Thai Chinese

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Thai Chinese

华裔泰国人 or 華裔泰國人 ชาวไทยเชื้อสายจีน
Wat Mangkon Kamalawat, a Chinese Buddhist temple in Thailand
Total population
c. 7–10 million[1][2]
Regions with significant populations
Thailand
9.5 million (2013)[3] country-wide, with significant diaspora in:  Australia  United States  Canada  Taiwan  Malaysia   Theravada Buddhism Minorities Peranakans Overseas Chinese Han Chinese

Thai Chinese
Teochew Peng'im	Huê 1 i6 tai3 gog4 nang5

Thai Chinese (also known as Chinese Thais, Sino-Thais), Thais of Chinese origin (

The Thai Chinese have been deeply ingrained into all elements of Thai society over the past 200 years. The present Thai royal family, the Chakri dynasty, was founded by King Rama I who himself was partly Chinese.^[8] His predecessor, King Taksin of the Thonburi Kingdom, was the son of a Chinese father from Chaoshan.^[9] With the successful integration of historic Chinese immigrant communities in Thailand, a significant number of Thai Chinese are the descendants of intermarriages between ethnic Chinese and native Thais. Many of these descendants have assimilated into Thai society and self-identify solely as Thai.^[10][11][12]

The Thai Chinese are well-established in the middle class and upper classes of Thai society and are well represented at all levels of Thai society.^{[13][14][15]: 3, 43 [16][17]} They play a leading role in Thailand's business sector and dominate the Thai economy today.^{[18]: 22 [15]: 179 [19][20]} In addition, Thai Chinese elites of Thailand have a strong presence in Thailand's political scene with most of Thailand's former Prime Ministers and the majority of parliament having at least some Chinese ancestry.^{[21][22][18]: 58 [23]} Thai Chinese elites of Thailand are well represented among Thailand's rulers and other sectors.^[24][25]

Demographics

Thailand has the largest overseas Chinese community in the world outside Greater China.^[26] 11 to 14 percent of Thailand's population are considered ethnic Chinese. The Thai linguist Theraphan Luangthongkum claims the share of those having at least partial Chinese ancestry allegedly at about 40 percent of the Thai population without any proof.^[5]

A 2013 study of the Thai population genetic structure found the presence of a distinctive Chinese ancestry concentrated in Central Thailand, but it also found that this Chinese ancestry did not constitute a majority of the Central Thai gene pool. Thus somewhat refuting Theraphan Luangthongkum's over-estimated claims on the frequency of Chinese ancestry throughout the general Thai population.^[27]

Identity

For assimilated second and third generation descendants of Chinese immigrants, it is principally a personal choice whether or not to identify themselves as ethnic Chinese.^[28] Nonetheless, nearly all Thai Chinese solely self-identify as Thai, due to their close integration and successful assimilation into Thai society.^[29][30] G. William Skinner observed that the level of assimilation of the descendants of Chinese immigrants in Thailand disproved the "myth about the 'unchanging Chinese'", noting that "assimilation is considered complete when the immigrant's descendant identifies himself in almost all social situations as a Thai, speaks Thai language habitually and with native fluency, and interacts by choice with Thai more often than with Chinese."^[31]: 237 Skinner believed that the assimilation success of the Thai Chinese was a result of the wise policy of the Thai rulers who, since the 17th century, allowed able Chinese tradesmen to advance their ranks into the kingdom's nobility.^{[31]: 240–241} The rapid and successful assimilation of the Thai Chinese has been celebrated by the Chinese descendants themselves, as evident in contemporary literature such as the novel Letters from Thailand (Thai: จดหมายจากเมืองไทย) by Botan.^[32]

Today, the Thai Chinese constitute a significant part of the royalist/nationalist movements. When the then prime minister

Traders from China began arriving in Ayutthaya by at least the 12th century. In the 1420s, Chinese merchants were involved in the construction of the major Ayutthaya temple Wat Ratchaburana and left several Chinese inscriptions and cultural objects within the temple's crypt, including the inscribing of several Chinese family names.^[37] According to the Chronicles of Ayutthaya, Ekathotsarot (r. 1605–1610) had been "concerned solely with ways of enriching his treasury," and was "greatly inclined toward strangers and foreign nations".

