Thai Chinese
This article may contain an excessive number of citations. (April 2020) |
Total population | |
---|---|
c. 7–10 million[1][2] | |
Regions with significant populations | |
Thailand | |
9.5 million (2013)[3] country-wide, with significant diaspora in: Australia Theravada Buddhism Minorities |
Thai Chinese | |
---|---|
Teochew Peng'im | Huê 1 i6 tai3 gog4 nang5 |
Thai Chinese (also known as Chinese Thais, Sino-Thais), Thais of Chinese origin (
The Thai Chinese have been deeply ingrained into all elements of Thai society over the past 200 years. The present Thai royal family, the Chakri dynasty, was founded by King Rama I who himself was partly Chinese.[8] His predecessor, King Taksin of the Thonburi Kingdom, was the son of a Chinese father from Chaoshan.[9] With the successful integration of historic Chinese immigrant communities in Thailand, a significant number of Thai Chinese are the descendants of intermarriages between ethnic Chinese and native Thais. Many of these descendants have assimilated into Thai society and self-identify solely as Thai.[10][11][12]
The Thai Chinese are well-established in the middle class and upper classes of Thai society and are well represented at all levels of Thai society.[13][14][15]: 3, 43 [16][17] They play a leading role in Thailand's business sector and dominate the Thai economy today.[18]: 22 [15]: 179 [19][20] In addition, Thai Chinese elites of Thailand have a strong presence in Thailand's political scene with most of Thailand's former Prime Ministers and the majority of parliament having at least some Chinese ancestry.[21][22][18]: 58 [23] Thai Chinese elites of Thailand are well represented among Thailand's rulers and other sectors.[24][25]
Demographics
Thailand has the largest overseas Chinese community in the world outside Greater China.[26] 11 to 14 percent of Thailand's population are considered ethnic Chinese. The Thai linguist Theraphan Luangthongkum claims the share of those having at least partial Chinese ancestry allegedly at about 40 percent of the Thai population without any proof.[5]
A 2013 study of the Thai population genetic structure found the presence of a distinctive Chinese ancestry concentrated in Central Thailand, but it also found that this Chinese ancestry did not constitute a majority of the Central Thai gene pool. Thus somewhat refuting Theraphan Luangthongkum's over-estimated claims on the frequency of Chinese ancestry throughout the general Thai population.[27]
Identity
For assimilated second and third generation descendants of Chinese immigrants, it is principally a personal choice whether or not to identify themselves as ethnic Chinese.[28] Nonetheless, nearly all Thai Chinese solely self-identify as Thai, due to their close integration and successful assimilation into Thai society.[29][30] G. William Skinner observed that the level of assimilation of the descendants of Chinese immigrants in Thailand disproved the "myth about the 'unchanging Chinese'", noting that "assimilation is considered complete when the immigrant's descendant identifies himself in almost all social situations as a Thai, speaks Thai language habitually and with native fluency, and interacts by choice with Thai more often than with Chinese."[31]: 237 Skinner believed that the assimilation success of the Thai Chinese was a result of the wise policy of the Thai rulers who, since the 17th century, allowed able Chinese tradesmen to advance their ranks into the kingdom's nobility.[31]: 240–241 The rapid and successful assimilation of the Thai Chinese has been celebrated by the Chinese descendants themselves, as evident in contemporary literature such as the novel Letters from Thailand (Thai: จดหมายจากเมืองไทย) by Botan.[32]
Today, the Thai Chinese constitute a significant part of the royalist/nationalist movements. When the then prime minister
History
Traders from China began arriving in Ayutthaya by at least the 12th century. In the 1420s, Chinese merchants were involved in the construction of the major Ayutthaya temple Wat Ratchaburana and left several Chinese inscriptions and cultural objects within the temple's crypt, including the inscribing of several Chinese family names.[37] According to the Chronicles of Ayutthaya, Ekathotsarot (r. 1605–1610) had been "concerned solely with ways of enriching his treasury," and was "greatly inclined toward strangers and foreign nations".
