Tewfik Pasha
Mohamad Tewfik | |
---|---|
Pasha | |
Isma'il I | |
Mother | Shafaq Nur Hanim |
Mohamed Tewfik Pasha (
Early life
He was the oldest son of Khedive
He spoke French and English fluently.[2]
In 1866 Isma'il succeeded in his endeavour to alter the order of succession to the
Marriage
In
Presidency
In 1878 he was appointed president of the council after the dismissal of Nubar Pasha. He held this office only for a few months; but this was long enough to show that he had the wisdom to refrain from taking part in the intrigues which then dominated the political life in Egypt and Sudan.[1]
He went back to his estate, and settled down once more to a quiet country life. He was undisturbed only for a short time. On 26 June 1879, Isma'il, at the insistence of Britain and France, was deposed by Sultan Abdul Hamid II, who sent orders at the same time that Tewfik should be proclaimed Khedive.[1]
Reign
The new khedive was so displeased by the news of his accession that he soundly boxed the ears of the servant who first brought the tidings to him. Egypt and Sudan at that time was involved in financial and political troubles brought about by the policy of Isma'il, and the situation was made worse by the inaction of Britain and France for some months following Tewfik's accession. Tewfik's people were dissatisfied, his army disaffected; his advisers were nearly all of the adventurer class, with their own ends to gain; and he himself had neither the character of a strong ruler nor the experience that would have enabled him to secure an orderly administration of affairs.[1]
Disorder prevailed until November 1879, when the dual control was reestablished by the governments of Britain and France. For over two years Major Evelyn Baring (afterwards Lord Cromer), Auckland Colvin, and Monsieur Ernest de Blignières practically governed the country, endeavouring to institute reforms while possessing no means of coercion.[1]
During all this time the disaffection in the
Before the bombardment began it was suggested to Tewfik that he should leave the city and embark either upon a
He had gone back to
Egyptian Fundamental Ordinance of 1882, a constitution, followed an abortive attempt to promulgate a constitution in 1879. The document was limited in scope and was effectively more of an organic law of the Consultative Council to the khedive than an actual constitution.[4]
In 1884, Sir Evelyn Baring (Lord Cromer) went back to Egypt as diplomatic agent and Consul-General of Britain. His first task was to demand that Tewfik should abandon the
Personal life
He was courteous and amiable, he had no desire to keep up the unapproachable state of an oriental ruler. In many ways his manners and habits were less oriental than European. He married in 1873 his ethnic Albanian kinswoman, Emina Ilhamy, with whom he lived very happily. She was his only wife and Tewfik was a strong advocate of monogamy. When Tewfik ascended the throne, he closed the harem quarters in the imperial palace, and sold all of his father's female slaves to slave markets.[3]
Death
He died on 7 January 1892, at the Helwan Palace near Cairo, and was succeeded by his eldest son, Abbas II.[3]
Issue
By his wife he had the following children:
- Abbas Hilmi II Pasha, Khedive of Egypt;
- Prince Mohammed Ali Tewfik (Kubba Palace, Cairo, 9 November 1875 – Lausanne, Switzerland, 18 March 1955, and buried in Khedive Tawfik Mausoleum, Kait Bey, Cairo);
- Princess Nazli Hanim (11 April 1877 – Cairo, c. 1879);
- Princess Fakhr un-nisa Khadija Hanim (Cairo, 21 May 1880 – Helwan, 22 February 1951);
- Princess Nimatullah Hanim (Cairo, 23 October 1882 – Nice, France, c. 1965, and buried there at the cimetière de Caucade).
Honours
- Knight of the Order of the Iron Crown, 1st Class, 1868[5]
- Order of Honour, Imtiyaz Medal, 1868
- Order of the Osmans, Nishan-i-Osmania, 1868
- Order of Nobility, 1868
- Commander Grand Cross of the Order of Vasa, 17 December 1868[6]
- Grand Cross of the Order of the Red Eagle, 29 January 1870[7]
- Grand Cross of the House and Merit Order of Peter Frederick Louis, 5 February 1875[8]
- Honorary Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India, 3 May 1875[9]
- Grand Cross of the Royal Order of Kalākaua I, 1881[10]
- Grand Cross of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus, 1886
- Grand Cross of the Order of Franz Joseph, 1886[11]
- Honorary Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath (civil division), 21 June 1887[12]
- Grand Cross of the Order of the Netherlands Lion, 1890
- Légion d'honneur, 1890
- Knight of the Order of the Seraphim, 18 April 1891[13]
Notes
- ^ a b c d e f g h Chisholm 1911, p. 686.
- JSTOR 2139362.
- ^ a b c d Chisholm 1911, p. 687.
- ISBN 9781107070516
- ^ "Ritter-Orden: Orden des Eisernen Krone", Hof- und Staatshandbuch der Österreichisch-Ungarischen Monarchie, 1883, p. 161, retrieved 5 February 2021
- ^ Sveriges statskalender (in Swedish), 1881, p. 449, retrieved 6 February 2021 – via runeberg.org
- ^ "Rother Adler-orden", Königlich Preussische Ordensliste (in German), vol. 1, Berlin, 1877, p. 33 – via hathitrust.org
{{citation}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Hof- und Staatshandbuch des Großherzogtums Oldenburg: 1879. Schulze. 1879. p. 45.
- ^ Shaw, Wm. A. (1906) The Knights of England, I, London, p. 310
- ^ The Royal Tourist—Kalakaua's Letters Home from Tokio to London. Editor: Richard A. Greer. Date: 10 March 1881
- ^ "Ritter-Orden: Kaiserlich-Österreichischer Franz Joseph-orden", Hof- und Staatshandbuch der Österreichisch-Ungarischen Monarchie, 1891, p. 189, retrieved 5 February 2021
- ^ Shaw, p. 212
- ^ "Kronprinsparets resa" [The Crown Prince Couple's Journey]. Nya Dagligt Allehanda (in Swedish). 4 May 1891.
References
- public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Tewfik Pasha". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 26 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 686–687. This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
External links
- "Alexandria Bombardment of 1882 Photograph Album". Rare Books and Special Collections Library. American University in Cairo. 6 July 1882.
- Texts on Wikisource:
- "Tewfik Pasha". Collier's New Encyclopedia. 1921.
- "Tewfik Pasha, Mohammed". Encyclopedia Americana. 1920.
- "New International Encyclopedia. 1905.