Following the Qing revocation of the private trade ban in 1684, Chinese immigration to Siam steadily increased, particularly following the massive Southern Chinese famines of the early 18th century. Approximately 20,000 Chinese lived in Siam in the 1730s^[b] and were prominent in the city of Ayutthaya and were a prominent faction within the Siamese court by 1767.^[38]

When King Taksin, himself the son of a Chinese immigrant, ruled Thailand, King Taksin actively encouraged Chinese immigration and trade. Chinese settlers came to Siam in large numbers.^[39] Immigration continued over the following years, and the Chinese population in Thailand jumped from 230,000 in 1825 to 792,000 by 1910. By 1932, approximately 12.2 percent of the population of Thailand was Chinese.^[40]

The early Chinese immigration consisted almost entirely of men who did not bring women. Therefore, it became common for male Chinese immigrants to marry local Thai women. The children of such relationships were called Sino-Thai^[41] or luk-jin (ลูกจีน) in Thai.^[42] These Chinese-Thai intermarriages declined somewhat in the early 20th century, when significant numbers of Chinese women also began immigrating to Thailand.

Economic recession and unemployment forced many men to leave China for Thailand in search of work to seek wealth. If successful, they sent money back to their families in China. Many Chinese immigrants prospered under the "

The local Chinese community had long dominated domestic commerce and had served as agents for royal trade monopolies. With the rise of European economic influence, however, many Chinese shifted to opium trafficking and tax collecting, both of which were despised occupations.

From 1882 to 1917, nearly 13,000 to 34,000 Chinese legally entered Thailand per year, mostly settling in

The Chinese in Thailand also suffered discrimination between the 1930s and 1950s under the military dictatorship of Prime Minister Plaek Phibunsongkhram (in spite of having part-Chinese ancestry himself),^[45] which allied itself with the Empire of Japan. The Primary Education Act of 1932 made the Thai language the compulsory medium of education, but as a result of protests from Thai Chinese, by 1939, students were allowed two hours per week of Mandarin instruction.^[44] State corporations took over commodities such as rice, tobacco, and petroleum and Chinese businesses found themselves subject to a range of new taxes and controls. By 1970, more than 90 percent of the Chinese born in Thailand never have Chinese or Taiwanese citizenship with Thai only citizenship instead. In 1975, diplomatic relations were established with China.^[46]

Culture

Intermarriage with Thais has resulted in many people who claim Thai ethnicity with Chinese ancestry.^[47] People of Chinese descent are concentrated in the coastal areas of Thailand, principally Bangkok.^[48] Considerable segments of Thailand's academic, business, and political elites are of Chinese descent.^[5]

Language

Today, nearly all ethnic Chinese in Thailand speak Central Thai exclusively (even in Isan, Northern Thailand and Southern Thailand as well).^[c] Only elderly Chinese immigrants still speak their native varieties of Chinese. The rapid and successful assimilation of Thai Chinese has been celebrated in contemporary literature such as "Letters from Thailand" (Thai: จดหมายจากเมืองไทย) by a Thai Chinese author Botan.^[49] In the modern Thai language there are many signs of Chinese influence.