Following the Qing revocation of the private trade ban in 1684, Chinese immigration to Siam steadily increased, particularly following the massive Southern Chinese famines of the early 18th century. Approximately 20,000 Chinese lived in Siam in the 1730s[b] and were prominent in the city of Ayutthaya and were a prominent faction within the Siamese court by 1767.[38]
When King Taksin, himself the son of a Chinese immigrant, ruled Thailand, King Taksin actively encouraged Chinese immigration and trade. Chinese settlers came to Siam in large numbers.[39] Immigration continued over the following years, and the Chinese population in Thailand jumped from 230,000 in 1825 to 792,000 by 1910. By 1932, approximately 12.2 percent of the population of Thailand was Chinese.[40]
The early Chinese immigration consisted almost entirely of men who did not bring women. Therefore, it became common for male Chinese immigrants to marry local Thai women. The children of such relationships were called Sino-Thai[41] or luk-jin (ลูกจีน) in Thai.[42] These Chinese-Thai intermarriages declined somewhat in the early 20th century, when significant numbers of Chinese women also began immigrating to Thailand.
Economic recession and unemployment forced many men to leave China for Thailand in search of work to seek wealth. If successful, they sent money back to their families in China. Many Chinese immigrants prospered under the "
The local Chinese community had long dominated domestic commerce and had served as agents for royal trade monopolies. With the rise of European economic influence, however, many Chinese shifted to opium trafficking and tax collecting, both of which were despised occupations.
From 1882 to 1917, nearly 13,000 to 34,000 Chinese legally entered Thailand per year, mostly settling in
Legislation by King
The Chinese in Thailand also suffered discrimination between the 1930s and 1950s under the military dictatorship of Prime Minister Plaek Phibunsongkhram (in spite of having part-Chinese ancestry himself),[45] which allied itself with the Empire of Japan. The Primary Education Act of 1932 made the Thai language the compulsory medium of education, but as a result of protests from Thai Chinese, by 1939, students were allowed two hours per week of Mandarin instruction.[44] State corporations took over commodities such as rice, tobacco, and petroleum and Chinese businesses found themselves subject to a range of new taxes and controls. By 1970, more than 90 percent of the Chinese born in Thailand never have Chinese or Taiwanese citizenship with Thai only citizenship instead. In 1975, diplomatic relations were established with China.[46]
Culture
Intermarriage with Thais has resulted in many people who claim Thai ethnicity with Chinese ancestry.[47] People of Chinese descent are concentrated in the coastal areas of Thailand, principally Bangkok.[48] Considerable segments of Thailand's academic, business, and political elites are of Chinese descent.[5]
Language
Today, nearly all ethnic Chinese in Thailand speak Central Thai exclusively (even in Isan, Northern Thailand and Southern Thailand as well).[c] Only elderly Chinese immigrants still speak their native varieties of Chinese. The rapid and successful assimilation of Thai Chinese has been celebrated in contemporary literature such as "Letters from Thailand" (Thai: จดหมายจากเมืองไทย) by a Thai Chinese author Botan.[49]
In the modern Thai language there are many signs of Chinese influence.
The rise of China's prominence on the global economic stage has prompted many Thai Chinese business families to see Mandarin as a beneficial asset in partaking in economic links and conducting business between Thailand and Mainland China, with some families encouraging their children to learn Mandarin in order to reap the benefits of their ethnic Chinese identity and the increasing role of Mandarin as a prominent language of Overseas Chinese business communities.[15]: 184–185 [18]: 59 [15]: 179 [52]: 55 However, equally there are many Thais, regardless of their ethnic background who study Chinese in order to boost their business and career opportunities, rather than due to reasons of ethnic identity, with some sending their children to newly established Mandarin language schools.[15]: 184–185
Trade and industry
Amounting to roughly 15 percent of Thailand's population, the Thai Chinese own approximately 85 percent of the nation's entire economy.
British
By the early 20th century, the resident Chinese community in Bangkok was sizable, amounting to a third of the capital's population.
After
By the late-1950s, Thais of Chinese ancestry comprised 70 percent of Bangkok's business owners and senior business managers, and 90 percent of the shares in Thai corporations were said to be held by Thai investors of Chinese ancestry.
With the
According to Thai historian, Dr. Wasana Wongsurawat, the Thai political elite has remained in power by employing a simple two-part strategy: first, secure the economic base by cultivating the support of the Thai business elites of Chinese ancestry; second, align with the dominant global geopolitical power of the day. As of 2020[update], increasingly, that power is China.[94] As the Chinese economic might grew, the Thai hill tribes and aborigines were gradually driven out into poorer land on the hills, on the rural outskirts of major Thai cities or into the mountains. The increased economic clout wielded by Thai Chinese has triggered distrust, resentment, and Anti-Chinese sentiment among the poorer working and underclass other Thais, many of whom engage in rural agrarian rice peasantry in stark socioeconomic contrast to their modern, wealthier, and cosmopolitan middle and upper class Chinese counterparts.[144]
Religion
First-generation Chinese immigrants were followers of
The
In the north, there is a small minority of Chinese Muslims known as Chin Ho. They are mainly the descendants of Hui people migrated from Yunnan, China. There are seven Chinese mosques in Chiang Mai.[148] The best known is the Ban Ho Mosque.
