Tetrahydrocannabivarin

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Tetrahydrocannabivarin
Clinical data
Routes of
administration		Oral, smoked, inhaled
ATC code
  • None
Legal status
Legal status
  • US: Unscheduled
  • Also legal in UK, Canada and Netherlands
Identifiers
  • 6,6,9-Trimethyl-3-propyl-6a,7,8,10a-tetrahydro-6H-benzo[c]chromen-1-ol
JSmol)
  • CCCC1=CC2=C(C3C=C(CCC3C(O2)(C)C)C)C(=C1)O
  • InChI=1S/C19H26O2/c1-5-6-13-10-16(20)18-14-9-12(2)7-8-15(14)19(3,4)21-17(18)11-13/h9-11,14-15,20H,5-8H2,1-4H3/t14-,15-/m1/s1 checkY
  • Key:ZROLHBHDLIHEMS-HUUCEWRRSA-N checkY
 ☒NcheckY (what is this?)  (verify)

Tetrahydrocannabivarin (THCV, THV, O-4394, GWP42004) is a

glycemic control and reduced side effects compared to THC, making it a potential treatment for management of obesity and diabetes.[1] THCV was studied by Roger Adams as early as 1942.[2]

Natural occurrence

THCV is prevalent in certain central Asian and southern African strains of Cannabis.[3][4]

Chemistry

Similar to

stereoisomers (see: Tetrahydrocannabinol#Isomerism). The alternative isomer Δ8-THCV is known as a synthetic compound with a code number of O-4395,[5] but it is not known to have been isolated from Cannabis
plant material.

O-4395 (Δ8-THCV), 31262-38-1 [1]

Description

Plants with elevated levels of propyl cannabinoids (including THCV) have been found in populations of Cannabis sativa L. ssp. indica (= Cannabis indica Lam.) from China, India, Nepal, Thailand, Afghanistan, and Pakistan, as well as southern and western Africa. THCV levels up to 20% of total cannabinoids have been reported.[2]

THCV is a

cannabinoid receptor type 2 partial agonist.[6] Δ8-THCV has also been shown to be a CB1 antagonist.[7] Both papers describing the antagonistic properties of THCV were demonstrated in murine models. THCV is an antagonist of THC at CB1 receptors and lessens the psychoactive effects of THC.[8]

THCV also acts as an agonist of

l-α-lysophosphatidylinositol (LPI), and beyond the endocannabinoid system, THCV also activate 5-HT1A receptors to produce an antipsychotic effect, that has shown therapeutic potential for ameliorating some of the negative, cognitive and positive symptoms of schizophrenia. THCV furthermore interacts with different transient receptor potential (TRP) channels including TRPV2, which may contribute to the analgesic, anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer effects of cannabinoids and Cannabis extracts. It has also shown anti-epileptiform and anticonvulsant properties, that suggest possible therapeutic application in the treatment of pathophysiologic hyperexcitability states such as untreatable epilepsy.[9]

THCV is found to inhibit the activity of both

fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) and monoacyl glycerol lipase (MGL), even at micromolar concentrations, and thereby able to inhibit the hydrolysis of the endocannabinoids anandamide (AEA: C22H37NO2; 20:4, ω-6) besides other N-acylethanolamines and 2-Arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG: C23H38O4; 20:4, ω-6), respectively, therefore, it can also act as an indirect agonist at the cannabinoid receptors, by enhancing the activity of the endocannabinoid system (ECS).[10][11]

Biosynthesis

Unlike THC, cannabidiol (CBD), and cannabichromene (CBC), THCV doesn't begin as cannabigerolic acid (CBGA). Instead of combining with olivetolic acid to create CBGA, geranyl pyrophosphate joins with divarinolic acid, which has two fewer carbon atoms. The result is cannabigerovarin acid (CBGVA). Once CBGVA is created, the process continues exactly the same as it would for THC. CBGVA is broken down to tetrahydrocannabivarin carboxylic acid (THCVA) by the enzyme THCV synthase. At that point, THCVA can be decarboxylated with heat or UV light to create THCV.[12]

Research

Reducing blood sugar

THCV is a new potential treatment against obesity-associated glucose intolerance with pharmacology different from that of CB1 inverse agonists/antagonists.

better source needed
]

Appetite control

THC increases appetite, which is sometimes referred to as "the munchies." THC acts as a CB1 agonist. As a CB1 antagonist, THCV has been shown to reduce appetite in murine models.[15]

Pancreatic cancer

THCV has been demonstrated to show anti-cancer properties in vitro on PANC-1, AsPc-1, HPAF-II, and MiaPaCa-2 cell lines. There is no record of research on in vivo models

better source needed
]

Energy and Motivation

A 2:1 ratio of naturally derived THCV to THC extract has been demonstrated to show energizing and motivating effects in a double blind placebo clinical study which relied on a self-reported user survey for results.

better source needed
]

Legal status

It is not scheduled by Convention on Psychotropic Substances. [citation needed]

United States

THCV is not scheduled at the federal level so long as it is not derived from cannabis varieties that produce more than .3% THC on a dry weight basis in the United States.[19]

The

2018 United States farm bill legalized the production and sale of THCV if it is derived from hemp compliant with the farm bill.[20][non-primary source needed
]

See also

References

  1. PMID 33526143
    .
  2. doi:10.1021/ja01255a061
    .
  3. PMID 6907024
    .
  4. PMID 21653452
    .
  5. PMID 2839261
    .
  6. PMID 17828291
    .
  7. PMID 17245367
    .
  8. PMID 16205722
    .
  9. ^ "Tetrahydrocannabivarin". PubChem. U.S. National Library of Medicine. Retrieved 2023-06-30.
  10. PMID 25257544
    .
  11. ^ Jadoon KA (2013-09-13). "Efficacy and Safety of Cannabidiol and Tetrahydrocannabivarin on Glycemic and Lipid Parameters in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Parallel Group Pilot Study". Diabetes Care. 39 (10).
  12. PMID 34916950
    .
  13. PMID 23712280
    .
  14. ^ GW Pharmaceuticals plc (2014-03-17). "GW Pharmaceuticals Provides Update on Cannabinoid Pipeline". GlobeNewswire News Room (Press release). Retrieved 2022-07-07.
  15. PMID 19378378
    .
  16. doi:10.26434/chemrxiv-2022-v4zqc-v2
    .
  17. ^ Phylos. "Phylos® and People Science® Announce Results of IRB-Backed Controlled Research Study on the Energizing Effects of THCV". www.prnewswire.com. Retrieved 2024-03-10.
  18. ^ "THCV Efficacy Study_ Abstract and Method [C142-202402-001] (1).pdf". Google Docs. Retrieved 2024-03-10.
  19. ^ "§1308.11 Schedule I. section (d) Hallucinogenic substances part (33)". Drug Enforcement Agency. U.S. Department of Justice. Archived from the original on 2009-08-27.
  20. ^ "Summary of H.R. 2 (115th): Agriculture Improvement Act of 2018". GovTrack.

External links

  • Erowid Compounds found in Cannabis sativa
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