The rise of China's prominence on the global economic stage has prompted many Thai Chinese business families to see Mandarin as a beneficial asset in partaking in economic links and conducting business between Thailand and Mainland China, with some families encouraging their children to learn Mandarin in order to reap the benefits of their ethnic Chinese identity and the increasing role of Mandarin as a prominent language of Overseas Chinese business communities.[15]^{: 184–185 [18]: 59 [15]: 179 [52]: 55} However, equally there are many Thais, regardless of their ethnic background who study Chinese in order to boost their business and career opportunities, rather than due to reasons of ethnic identity, with some sending their children to newly established Mandarin language schools.^{[15]: 184–185}

Trade and industry

Forbes list of billionaires as 205th in the world and 3rd in the nation, with an estimated net worth of US$5 billion.^[76]

Amounting to roughly 15 percent of Thailand's population, the Thai Chinese own approximately 85 percent of the nation's entire economy.

Thai stock exchange.^[53][54] With 80% of Thailand's market capital under Chinese hands, many Thai entrepreneurs and investors of Chinese ancestry were at the forefront of the establishing the country's most prominent wholesale trading cooperatives owned by traders, merchants, and brokers flush with private equity and venture capital bearing connections to some of Thailand's wealthiest business families.^[78][54] 10 Thai business families of Chinese ancestry control half of the all corporate assets in the country.^[79] 50 Thai business families of Chinese ancestry control the country's entire corporate sectors equivalent to 81–90 percent of the overall market capitalization of the entire Thai economy.^{[80][81][82][55][83][84][85][11]: 10 [86][87][88]}

British

extractive industries such as tin mining, logging and sawmilling, rice milling, as well as the construction of ports and railways that would usher in Thailand's modern transportation industry.^[52]: 48 Though the Chinese were acknowledged for their industriousness, they were nonetheless scorned by many. In the late 19th century, a British official in Siam said that "the Chinese are the Jews of Siam ... by judicious use of their business faculties and their powers of combination, they hold the Siamese in the palm of their hand."^[92] In addition, Chinese millers and rice traders were blamed for an economic recession that gripped Siam for nearly a decade after 1905.^[90] Large waves of Han Chinese immigration occurred in the nineteenth and early in the twentieth century, peaking in the 1920s from southern China who was eager to make money and return to their families. By the end of the nineteenth century, the Chinese would lose their control of foreign trade to the European colonial powers and began to act as compradors for Western trading cooperatives. Thais of Chinese ancestry also entered extraction intensive industries such as tin mining, teak-cutting, saw milling, rice-milling, as well as fostered the modernization of the Thai transportation sector through the construction of ports and railways.^[93]

By the early 20th century, the resident Chinese community in Bangkok was sizable, amounting to a third of the capital's population.

Japanese ally was at war with China.^[94]

