Tetrigidae
Tetrigidae | |
---|---|
Tetrix species | |
Scientific classification | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Arthropoda |
Class: | Insecta |
Order: | Orthoptera |
Suborder: | Caelifera |
Superfamily: | Tetrigoidea |
Family: | Tetrigidae Rambur, 1838 |
Subfamilies | |
|
Tetrigidae[1] is an ancient family in the order Orthoptera,[2] which also includes similar families such as crickets, grasshoppers, and their allies. Species within the Tetrigidae are variously called groundhoppers,[3] pygmy grasshoppers,[4] pygmy devils[5] or (mostly historical) "grouse locusts".[6]
Diagnostic characteristics
Tetrigidae are typically less than 20 mm in length and are recognizable by a long
General biology
In temperate regions, Tetrigidae are generally found along streams and ponds, where they feed on
The highest
Like other
Some
Arulenus miae is a pygmy grasshopper species from the tropical mountainous rainforests of the Philippines. The species was firstly discovered in Facebook post.[5]
Etymology
Origin of the name of the family is not completely clear as there are different sources on its etymology. The name may be derived from Latin tetricus or taetricus, meaning harsh, sour, severe.[13] The name may also originate from the earlier name 'Tettigidae', based on Tettix (synonym of Tetrix), which was preoccupied by Tettigidae (synonym of Cicadidae).[14] Because of the preoccupation by the cicadas' family name, the second 't' in 'tt' was changed into 'r', resulting in the word Tetrigidae.
Subfamilies and Genera
Approximately 2,000 species have been described; according to the Orthoptera Species File[15] the following genera are included:
Subfamily Batrachideinae
Auth.: Bolívar, 1887; selected genera:
- Batrachidea Serville, 1838
- Saussurella Bolívar, 1887
- Tettigidea Scudder, 1862
Subfamily Cladonotinae
Auth.: Bolívar, 1887; selected genera:
Tribe Cladonotini Bolívar, 1887[16]
- Cladonotus Saussure, 1862
- Deltonotus Hancock, 1904
- Piezotettix Bolívar, 1887
Tribe Choriphyllini Cadena-Castañeda & Silva, 2019[17]
- Choriphyllum Serville, 1838
- Phyllotettix Hancock, 1902
Tribe Valalyllini Deranja, Kasalo, Adžić, Franjević & Skejo, 2022[18]
- Lepocranus Devriese, 1991
- Valalyllum Deranja, Kasalo, Adžić, Franjević & Skejo, 2022
Tribe
- Potua Bolívar, 1887 (genus group)
- Xerophyllum Fairmaire, 1846
Tribe Unassigned
- Austrohancockia Günther, 1938
- Cota Bolívar, 1887
- Epitettix Hancock, 1907
- Nesotettix Holdhaus, 1909
Subfamily Lophotettiginae
Auth.: Hancock, 1909
- Lophotettix Hancock, 1909
- Phelene Bolívar, 1906
Subfamily Metrodorinae
Auth.: Bolívar, 1887; selected genera:
Tribe Amorphopini Günther, 1939
- Amorphopus Serville, 1838
Tribe Cleostratini Hancock, 1907
- Cleostratus (insect) Stål, 1877 (Philippines)
Tribe Clinophaestini Storozhenko, 2013
- Birmana Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1893
- Clinophaestus Storozhenko, 2013
Tribe Miriatrini Cadena-Castañeda & Cardona, 2015 (monotypic)
- Miriatra Bolívar, 1906
Tribe Ophiotettigini Tumbrinck & Skejo, 2017
- Ophiotettix Walker, 1871
- Uvarovithyrsus Storozhenko, 2016
Tribe Unassigned
- Bolivaritettix Günther, 1939
- Cleostratoides Storozhenko, 2013
- Crimisus (insect) Bolívar, 1887
- Hildegardia (insect) Günther, 1974
- Holocerus Bolívar, 1887
- Macromotettix Günther, 1939
- Mazarredia Bolívar, 1887
- Pseudoparatettix Günther, 1937
- Pseudoxistrella Liang, 1991
- VaotettixPodgornaya, 1986
Subfamily Scelimeninae
Auth.: Hancock, 1907 Tribe Scelimenini Hancock, 1907; selected genera:
- Amphibotettix Hancock, 1906
- Austrohancockia Günther, 1938
- Bidentatettix Zheng, 1992
- Discotettix Costa, 1864
- Gavialidium Saussure, 1862
- Scelimena Serville, 1838
- Zhengitettix Liang, 1994
Subfamily Tetriginae
Auth.: Serville, 1838
Tribe Dinotettigini Günther, 1979
- Afrocriotettix Günther, 1938
- Dinotettix Bolívar, 1905
- Ibeotettix Rehn, 1930
- Lamellitettix Hancock, 1904
- Marshallacris Rehn, 1948
- Pseudamphinotus Günther, 1979
Tribe Tetrigini Serville, 1838
- Clinotettix Bei-Bienko, 1933
- Coptotettix Bolívar, 1887
- Euparatettix Hancock, 1904
- Exothotettix Zheng & Jiang, 1993
- Hydrotetrix Uvarov, 1926
- Paratettix Bolívar, 1887
- DepressotetrixKaraman, 1960)
- Thibron Rehn, 1939
Tribe unassigned:
- Aalatettix Zheng & Mao, 2002
- Alulatettix Liang, 1993
- Ankistropleuron Bruner, 1910
- Bannatettix Zheng, 1993
- Bienkotetrix Karaman, 1965
- Bufonides Bolívar, 1898
- Carolinotettix Willemse, 1951
