Royal Thai Navy

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Thai Navy
)
"Royal Siamese Navy" redirects here. For the pre-modern forces, see History of the Thai armed forces before 1852.

Royal Thai Navy
กองทัพเรือ
Flag
Naval jack and unit colour
Naval ensign
Fin flash

The Royal Thai Navy (

Sattahip
Naval Base.

The navy operates three naval area commands (NAC): Northern Gulf of Thailand (First NAC); Southern Gulf of Thailand (Second NAC); and the Andaman Sea (Indian Ocean) (Third NAC). RTN also has two air wings and one flying unit on its aircraft carrier.

History

Main article: Military history of Thailand
Chulachomklao Fort firing on French ships

Ancient era

Further information: Sukhothai Kingdom and Ayutthaya Kingdom

The military history of

Burma and Vietnam, and periods of conflict with Britain and France during the colonial era.[2]

The naval arm of the army consisted mainly of

riverine war craft whose mission was to control the Chao Phraya River
and protect ships carrying the army to battle. The warships carried up to 30 musketeers, a large number of rowers and a front 6 or 12-pounder cannons or no guns at all.

The Siamese navy was also supported by Chinese immigrants, mostly in

Chantaburi. During the era of Taksin the Great, his army successfully sieged the old capital of Ayutthaya with the help of the Chinese shipwrights who are masters of building war junks
, which carried more guns than riverine warcrafts.

Vietnamese-Siamese war

Further information: Siamese–Vietnamese War (1841–1845)

The timeline of emergence of a Siamese sea fleet is unknown. Most of its sailors were foreign, such as Cham, Malay, and Chinese. It is assumed that in this era, Ships designs changed from shallow draft Chinese junk (Reu-Sam-Pau/Reụ̄x s̄ảp̣heā) to deeper draft Kam-pan and sloop; with a short period of copied Vietnamese junks. The most prominent naval battle was at Vàm Nao River.

Franco-Siamese crisis

The

Paknam.[3]: 259  In the ensuing battle, France prevailed and blockaded Bangkok.[3]: 263  Peace was restored on 3 October 1893 after the British put pressure on both the Siamese and French to reach a negotiated settlement.[4]
: 127 

World War I

Main article: Siam in World War I
The Siamese Expeditionary Force, Paris, 1919

The First World War had no direct impact on

Rama VI to strengthen his country's position in the international arena. He also used the war as a means to promote the concept of a Siamese nation.[2][5]

Siamese sailors were part of a volunteer expeditionary force, consisting of medical, motor transport, and aviation detachments.[6] By early-1918, 1,284 men were selected from thousands of volunteers. The force was commanded by Major General Phraya Bhijai Janriddhi and was sent to France.[7]

After World War I

Franco-Thai War

The

Ko Chang
shortly after the French departed and took the Thonburi in tow, before purposefully running her aground in Laem Ngop.

HTMS Thonburi, 1938

The French suffered 11 men killed. During the post-action investigations, the Thai Navy claimed, based on statements by Thai sailors and the fisherman around Ko Chang and merchantmen in

Saigon, that heavy damage was seen to have been caused to the French ship Lamotte-Picquet and her squadron. The battle was a tactical victory by the French Navy over the Thai Navy although the strategic result is disputed. The Japanese intervened diplomatically and mediated a ceasefire.[9]
Within a month of the engagement, the French and the Thais had negotiated a peace that ended the war.

World War II

Main article: Thailand in World War II
Kobe Port
, 1938

During World War II, Siam allied with Japan after Japan invaded Siam on 8 December 1941.[10] Thailand officially joined the war in January 1942.

Thai submarines saw service throughout

Bangkok Electricity Authority, the Matchanu and Wirun anchored at the Bangkok Dock Company and served as power generators for one of Bangkok's tram lines.[12]

Manhattan Rebellion

HTMS Sri Ayudhya

During the Manhattan Rebellion of 1951, the navy was involved in a failed coup against Prime Minister Plaek Phibunsongkhram which led to the sinking of flagship HTMS Sri Ayudhya.[13]

Vietnam War

In support of South Vietnam and its allies during the Vietnam War, two Thai naval vessels supported ground forces with naval bombardments.[14]

Later years

HTMS Chakri Naruebet

The navy's combat forces include the Royal Fleet and the Royal Thai Marine Corps. The 130 vessels of the Royal Fleet include frigates equipped with surface-to-air missiles, fast attack craft armed with surface-to-surface missiles, large coastal patrol craft, coastal minelayers, coastal minesweepers, landing craft, and training ships.

The mission space of the Thailand navy includes rivers and the Gulf of Thailand and the Indian Ocean, which are separated by the Kra Isthmus. Naval affairs are directed by the country's most senior admiral from his Bangkok headquarters. The naval commander in chief is supported by staff groups that plan and administer such activities as logistics, education and training, and various special services. The headquarters general staff function like the corresponding staffs in the Royal Thai Army army and Royal Thai Air Force command structures.