After

state-owned enterprises.^[99] Thais of Chinese ancestry provided the impetus for Thailand's industrialization, transforming the Thai economy into an export-oriented, trade-based economy with a global reach.^[61]: 261 Over the next several decades, internationalization and capitalist market-oriented policies led to the dramatic emergence of a massive export-oriented, large-scale manufacturing sector, which in turn catapulted Thailand into joining the Tiger Cub Economies.^[100] Virtually all the industrial manufacturing and import-export shipping firms establishments including the auto manufacturing behemoth Siam Motors are Chinese controlled.^[100][91] In the years between World War I and World War II, Thailand's major exports, rice, tin, rubber, and timber were under Chinese hands.^[101] Despite their small numbers as compared to the another Thai population, the Thai Chinese controlled virtually every line of business, ranging from small retail trade to large industries. Comprising merely ten percent of the population, the Chinese dominated over four-fifths of the country's vital rice, tin, rubber, and timber exports, and virtually controlled the country's entire wholesale and retail trade.^[102] By 1924, Thais of Chinese ancestry controlled one-third of all the sawmills in Bangkok. Market gardening, sugar production (The Chinese introduced the sugar industry to Thailand), and fish exporting was also dominated by the Chinese.^[103][104] Virtually all of the newly minted manufacturing establishments were Chinese controlled. Despite failed Thai affirmative action-based policies in the 1930s to economically empower the impoverished other Thais majority, 70 percent of retailing outlets and 80 to 90 percent of rice mills remained Chinese-controlled.^[105] A survey of Thailand's roughly seventy most powerful business groups found that all but three were owned by Thai Chinese.^[106][107] Although Bangkok has its own Chinatown, Chinese economic influence is much more pervasive and subtle throughout the city. With Bangkok's Thai Chinese clan associations are prominent throughout the city as the family clans are major property holders and retain ownership of all the non-profit Chinese-operated schools.^[55] With Bangkok being the testament that reflected the extent of Chinese influence on Thailand's economic life, virtually all of Bangkok's most successful business elites are of pure Han Chinese or at least of partial Han Chinese ancestry.^[108] Thai entrepreneurs and investors of Chinese ancestry who control much of Thai industry, are seen as a wellspring of upfront private equity and venture capital that serve as chief financial backers behind Thailand's latest investment developments including funding Thailand's newest construction projects in addition to financing the country's state-of-the-art telecommunications sector,^[108] as Thai entrepreneurs of Chinese ancestry are the key power players behind Thailand's telecommunications industry, being at the forefront of several well-known Thai telecom operators such as the Shinawatra telecommunications group, True Corporation, Jasmine, Ucom, and Samar.^[109] Kukrit Pramoj, the aristocratic former prime minister and distant relative of the Thai royal family, once said that most Thais had a Chinese relative "hanging somewhere on their family tree."^[110][111] By the 1930s, the Thai Chinese minority dominated construction, industrial manufacturing, publishing, shipping, finance, commerce, and every industry in the country, minor, and major.^[91] Among the minor industries that they presided were food vending, salt, tobacco, port, and bird's nest concessions.^[112][113] Among the major lucrative industries, the Chinese involved in shipping, rice milling, rubber and tin manufacturing, teak logging, and petroleum drilling.^[112]

By the late-1950s, Thais of Chinese ancestry comprised 70 percent of Bangkok's business owners and senior business managers, and 90 percent of the shares in Thai corporations were said to be held by Thai investors of Chinese ancestry.

banking, and finance, and the wholesale trading industries.^[55] In Central Siam, Thai businessmen and investors of Chinese ancestry control the entirety of the area's residential and commercial real estate and raw land.^[112] The Thai Chinese (mainly of Yunnanese origin) also cornered Chiangmai's lucrative gem industry and ended up owning much of the city's fruit orchards, restaurants, and retail shops while profiting handsomely off of the city's land boom that occurred throughout the late 1980s.^[133] During the 1980s, Thai-Chinese business groups controlled 37 out of the 100 largest companies in the nation; with much of the wealth merely concentrated in the hands of five Teochew families.^[77] In the 1990s, among the top ten Thai businesses in terms of sales, nine of them were Chinese-owned with only Siam Cement being the sole firm that was not Chinese-owned.^[103][134] Following the 1997 Asian financial crisis, structural reforms imposed by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) on Indonesia and Thailand led to the loss of many monopolistic positions long held by the Thai Chinese business elite.^[135] In spite of the financial and economic downturn, Thais of Chinese ancestry were still estimated to own 65 percent of the total banking assets, 60 percent of the national trade, 90 percent of all local investments in the commercial sector, 90 percent of all local investments in the manufacturing sector, and 50 percent of all local investments in the banking and financial services sector.^{[118][136][137]}

With the

British Telecom since making its foray into the Thai telecommunications industry.^[142] Mainland China's most exclusive golf and country clubs, were established and owned by a Thai business tycoon of Chinese ancestry, Chanchai Rouyrungruen (operator of Red Bull drink business in China). It is cited as the most popular golf course in Asia. In 2008, Chanchai became the first owner of a business jet in Mainland China.^[143] Anand's Saha-Union, Thailand's leading industrial group, have so far invested over US$1.5 billion in China, and is operating more than 11 power plants in three of China's provinces. With over other 30 businesses in China, the company employs approximately 7000 Chinese workers.^[139] Central Group, Thailand's largest operator of shopping centers (and owner of Italy's leading high-end department store, La Rinascente) with US$3.5 billion in annual sales was established by the Chirathivats, a Thai business family of Chinese ancestry, have created three new large scale department store branches in China.^[139]

