Tetrigidae

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Tetrigidae
Tetrix species
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Orthoptera
Suborder: Caelifera
Superfamily: Tetrigoidea
Family: Tetrigidae
Rambur, 1838
Subfamilies

Tetrigidae[1] is an ancient family in the order Orthoptera,[2] which also includes similar families such as crickets, grasshoppers, and their allies. Species within the Tetrigidae are variously called groundhoppers,[3] pygmy grasshoppers,[4] pygmy devils[5] or (mostly historical) "grouse locusts".[6]

Diagnostic characteristics

pronotum covers the hind wings. The vestigial tegmen is visible just above the anterior coxa
.
Tetrigidae Dorsal aspect. The same specimen from above. In both pictures note the unusually heavy structure of the posterior femur, and the correspondingly massive pulley-like femoro-tibial joint, similar to the anatomy of the Tridactylidae.

Tetrigidae are typically less than 20 mm in length and are recognizable by a long

arolium between the claws, the first thoracic sternite being modified into collar-like structure called sternomentum, a tarsal formula of 2-2-3, scaly fore wings, and developed hind wings.[10]

General biology

In temperate regions, Tetrigidae are generally found along streams and ponds, where they feed on

Scelimenini are fully aquatic and capable of swimming underwater.[10][11]

The highest

canopy,[11] while others live on the forest floor.[7]

Like other

eggs hatch into nymphs. Unlike other temperate Orthoptera, however, temperate Tetrigidae generally overwinter as adults.[4]

Some

subfamilies within the Tetrigidae, such as the Batrachideinae
, are sometimes elevated to family rank besides the Tetrigidae.

Arulenus miae is a pygmy grasshopper species from the tropical mountainous rainforests of the Philippines. The species was firstly discovered in Facebook post.[5]

Paratettix aztecus eating algae

Etymology

Origin of the name of the family is not completely clear as there are different sources on its etymology. The name may be derived from Latin tetricus or taetricus, meaning harsh, sour, severe.[13] The name may also originate from the earlier name 'Tettigidae', based on Tettix (synonym of Tetrix), which was preoccupied by Tettigidae (synonym of Cicadidae).[14] Because of the preoccupation by the cicadas' family name, the second 't' in 'tt' was changed into 'r', resulting in the word Tetrigidae.

Subfamilies and Genera

Approximately 2,000 species have been described; according to the Orthoptera Species File[15] the following genera are included:

Subfamily Batrachideinae

Saussurella cornuta

Auth.: Bolívar, 1887; selected genera:

Subfamily Cladonotinae

Potua morbillosa (Borneo)

Auth.: Bolívar, 1887; selected genera:

Tribe Cladonotini Bolívar, 1887[16]

Tribe Choriphyllini Cadena-Castañeda & Silva, 2019[17]

  1. Choriphyllum Serville, 1838
  2. Phyllotettix Hancock, 1902

Tribe Valalyllini Deranja, Kasalo, Adžić, Franjević & Skejo, 2022[18]

  1. Lepocranus Devriese, 1991
  2. Valalyllum Deranja, Kasalo, Adžić, Franjević & Skejo, 2022

Tribe

Xerophyllini
Günther, 1979 SE Asia - selected genera:

Tribe Unassigned

Subfamily Lophotettiginae

Auth.: Hancock, 1909

Subfamily Metrodorinae

Auth.: Bolívar, 1887; selected genera:

Holocerus taurus (with red mites, Madagascar)

Tribe Amorphopini Günther, 1939

Tribe Cleostratini Hancock, 1907

Rostella phyllocera (Borneo)

Tribe Clinophaestini Storozhenko, 2013

Tribe Miriatrini Cadena-Castañeda & Cardona, 2015 (monotypic)

Tribe Ophiotettigini Tumbrinck & Skejo, 2017

Tribe Unassigned

Subfamily Scelimeninae

Discotettix belzebuth (Scelimeninae)

Auth.: Hancock, 1907 Tribe Scelimenini Hancock, 1907; selected genera:

incertae sedis

Subfamily Tetriginae

Paratettix sp.

