Tetraodontiformes
Tetraodontiformes Temporal range: Cenomanian record
Possible | |
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Representatives of the 10 extant Tetraodontiformes families: a Masturus lanceolatus
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Scientific classification | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Chordata |
Class: | Actinopterygii |
Clade: | Percomorpha |
Order: | Tetraodontiformes L. S. Berg, 1940 |
Type species | |
Families | |
See text. |
The Tetraodontiformes (
Evolution
The oldest tetraodontiforms are the extinct superfamily
Description
Various bizarre forms are included here, all radical departures from the streamlined body plan typical of most fishes. These forms range from nearly square or triangular (
Most members of this order – except for the family
The tetraodontiform strategy seems to be defense at the expense of speed, with all species fortified with scales modified into strong plates or spines
Tetraodontiforms have highly modified skeletons, with no nasal, parietal, infraorbital, or (usually) lower rib bones. The bones of the jaw are modified and fused into a sort of "beak";[5] visible sutures divide the beaks into "teeth". This is alluded to in their name, derived from the Greek words τετρα- tetra meaning "four" and ὀδούς odous meaning "tooth" and the Latin forma meaning "shape".[4] Counting these teeth-like bones is a way of distinguishing similar families, for example, the Tetraodontidae ("four-toothed"), Triodontidae ("three-toothed"), and Diodontidae ("two-toothed").
Their jaws are aided by powerful muscles, and many species also have pharyngeal teeth to further process prey items, because the Tetraodontiformes prey mostly on hard-shelled invertebrates, such as crustaceans and shellfish.
The Molidae are conspicuous even within this oddball order; they lack swim bladders and spines, and are propelled by their very tall dorsal and anal fins. The caudal peduncle is absent and the caudal fin is reduced to a stiff rudder-like structure. Molids are pelagic rather than reef-associated and feed on soft-bodied invertebrates, especially jellyfish.
Families
This cladogram of extant Tetraodontiformes is based on Santini et al., 2013.[6]
Tetraodontiformes |
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Fossil families
- Superfamily †Plectocretacicoidea Tyler & Sorbini, 1996[7]
- †Cretatriacanthidae Tyler & Sorbini, 1996[7]
- †Plectocretacicidae Tyler & Sorbini, 1996[7]
- †Protriacanthidae Tyler & Sorbini, 1996[7]
- †Bolcabalistidae (e.g. Eospinus) Santini & Tyler, 2003[8]
- †Eoplectidae
- †Moclaybalistidae Santini & Tyler, 2003[8]
- †Spinacanthidae
Timeline of genera
References
- ^ ISBN 978-0-12-547665-2.
- ^ Tyler, James C (1980). Cover of: Osteology, phylogeny, and higher classification of the fishes of the order Plectognathi (Tetraodontiformes) by James C. Tyler Osteology, phylogeny, and higher classification of the fishes of the order Plectognathi (Tetraodontiformes). NOAA.
- ^ Tyler, James C.; Tyler, James C.; Sorbini, Lorenzo; Institution, Smithsonian (1996). New superfamily and three new families of tetraodontiform fishes from the Upper Cretaceous : the earliest and most morphologically primitive plectognaths. Washington, D.C: Smithsonian Institution Press.
- ^ a b Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2023). "Order Summary for Tetraodontiformes". FishBase. Retrieved 1 April 2023.
- ISBN 978-1-351-11565-0.
- PMID 23727595.
- ^ .
- ^ .
- Froese, Rainer, and Daniel Pauly, eds. (2006). "Tetraodontiformes" in FishBase. January 2006 version.
- Tree of Life: Tetraodontiformes
- Sepkoski, Jack (2002). "A compendium of fossil marine animal genera". Bulletins of American Paleontology. 364: 560. Retrieved 2011-04-21.