According to Thai historian, Dr. Wasana Wongsurawat, the Thai political elite has remained in power by employing a simple two-part strategy: first, secure the economic base by cultivating the support of the Thai business elites of Chinese ancestry; second, align with the dominant global geopolitical power of the day. As of 2020[update], increasingly, that power is China.^[94] As the Chinese economic might grew, the Thai hill tribes and aborigines were gradually driven out into poorer land on the hills, on the rural outskirts of major Thai cities or into the mountains. The increased economic clout wielded by Thai Chinese has triggered distrust, resentment, and Anti-Chinese sentiment among the poorer working and underclass other Thais, many of whom engage in rural agrarian rice peasantry in stark socioeconomic contrast to their modern, wealthier, and cosmopolitan middle and upper class Chinese counterparts.^[144]

Religion

First-generation Chinese immigrants were followers of

Theravada Buddhism has since become the religion of many ethnic Chinese in Thailand, especially among assimilated Chinese. Many Chinese in Thailand commonly combine certain practices of Chinese folk religion with Theravada Buddhism due to the openness and tolerance of Buddhism.^[145] Major Chinese festivals such as Chinese New Year, Mid-Autumn Festival and Qingming are widely celebrated, especially in Bangkok, Phuket, and other parts of Thailand where there are large Chinese populations.^[146] There are several prominent Buddhist monks with Chinese ancestry like the well-known Buddhist reformer, Buddhadasa Bhikkhu and the former abbot of Wat Saket, Somdet Kiaw

.

The

Chinese mediums will perform mortification of the flesh to exhibit the power of the Deities, and the rites and rituals seen are devoted to the veneration of various Deities. Such idiosyncratic traditions were developed during the 19th century in Phuket by the local Chinese with influences from Thai culture.^[147]

In the north, there is a small minority of Chinese Muslims known as Chin Ho. They are mainly the descendants of Hui people migrated from Yunnan, China. There are seven Chinese mosques in Chiang Mai.^[148] The best known is the Ban Ho Mosque.

In addition, Thai Chinese also have some customs that are different from the mainland China, such as not eating beef, especially among elderly who worship Guanyin, etc.^[149]

Dialect groups

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The vast majority of Thai Chinese belong to various southern Chinese dialect groups. Of these, 56 percent are

Nanyang (the Chinese term for Southeast Asia used at the time) in the early to mid-20th century due to famine and civil war in the southern Chinese provinces of Guangdong (Teochew, Cantonese and Hakka groups), Hainan (Hainanese), Guangxi (Cantonese group) and Fujian

(Hokkien, Hockchew and Henghua groups).

Teochew

Traditionally, the Teochews comprise a majority population of coastal provinces like Bangkok, Chonburi and Chachoengsao until the 1950s, in which later it was overwhelmed by Central Thai internal immigrants. Many of Thai military commanders as well as politicians come from Teochew backgrounds, while others were involved in trade. During the reign of King Taksin, some influential Teochew traders were granted certain privileges. These prominent traders were called "royal Chinese" (Jin-luang or จีนหลวง in Thai).

Hakka

Hakkas are mainly concentrated around

Kiatnakin Bank

.

Cantonese

The Cantonese predominantly came from

Yala Province they are more popularly known as Kwongsai in which they are distinguished from the fellow kinsmen from Guangdong province despite sharing the same native dialect (Thai

: กวางไส, 廣西; literally: Western Canton).

Hokkien

Hokkiens or Hoklos are a dominant group of Chinese particularly in the south of Thailand, mostly can trace their ancestry from

Songkhla Province. Some Hokkiens live in Bangkok traces their ancestry from Zhangzhou, like Aiyawatt Srivaddhanaprabha

.