In addition, Thai Chinese also have some customs that are different from the mainland China, such as not eating beef, especially among elderly who worship Guanyin, etc.[149]
Dialect groups
This section needs additional citations for verification. (December 2020) |
The vast majority of Thai Chinese belong to various southern Chinese dialect groups. Of these, 56 percent are
Teochew
Traditionally, the Teochews comprise a majority population of coastal provinces like Bangkok, Chonburi and Chachoengsao until the 1950s, in which later it was overwhelmed by Central Thai internal immigrants. Many of Thai military commanders as well as politicians come from Teochew backgrounds, while others were involved in trade. During the reign of King Taksin, some influential Teochew traders were granted certain privileges. These prominent traders were called "royal Chinese" (Jin-luang or จีนหลวง in Thai).
Hakka
Hakkas are mainly concentrated around
Cantonese
The Cantonese predominantly came from
Hokkien
Hokkiens or Hoklos are a dominant group of Chinese particularly in the south of Thailand, mostly can trace their ancestry from
Hainanese
Hainanese people is another prominent Thai Chinese group which are mainly concentrated in Bangkok, Samui and some central provinces. Notable Hainanese Thai families include the Chirathivat family of Central Group and the Yoovidhya family of Krating Daeng, while politicians from this dialect group include Boonchu Rojanastien, Pote Sarasin, Banyat Bantadtan, Jurin Laksanawisit and Sondhi Limthongkul.
Fuzhou, Fuqing, and Hockchew dialects
This dialect group is the smallest among the ethnic Chinese populace and are found in places such as Chandi located in Nakhon Si Thammarat province as well as in other provinces such as Chumphon (Lamae and Map Ammarit villages) and also Rayong province (in the settlement of Ban Chandi, which was renamed after their main population centre of Chandi in Southern Thailand as a result of internal immigration and resettlement) as well as a lesser extent a pocket of them being internal migrants residing in Bangkok as well as Central Thailand (surrounding provinces of the capital, Bangkok), they trace their ancestries back to Fuzhou and Ningde towns of northern Fujian province, China.
Peranakan
Some ethnic Chinese living in the Malay-dominated provinces in the far south use
Family names
Almost all Thai-Chinese or Sino-Thais, especially those who came to Thailand before the 1950s, only use
Sino-Thai surnames are often distinct from those of the other-Thai population, with generally longer names mimicking those of high officials and upper-class Thais
Notable figures
Royalty
King Taksin the Great | King Rama I |
Princess Consort Indrasakdi Sachi |
- King Taksin of Thonburi, son of a Teochew Chinese father migrant gambler or trader and a Thai mother[154]
- King Rama I, son of "a beautiful daughter of a mix of Chinese and Thai family in Ayutthaya"[155]
- Indrasakdi Sachi, Princess consort of Siam
- Queen Suthida, Queen consort of Thailand
Prime Ministers
Thai Chinese Prime Ministers:
20th century
21st century
Thaksin Shinawatra,[182] Samak Sundaravej,[183] Yingluck Shinawatra,[182] Abhisit Vejjajiva,[184][185] Srettha Thavisin.[186]
Cabinet and governors
- Boonchu Rojanastien, Banker, Deputy Prime Minister, Finance Minister.
- Chitchai Wannasathit, Minister of Justice, Acting Prime Minister.
- Pao Sarasin, Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Interior.
- Chavarat Charnvirakul, Acting Prime Minister of Thailand, Deputy Prime Minister, Minister of Social Development and Human Security and Minister of Interior.
- Bhichai Rattakul, World President of Rotary International, Deputy Prime Minister, Speaker of the National Assembly, Minister of Foreign Affairs.
- Kalaya Sophonpanich, Minister of Science and Technology.
- Bhichit Rattakul, Governor of Bangkok and Businessman.
- Kanchana Silpa-archa, Deputy Minister of Education.
- Apirak Kosayodhin, Governor of Bangkok, CEO of True Corporation.
- Varawut Silpa-archa, Minister of Social Development and Human Security and Minister of Natural Resources and Environment.
- Anutin Charnvirakul, Deputy Prime Minister, Minister of Interior and Minister of Public Health.
Business and entrepreneur
- Chin Sophonpanich, Banker that founded the Bangkok Bank and Bangkok Insurance.