- Coptottigia Bolívar, 1912
- Cranotettix Grant, 1955
- Ergatettix Kirby, 1914
- Flatocerus Liang & Zheng, 1984
- Formosatettix Tinkham, 1937
- Formosatettixoides Zheng, 1994
- Gibbotettix Zheng, 1992
- Hedotettix Bolívar, 1887
- Leptacrydium Chopard, 1945
- Macquillania Günther, 1972
- Micronotus Hancock, 1902
- Neocoptotettix Shishodia, 1984
- Neotettix Hancock, 1898
- Nomotettix Morse, 1894
- Ochetotettix Morse, 1900
- Oxyphyllum Hancock, 1909
- Phaesticus Uvarov, 1940
- Sciotettix Ichikawa, 2001
- Stenodorus Hancock, 1906
- Teredorus Hancock, 1907
- Tettiella Hancock, 1909
- Tettiellona Günther, 1979
- Uvarovitettix Bazyluk & Kis, 1960
- Xiaitettix Zheng & Liang, 1993
Subfamily Tripetalocerinae
Auth.: Bolívar, 1887
Tripetalocerinae was originally described by Bolívar in 1887[19] to gather all the Tetrigidae genera of the old world with widened antennae (e.g. Arulenus, Discotettix, Hirrius, Ophiotettix, Tripetalocera). This subfamily today includes only two species in two genera - Tripetalocera (with one species) from India and Borneo and Tripetaloceroides (with one species) from Vietnam and PR China. Members of the subfamily are characteristic within Tetrigidae by massive antennae built up of only eight segments (other Tetrigidae have usually 11-16, Batrachideinae 18-22).[20] Till recently,[20] the subfamily included two tribes - Tripetalocerini and Clinophaestini (including Clinophaestus and Birmana), but the later was moved to the subfamily Metrodorinae due to similarity to Ophiotettigini.[21]
- Tripetalocera - monotypic Tripetalocera ferruginea Westwood, 1834
- Tripetaloceroides tonkinensis(Günther, 1938)
Subfamily unassigned
Criotettigini
Auth. Kevan, 1966
- Criotettix Bolívar, 1887
- Dasyleurotettix Rehn, 1904
Thoradontini
Auth. Kevan, 1966
- Eucriotettix Hebard, 1930
- Loxilobus Hancock, 1904
- Thoradonta Hancock, 1909
Subfamily and tribe unassigned
- Bolotettix Hancock, 1907
- Cyphotettix Rehn, 1952
- †Eozaentetrix Zessin, 2017
- Euloxilobus Sjöstedt, 1936
- Paramphinotus Zheng, 2004
- Peronotettix Rehn, 1952
- Phaesticus Uvarov, 1940 (synonym Flatocerus Liang & Zheng, 1984)
- Probolotettix Günther, 1939
- Pseudosystolederus Günther, 1939
- Syzygotettix Günther, 1938
- Tettitelum Hancock, 1915
- †Archaeotetrix Sharov, 1968
- †Prototetrix Sharov, 1968
References
- ^ Rambur (1838) Faune entomologique de l'Andalousie 2:64
- S2CID 53702892.
- ^ Ragge DR (1965). Grasshoppers, Crickets & Cockroaches of the British Isles. F Warne & Co, London. p. 299.
- ^ a b c Borror DJ, Tripplehorn CA, Johnson NF (1989) An Introduction to the Study of Insects, 6th edition. Harcourt Brace College Publishers. New York. pg 213
- ^ PMID 27395882.
- ^ Imms AD, rev. Richards OW & Davies RG (1970) A General Textbook of Entomology 9th Ed. Methuen 886 pp.
- ^ a b Grimaldi D, Engel MS (2005) Evolution of the Insects. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. pg 211
- ^ Skejo, Josip (2017). Taxonomic revision of the pygmy devils (Tetrigidae: Discotettiginae) with online social media as a new tool for discovering hidden diversity. Zagreb: University of Zagreb, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology. pp. 1–246.
- ^ a b Preston-Mafham K (1990) Grasshoppers and Mantids of the World. Facts of File, New York. pg 32
- ^ S2CID 52975589.
- ^ a b c Resh VH, Cardé RT (2003) Encyclopedia of Insects. Academic Press, Amsterdam, pg 839
- ^ Bastow, J. L.; Sabo, J. L.; Finlay, J. C.; Power, M. E. (2002). "A basal aquatic-terrestrial trophic link in rivers: algal subsidies via shore-dwelling grasshoppers". Oecologia. 131: 261–268.
- ^ "Family Tetrigidae - Pygmy Grasshoppers".
- ^ Buckton, George Bowdler (1890). Monograph of the British Cicadae or Tettigidae. London: Macmillan & Co.
- ^ Orthoptera Species File (Version 5.0/5.0, retrieved 26 November 2018: checking incomplete)
- S2CID 229173782.
- S2CID 207937067.
- PMC 9848646.
- OCLC 42198873.
- ^ PMID 26258216.
- ^ Tumbrinck, Josef; Skejo, Josip (2017). "Taxonomic and biogeographic revision of the New Guinean genus Ophiotettix Walker, 1871 (Tetrigidae: Metrodorinae: Ophiotettigini trib. nov.), with the descriptions of 33 new species" (PDF). Biodiversity, Biogeography and Nature Conservation in Wallacea and New Guinea. Riga: Entomological Society of Latvia. pp. 525–580, figures 104–124.
External links
- Data related to Tetrigidae at Wikispecies
- Media related to Tetrigidae at Wikimedia Commons
- Pygmy locusts
- Pygmy grasshoppers
- BugGuide.net