Hainanese

Hainanese people is another prominent Thai Chinese group which are mainly concentrated in Bangkok, Samui and some central provinces. Notable Hainanese Thai families include the Chirathivat family of Central Group and the Yoovidhya family of Krating Daeng, while politicians from this dialect group include Boonchu Rojanastien, Pote Sarasin, Banyat Bantadtan, Jurin Laksanawisit and Sondhi Limthongkul.

Fuzhou, Fuqing, and Hockchew dialects

This dialect group is the smallest among the ethnic Chinese populace and are found in places such as Chandi located in Nakhon Si Thammarat province as well as in other provinces such as Chumphon (Lamae and Map Ammarit villages) and also Rayong province (in the settlement of Ban Chandi, which was renamed after their main population centre of Chandi in Southern Thailand as a result of internal immigration and resettlement) as well as a lesser extent a pocket of them being internal migrants residing in Bangkok as well as Central Thailand (surrounding provinces of the capital, Bangkok), they trace their ancestries back to Fuzhou and Ningde towns of northern Fujian province, China.

Peranakan

Some ethnic Chinese living in the Malay-dominated provinces in the far south use

Phang Nga Provinces.^[151] In modern sense, Peranakan are not Thai Chinese, because Peranakan speak Southern Thai, while Thai Chinese in Southern Thailand speak Central Thai, known as Leangkaluang (Thai

: แหลงข้าหลวง).

Family names

Almost all Thai-Chinese or Sino-Thais, especially those who came to Thailand before the 1950s, only use

Rama VI as a condition of Thai citizenship. The few retaining native Chinese surnames are either recent immigrants or resident aliens. For some immigrants who settled in Southern Thailand before the 1950s, it was common to simply prefix Sae- (from Chinese: 姓, 'family name') to a transliteration of their name to form the new family name; Wanlop Saechio's last name thus derived from the Hainanese 周 and Chanin Sae-ear's last name is from Hokkien 楊. Sae is also used by Hmong people in Thailand. In 1950s-1970s Chinese immigrants had that surname in Thailand, although Chinese immigrants to Thailand after the 1970s use their Chinese family names without Sae- therefore these people didn't recognize as Sino-Thais like Thai celebrity, Thassapak Hsu's last name is Mandarin's surname 徐

.

Sino-Thai surnames are often distinct from those of the other-Thai population, with generally longer names mimicking those of high officials and upper-class Thais

simp. 马, lit. 'horse'). Similarly, the Lim in Sondhi Limthongkul's and Pita Limjaroenrat's name is the pronunciation of the name Lin (林). For an example, see the background of the Vejjajiva Palace name.^[153] Note that the latter-day Royal Thai General System of Transcription

would transcribe it as Wetchachiwa and that the Sanskrit-derived name refers to 'medical profession'.

Notable figures

Royalty

King Taksin the Great	King Rama I
Princess Consort Indrasakdi Sachi

• King Taksin of Thonburi, son of a Teochew Chinese father migrant gambler or trader and a Thai mother^[154]
• King Rama I, son of "a beautiful daughter of a mix of Chinese and Thai family in Ayutthaya"^[155]
• Indrasakdi Sachi, Princess consort of Siam
• Queen Suthida, Queen consort of Thailand

Prime Ministers

Kon Hutasingha	Thawan Thamrongnawasawat	Kriangsak Chamanan
Chatichai Choonhavan	Chuan Leekpai	Banharn Silpa-archa
Yingluck Shinawatra	Samak Sundaravej	Srettha Thavisin

Thai Chinese Prime Ministers:

