Herodian tetrarchy

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Herodian tetrarchy
Tetrarchy of the Roman Empire
4 BCE–44 CE

  Territory under Herod Archelaus
  Territory under Herod Antipas
  Territory under Philip
  Territory under Salome I
  
Herod Agrippa I
(as King)
Historical era
Herod Agrippa I, his dominions annexed as a province Judaea
44 CE
Preceded by		 Succeeded by
Herodian kingdom
Judaea (Roman province)
Kingdom of Chalcis

The Herodian tetrarchy was a regional division of a

Roman province.[1]
With the death of Salome I in 10 CE, her domain was also incorporated into a province.

Other parts of the Herodian tetrarchy continued to function under

Judea with its capital Jerusalem
. With his death in 44 CE, the provincial status of Judea was restored for good.

Later Herodians, Herod of Chalcis, Aristobulus of Chalcis and Agrippa II, reigned over territories outside of Judea with the title of king but as Roman clients. The last of them, Agrippa II, died childless in c. 100 CE and thus all territories previously ruled by members of the Herodian dynasty were incorporated into the province of Syria.

Name

The word

Abilene, that Abilene, or part of it, was subject to Herod before his death, and held by Lysanias as a tetrarchate from him. The territory was returned later to the Herodians, the first part by Caligula to Herod Agrippa I, the remainder by Claudius to Herod Agrippa II.[4]

History

Detailed map of the tetrarchy
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    At the time of his death, Herod ruled over most of the South Western

    Trachonitis and Auranitis (Hauran).[6]

    Because of Judea's status as a Roman

    client kingdom, Herod's plans for the succession had to be ratified by Augustus. The three heirs of Herod therefore traveled to Rome to make their claims, Antipas arguing he ought to inherit the whole kingdom and the others maintaining that Herod's final will ought to be honored. Despite qualified support for Antipas from Herodian family members in Rome, who favored direct Roman rule of Judea but considered Antipas preferable to his brother, Augustus largely confirmed the division of territory set out by Herod in his final will. Archelaus had, however, to be content with the title of ethnarch rather than king.[7]
    Herod's sister Salome I also received the title of queen of Jamnia, ruling Paralia and some areas in southern Perea. Upon her death in 10 CE, the domain was incorporated into Judea Province.

    Eventually, after his death the kingdom was divided between three of Herod's sons:

    In a turbulent period of history, the rule of the tetrarchs was relatively uneventful. The most trouble fell to Archelaus, who was faced with sedition by the

    Iudaea
    .

    Philip ruled Iturea, Trachonitis, Batanea, Gaulanitis, Auranitis and Paneas as a tetrarch until his death in 34 CE when his territories became briefly part of the Roman province of

    Chalcis to be handed over to his brother Herod and ruled himself in Philip's stead. After the banishment of Herod Antipas in 39 CE Herod Agrippa I became also ruler of Galilee and Perea, and in 41 CE, as a mark of favour by the emperor Claudius, succeeded the Roman prefect Marullus
    as King of Iudaea. With this acquisition, a Herodian Kingdom of the Jews was nominally re-established until his death in 44 CE though there is no indication that status as a province was suspended.

    See also

    Notes

    1. ISBN 0-674-39731-2
      , page 246: "When Archelaus was deposed from the ethnarchy in 6 CE, Judea proper, Samaria and Idumea were converted into a Roman province under the name Iudaea."
    2. ^ Josephus, Antiquities XVII, 11 : 4
    3. ^ Luke 3 : 1
    4. ^ Cassius Dio, Roman History, 4.692
    5. ^ Bruce 6–7; Schürer 320–325.
    6. ^ Josephus, Antiquities 17.188–189, War 1.664.
    7. ^ Josephus, Antiquities 17.224–249, 299–323.
    8. ^ Luke 3:1
    9. ^ "Flavius Josephus, Anitquities XVII., 8 : 1". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
    10. ^ "Flavius Josephus, Anitquities XVII., 11 : 4". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)

    References

    Wikisource This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Easton, Matthew George (1897). "Archelaus". Easton's Bible Dictionary (New and revised ed.). T. Nelson and Sons.
     This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Smith, William, ed. (1854–1857). "Palaestina". Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography. London: John Murray.
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