- Chaleo Yoovidhya, Billionaire inventor of Red Bull.
- Vanich Chaiyawan, Billionaire and chairman of Thai Life Insurance, the second-largest life insurer in Thailand.
- Prasert Prasarttong-Osoth, founder and owner of Bangkok Dusit Medical Services, Thailand's largest private health care group, and the owner of Bangkok Airways.
- CP Group.
- Charoen Sirivadhanabhakdi, Billionaire business magnate and investor.
- Bangkok Broadcasting & Television Company.
- Chalerm Yoovidhya, Billionaire Businessman and heir to the Red Bull fortune.
- Vichai Srivaddhanaprabha, Billionaire founder, owner and chairman of King Power.
- Chartsiri Sophonpanich, Billionaire President of Bangkok Bank.
- Panthongtae Shinawatra, founding Billionaire of Voice TV.
- Aiyawatt Srivaddhanaprabha, youngest Billionaire of Asia.
Others
Buddhadasa Bhikkhu |
- Pita Limjaroenrat, politician, and businessman. He served as the leader of the Move Forward Party.
- Atthaya Thitikul, professional golfer
- Chang and Eng Bunker, famous conjoined twins.
- Bundit Ungrangsee, symphonic conductor.
- Apichatpong Weerasethakul, award-winning film director.
- Buddhadasa Bhikkhu, famous and influential Buddhist reformist monk.
- Thai House of Representatives.
- Parit Wacharasindhu, politician and television host.
- Joey Boy, hip hop singer and producer.
- Puttichai Kasetsin, actor, DJ, television host.
- Tanutchai Wijitwongthong, actor.
- Chalida Vijitvongthong, actress.
- Utt Panichkul, actor, host, television presenter.
- Nichkhun, singer rapper.
- James Ma, actor and model.
- Vachirawit Chivaaree, actor and singer.
- Metawin Opas-iamkajorn, actor.
- Yuenyong Opakul, singer, musician, record producer.
- Ten, singer and dancer.
- BamBam, Boy Band rapper, record producer
- Sophida Kanchanarin, model , Beauty Queen , Miss Universe Thailand 2018 .
See also
- Kian Un Keng Shrine (建安宮)
- Wat Mangkon Kamalawat (龍蓮寺)
- Wat Bamphen Chin Phrot (永福寺)
- Leng Buai Ia Shrine (龍尾古廟)
- Gong Wu Shrine
- San Chaopho Suea (Sao Chingcha) (打惱路玄天上帝廟)
- Wat San Chao Chet(七聖媽廟)
- Chao Mae Thapthim Shrine(水尾聖娘廟)
- Thian Fah Foundation Hospital (天華醫院)
- Poh Teck Tung Foundation
- Lim Ko Niao (林姑娘)
- Chow Yam-nam (White Dragon King)
- China–Thailand relations
- Racism in Thailand
- Chinese folk religion in Southeast Asia
- Burmese Chinese
- Chinese Koreans
- English Americans
Notes
- ^ It is generally used to differentiate between Central Thai when they each call themselves Thais.[citation needed]
- ^ According to a French missionary.
- ^ In Southern Thai, ethnic Chinese known as Leangkaluang (Southern Thai: แหลงข้าหลวง lit:Central Thai speakers)
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- ^ ทายาทพระยาพหลฯ เล่าถึงคณะราษฎรในความทรงจำ ทั้งชีวิตยอมปฏิวัติ 24 มิ.ย.ได้ครั้งเดียว. Prachatai (in Thai). 30 June 2012. Retrieved 17 April 2017.
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- ^ a b An Impressive Day at M.R. Kukrit's Home Archived 27 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine; Thailand Bibliography
- ^ Gerald W. Fry (18 June 2012). "Research & Articles on Pridi Banomyong". BookRags. Archived from the original on 30 October 2011.
Pridi was included in UNESCO's list of Great Personalities and Historic Events for the year 2000, and this year was declared by UNESCO as the centennial of Pridi. Also, the Université Paris (1 PanthéonSorbonne) in 2000 celebrated the centenary of Pridi and honored him as "one of the great constitutionalists of the twentieth century," comparing him to such figures as Rousseau, Montesquieu, and de Tocqueville.
- ISBN 962-620-127-4.
- ISBN 962-620-127-4.
- ^ 臺北科技大學紅樓資訊站 (in Chinese). National Taipei University of Technology. Archived from the original on 28 September 2007.
- ISBN 962-620-127-4.