20th century

Kon Hutasingha,^[156] Phot Phahonyothin,^[157][158] Plaek Phibunsongkhram,^[159] Seni Pramoj,^[160] Pridi Banomyong,^[161][162] Thawan Thamrongnawasawat,^[163][164] Pote Sarasin,^[165] Thanom Kittikachorn,^[166] Sarit Thanarat,^{[167][168][169]} Kukrit Pramoj,^[160] Thanin Kraivichien,^[170] Kriangsak Chamanan,^[171] Chatichai Choonhavan,^[172][173] Anand Panyarachun,^[174][175] Suchinda Kraprayoon,^{[176][177][178]} Chuan Leekpai,^[7][179] Banharn Silpa-archa,^[180] Chavalit Yongchaiyudh,^[181]

21st century

Thaksin Shinawatra,^[182] Samak Sundaravej,^[183] Yingluck Shinawatra,^[182] Abhisit Vejjajiva,^[184][185] Srettha Thavisin.^[186]

Cabinet and governors

• Boonchu Rojanastien, Banker, Deputy Prime Minister, Finance Minister.
• Chitchai Wannasathit, Minister of Justice, Acting Prime Minister.
• Pao Sarasin, Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Interior.
• Chavarat Charnvirakul, Acting Prime Minister of Thailand, Deputy Prime Minister, Minister of Social Development and Human Security and Minister of Interior.
• Bhichai Rattakul, World President of Rotary International, Deputy Prime Minister, Speaker of the National Assembly, Minister of Foreign Affairs.
• Kalaya Sophonpanich, Minister of Science and Technology.
• Bhichit Rattakul, Governor of Bangkok and Businessman.
• Kanchana Silpa-archa, Deputy Minister of Education.
• Apirak Kosayodhin, Governor of Bangkok, CEO of True Corporation.
• Varawut Silpa-archa, Minister of Social Development and Human Security and Minister of Natural Resources and Environment.
• Anutin Charnvirakul, Deputy Prime Minister, Minister of Interior and Minister of Public Health.

Business and entrepreneur

• Chin Sophonpanich, Banker that founded the Bangkok Bank and Bangkok Insurance.
• Chaleo Yoovidhya, Billionaire inventor of Red Bull.
• Vanich Chaiyawan, Billionaire and chairman of Thai Life Insurance, the second-largest life insurer in Thailand.
• Prasert Prasarttong-Osoth, founder and owner of Bangkok Dusit Medical Services, Thailand's largest private health care group, and the owner of Bangkok Airways.
• CP Group
  .
• Charoen Sirivadhanabhakdi, Billionaire business magnate and investor.
• Bangkok Broadcasting & Television Company
  .
• Chalerm Yoovidhya, Billionaire Businessman and heir to the Red Bull fortune.
• Vichai Srivaddhanaprabha, Billionaire founder, owner and chairman of King Power.
• Chartsiri Sophonpanich, Billionaire President of Bangkok Bank.
• Panthongtae Shinawatra, founding Billionaire of Voice TV.
• Aiyawatt Srivaddhanaprabha, youngest Billionaire of Asia.

Others

Buddhadasa Bhikkhu

• Pita Limjaroenrat, politician, and businessman. He served as the leader of the Move Forward Party.
• Atthaya Thitikul, professional golfer
• Chang and Eng Bunker, famous conjoined twins.
• Bundit Ungrangsee, symphonic conductor.
• Apichatpong Weerasethakul, award-winning film director.
• Buddhadasa Bhikkhu
  , famous and influential Buddhist reformist monk.
• Thai House of Representatives
  .
• Parit Wacharasindhu, politician and television host.
• Joey Boy, hip hop singer and producer.
• Puttichai Kasetsin, actor, DJ, television host.
• Tanutchai Wijitwongthong, actor.
• Chalida Vijitvongthong, actress.
• Utt Panichkul, actor, host, television presenter.
• Nichkhun, singer rapper.
• James Ma, actor and model.
• Vachirawit Chivaaree, actor and singer.
• Metawin Opas-iamkajorn, actor.
• Yuenyong Opakul
  , singer, musician, record producer.
• Ten, singer and dancer.
• BamBam, Boy Band rapper, record producer
• Sophida Kanchanarin, model , Beauty Queen , Miss Universe Thailand 2018 .