Auth.: Serville, 1838

Tribe Dinotettigini Günther, 1979

Tribe Tetrigini Serville, 1838

Tribe unassigned:

Subfamily Tripetalocerinae

Auth.: Bolívar, 1887

Tripetalocera ferruginea

Tripetalocerinae was originally described by Bolívar in 1887[19] to gather all the Tetrigidae genera of the old world with widened antennae (e.g. Arulenus, Discotettix, Hirrius, Ophiotettix, Tripetalocera). This subfamily today includes only two species in two genera - Tripetalocera (with one species) from India and Borneo and Tripetaloceroides (with one species) from Vietnam and PR China. Members of the subfamily are characteristic within Tetrigidae by massive antennae built up of only eight segments (other Tetrigidae have usually 11-16, Batrachideinae 18-22).[20] Till recently,[20] the subfamily included two tribes - Tripetalocerini and Clinophaestini (including Clinophaestus and Birmana), but the later was moved to the subfamily Metrodorinae due to similarity to Ophiotettigini.[21]

Subfamily unassigned

Criotettigini

Auth. Kevan, 1966

Thoradontini

Auth. Kevan, 1966

Subfamily and tribe unassigned

References

  1. ^ Rambur (1838) Faune entomologique de l'Andalousie 2:64
  2. S2CID 53702892
    .
  3. ^ Ragge DR (1965). Grasshoppers, Crickets & Cockroaches of the British Isles. F Warne & Co, London. p. 299.
  4. ^ a b c Borror DJ, Tripplehorn CA, Johnson NF (1989) An Introduction to the Study of Insects, 6th edition. Harcourt Brace College Publishers. New York. pg 213
  5. ^
    PMID 27395882
    .
  6. ^ Imms AD, rev. Richards OW & Davies RG (1970) A General Textbook of Entomology 9th Ed. Methuen 886 pp.
  7. ^ a b Grimaldi D, Engel MS (2005) Evolution of the Insects. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. pg 211
  8. ^ Skejo, Josip (2017). Taxonomic revision of the pygmy devils (Tetrigidae: Discotettiginae) with online social media as a new tool for discovering hidden diversity. Zagreb: University of Zagreb, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology. pp. 1–246.
  9. ^ a b Preston-Mafham K (1990) Grasshoppers and Mantids of the World. Facts of File, New York. pg 32
  10. ^
    S2CID 52975589
    .
  11. ^ a b c Resh VH, Cardé RT (2003) Encyclopedia of Insects. Academic Press, Amsterdam, pg 839
  12. ^ Bastow, J. L.; Sabo, J. L.; Finlay, J. C.; Power, M. E. (2002). "A basal aquatic-terrestrial trophic link in rivers: algal subsidies via shore-dwelling grasshoppers". Oecologia. 131: 261–268.
  13. ^ "Family Tetrigidae - Pygmy Grasshoppers".
  14. ^ Buckton, George Bowdler (1890). Monograph of the British Cicadae or Tettigidae. London: Macmillan & Co.
  15. ^ Orthoptera Species File (Version 5.0/5.0, retrieved 26 November 2018: checking incomplete)
  16. S2CID 229173782
    .
  17. .
  18. .
  19. .
  20. ^ .
  21. ^ Tumbrinck, Josef; Skejo, Josip (2017). "Taxonomic and biogeographic revision of the New Guinean genus Ophiotettix Walker, 1871 (Tetrigidae: Metrodorinae: Ophiotettigini trib. nov.), with the descriptions of 33 new species" (PDF). Biodiversity, Biogeography and Nature Conservation in Wallacea and New Guinea. Riga: Entomological Society of Latvia. pp. 525–580, figures 104–124.

External links