMID 30260946.
- World Health Organization (2018). The immunological basis for immunization series: module 3: tetanus: update 2018. ISBN 9789241513616. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.
- Ramsay M, ed. (21 January 2021). "Chapter 30: Tetanus". Immunisation against infectious disease. Public Health England.
- Hall E, Wodi AP, Hamborsky J, Morelli V, Schillie S, eds. (2021). "Chapter 21: Tetanus". Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases (14th ed.). Washington D.C.: U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).
- Roush SW, Baldy LM, Hall MA, eds. (March 2019). "Chapter 16: Tetanus". Manual for the surveillance of vaccine-preventable diseases. Atlanta GA: U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).
External links
- "Td (Tetanus, Diphtheria) Vaccine Information Statement". U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). August 2021.
- "DTaP (Diphtheria, Tetanus, Pertussis) Vaccine Information Statement". U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). August 2021.
- "DTaP/Tdap/Td ACIP Vaccine Recommendations". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 28 January 2020.
- "Tetanus Vaccine". Drug Information Portal. U.S. National Library of Medicine.
- Tetanus Toxoid at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
- Diphtheria-Tetanus Vaccine at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
- Diphtheria-Tetanus-Pertussis Vaccine at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
- Diphtheria-Tetanus-acellular Pertussis Vaccines at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)