See also

• Kian Un Keng Shrine (建安宮)
• Wat Mangkon Kamalawat (龍蓮寺)
• Wat Bamphen Chin Phrot (永福寺)
• Leng Buai Ia Shrine (龍尾古廟)
• Gong Wu Shrine
• San Chaopho Suea (Sao Chingcha) (打惱路玄天上帝廟)
• Wat San Chao Chet
  (七聖媽廟)
• Chao Mae Thapthim Shrine
  (水尾聖娘廟)
• Thian Fah Foundation Hospital (天華醫院)
• Poh Teck Tung Foundation
• Lim Ko Niao (林姑娘)
• Chow Yam-nam (White Dragon King)
• China–Thailand relations
• Racism in Thailand
• Chinese folk religion in Southeast Asia
• Burmese Chinese
• Chinese Koreans
• English Americans

Notes

1. ^ It is generally used to differentiate between Central Thai when they each call themselves Thais.^{[citation needed]}
2. ^ According to a French missionary.
3. ^ In Southern Thai, ethnic Chinese known as Leangkaluang (Southern Thai: แหลงข้าหลวง lit:Central Thai speakers)

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158. ^ ทายาทพระยาพหลฯ เล่าถึงคณะราษฎรในความทรงจำ ทั้งชีวิตยอมปฏิวัติ 24 มิ.ย.ได้ครั้งเดียว. Prachatai (in Thai). 30 June 2012. Retrieved 17 April 2017.
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Further reading

• Chansiri, Disaphol (2008). The Chinese Émigrés of Thailand in the Twentieth Century. Cambria Press.
• Chantavanich, Supang (1997). Leo Suryadinata (ed.). From Siamese-Chinese to Chinese-Thai: Political Conditions and Identity Shifts among the Chinese in Thailand. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. pp. 232–259. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
• Tong Chee Kiong; Chan Kwok Bun, eds. (2001). Alternate Identities: The Chinese of Contemporary Thailand. Times Academic Press.
  ISBN 981-210-142-X
  .
• Skinner, G. William. Leadership and Power in the Chinese Community in Thailand. Ithaca (Cornell University Press), 1958.
• Sng, Jeffery; Bisalputra, Pimpraphai (2015). A History of the Thai-Chinese. Editions Didier Millet.
  ISBN 978-981-4385-77-0
  .
• Wongsurawat, Wasana (October 2019). The Crown and the Capitalists; The Ethnic Chinese and the Founding of the Thai Nation. Critical Dialogues in Southeast Asian Studies (Paper ed.). Seattle: University of Washington Press.
  ISBN 9780295746241
  . Retrieved 30 April 2020.

External links

• Dr. Wasana Wongsurawat lectures about her book The Crown and the Capitalists; The Ethnic Chinese and the Founding of the Thai Nation, 15 January 2020 (video)
• Thai-Chinese chamber of commerce
• Thai Chinese.net (archived 25 February 2021)
• (in Thai) Thai Chinese.net

Associations

• The Chinese Association in Thailand (Chong Hua)
• Teochew Association of Thailand (archived 2 November 2007)
• Hakka Association of Thailand
• (in Thai) Thai Hainan Trade association of Thailand (archived 22 December 2007)
• Fujian Association of Thailand (archived 21 November 2007)

Miscellaneous

• Thai Chinese BBS (archived 14 April 2003)
• Assessment for Chinese in Thailand (archived 21 September 2005)
• Anti-Chinese Labor riot of 1924, & bottom of page, how Thai Army suppressed 1889 riot between Chinese triads Tang Kong Xi (Teochew) and Siew Li Kue (Fujian) (archived 6 January 2009)
• Why do Thais have long surnames? (archived 22 July 2012)

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