- ISBN 978-0-8772-7742-2
- ^ Gale, T. 2005. Encyclopedia of World Biographies.
- ISBN 978-0-8108-5396-6.
- ISBN 978-0-275-97714-6.
- ^ Peagam, Nelson (1976), "Judge picks up the reigns", Far Eastern Economic Review, p. 407
- ^ Krīangsak, Chamanan. thīralưk Ngān Phrarātchathān Phlœng Sop Phon ʻēk Krīangsak Chamanan: ʻadīt Nāyokratthamontrī 12 Pho. Yo. 2549 translated as Official Documents of Cremation Volumes in honour of former Thai president Kriangsak Chomanan. Krung Thēp: Khunying Wirat Chamanan, 2006. Print.
- ^ 曾经叱咤风云的泰国政坛澄海人. ydtz.com (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 28 September 2007.
- ^ 潮汕人 (in Chinese).[permanent dead link]
- ISBN 0-521-81615-7.
- ISBN 962-620-127-4.
- ^ 泰国华裔总理不忘"本". csonline.com.cn (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 22 April 2009.
- ISBN 962-620-127-4.
- ^ "LayarKaca21". LayarKaca21. 11 June 2021. Archived from the original on 17 March 2008.
- ^ 泰国华裔地位高 出过好几任总理真正的一等公民. Sohu (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 8 October 2018. Retrieved 3 October 2019.
- ^ "Former PM Banharn dies at 83". Bangkok Post. 23 April 2016.
- ISBN 978-87-91114-46-5.
- ^ a b Tumcharoen, Surasak (29 November 2009). "A very distinguished province: Chanthaburi has had some illustrious citizens". Bangkok Post.
- ISBN 962-620-127-4.
- ^ "Profile: Abhisit Vejjajiva". BBC News. 17 March 2010. Archived from the original on 8 February 2011. Retrieved 7 April 2011.
- ^ Golingai, Philip (17 January 2009). "Peas in a pod they are not". The Star (Malaysia). Archived from the original on 10 October 2017.
- ^ "เปิดตัว "เศรษฐา ทวีสิน" เครือญาติ 5 ตระกูลธุรกิจยักษ์ใหญ่". Thansettakij (in Thai). 20 July 2023. Archived from the original on 21 July 2023. Retrieved 21 July 2023.
Further reading
- Chansiri, Disaphol (2008). The Chinese Émigrés of Thailand in the Twentieth Century. Cambria Press.
- Chantavanich, Supang (1997). Leo Suryadinata (ed.). From Siamese-Chinese to Chinese-Thai: Political Conditions and Identity Shifts among the Chinese in Thailand. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. pp. 232–259.
{{cite book}}
:|work=
ignored (help) - Tong Chee Kiong; Chan Kwok Bun, eds. (2001). Alternate Identities: The Chinese of Contemporary Thailand. Times Academic Press. ISBN 981-210-142-X.
- Skinner, G. William. Leadership and Power in the Chinese Community in Thailand. Ithaca (Cornell University Press), 1958.
- Sng, Jeffery; Bisalputra, Pimpraphai (2015). A History of the Thai-Chinese. Editions Didier Millet. ISBN 978-981-4385-77-0.
- Wongsurawat, Wasana (October 2019). The Crown and the Capitalists; The Ethnic Chinese and the Founding of the Thai Nation. Critical Dialogues in Southeast Asian Studies (Paper ed.). Seattle: University of Washington Press. ISBN 9780295746241. Retrieved 30 April 2020.
External links
- Dr. Wasana Wongsurawat lectures about her book The Crown and the Capitalists; The Ethnic Chinese and the Founding of the Thai Nation, 15 January 2020 (video)
- Thai-Chinese chamber of commerce
- Thai Chinese.net (archived 25 February 2021)
- (in Thai) Thai Chinese.net
Associations
- The Chinese Association in Thailand (Chong Hua)
- Teochew Association of Thailand (archived 2 November 2007)
- Hakka Association of Thailand
- (in Thai) Thai Hainan Trade association of Thailand (archived 22 December 2007)
- Fujian Association of Thailand (archived 21 November 2007)
Miscellaneous
- Thai Chinese BBS (archived 14 April 2003)
- Assessment for Chinese in Thailand (archived 21 September 2005)
- Anti-Chinese Labor riot of 1924, & bottom of page, how Thai Army suppressed 1889 riot between Chinese triads Tang Kong Xi (Teochew) and Siew Li Kue (Fujian) (archived 6 January 2009)
- Why do Thais have long surnames? (archived 22 July 2012)