Command and control

Royal Thai Navy HQ on Arun Amarin Road, Bangkok
Main article:
List of Commanders of the Royal Thai Navy

The Royal Thai Navy is commanded by the

Commander-in-Chief
of the Royal Thai Navy, currently, Admiral Adung Phan-iam, who was appointed in 2023. The Royal Thai Navy headquarters is in Bangkok.

  • Commander-in-Chief, Royal Thai Navy: Admiral Adung Phan-iam
  • Deputy Commander-in-Chief, Royal Thai Navy: Admiral Suwin Jangyodsuk
  • President, Royal Thai Navy Advisory Group: Admiral Kowit Inprom
  • Assistant Commander-in-Chief, Royal Thai Navy: Admiral Chonlathit Navanukroh
  • Chief of Staff, Royal Thai Navy: Admiral Worawut Pruksarungruang
  • Commander-in-Chief, Royal Thai Fleet: Admiral Chatchai Thongsaat

Naval Area Commands

Naval Area Commands

Royal Thai Navy is located in Thailand
Sattahip Naval Base
Sattahip Naval Base
Bangkok Naval Base
Bangkok Naval Base
Phangnga Naval Base
Phangnga Naval Base
Songkhla Naval Base
Songkhla Naval Base
Phuket Naval Base
Phuket Naval Base
Samui Naval Base
Samui Naval Base
Trat Naval Base
Trat Naval Base
class=notpageimage|
Thai Navy Bases District Forces

The Royal Thai Navy operates three naval area commands:

District forces

Organization

Naval Headquarters Naval Fleet Naval Logistics Support Group Naval Education, Research and Development Group Naval Task Forces Other units

Naval Headquarters

  • Naval Secretariat Department
  • Naval Administration Department
  • Naval Personnel Department
  • Naval Intelligence Department
  • Naval Operations Department
  • Naval Logistics Department
  • Naval Communications and Information Technology department
  • Naval Civil Affairs Department
  • Office of the Naval Comptroller
  • Naval Finance Department
  • Naval Inspector General
  • Naval Internal Audit Office
  • Naval Acquisition Management Office
  • Judge Advocate General of the Royal Thai Navy
  • Office of Security Coordination with the Internal Security Operations Command, Royal Thai Navy
  • Royal Thai Fleet
    • Patrol Squadron
    • 1st Frigate Squadron (FS1)
    • 2nd Frigate Squadron (FS2)
    • Helicopter Carrier Squadron (HCS)
    • Submarine Squadron (SS)
    • Mine Squadron (MS)
    • Amphibious and Combat Support Service Squadron (ACSSS)
    • Coast Guard Squadron (CGS)
    • Riverine Squadron (RS)
    • Royal Thai Naval Air Division (RTNAD)
    • Naval Special Warfare Command (NSWC)
    • Fleet Training Command (FTC)
    • Fleet Support Division (SD)
  • First Naval Area Command
    • Bangkok Naval Base
    • Sattahip Naval Base
  • Ship Repair Facilities, Sattahip Naval Base
  • Sattahip Commercial Port, Royal Thai Navy
  • Naval Music Division
  • Second Naval Area Command
    • Songkhla Naval Base
  • Third Naval Area Command
    • Phang Nga Naval Base
  • Royal Thai Marine Corps (RTMC)
  • Air and Coastal Defence Command
     (ACDC)
  • Naval Military Police Regiment (NMPR)
  • Phra Chulachomklao Fort
  • Royal Thai Navy Counter-Piracy Task Group
  • Royal Thai Naval Dockyard (RTND)
  • Naval Electronics Department (NED)
  • Naval Public Works Department (NPWD)
  • Naval Ordnance Department (NORDD)
  • Naval Supply Department (NSD)
  • Naval Medical Department (NMD)
  • Naval Transportation Department (NTD)
  • Naval Hydrographic Department (HD)
  • Naval Welfare Department (NWD)
  • Naval Science Department (NScD)
  • Naval Education Department (NED)
    • Naval Command and Staff College (NCSC)
    • Naval Line Officers School (LOS)
    • Naval Rating School (NRS)
    • Naval Non Commissioned Officers School (NCOS)
    • Naval Recruit Training Center (RTC)
    • Royal Thai Navy Language Center (RTNLC)
    • Naval Strategic Studies Center (NSSC)
  • Royal Thai Naval Academy (RTNA)
  • Naval Research and Development Office (NRDO)
  • Mekong Riverine Unit
  • Chanthaburi and Trat Border Defense Command, Royal Thai Marine Corps
  • Thai Maritime Enforcement Command Center
  • 1st Naval Area Command Maritime Enforcement Command Center
  • 2nd Naval Area Command Maritime Enforcement Command Center
  • 3rd Naval Area Command Maritime Enforcement Command Center
  • Border Patrol Flotilla
  • Naval Operations Center
  • Thai Volunteers for National Defense at Sea Center
  • Royal Thai Navy Command Center
  • Klai Kangwon Palace Watch Keeping Group
  • Southern Thailand Operations Force
  • Southern Thailand Air Task Unit
  • Andaman Sea Operations Force
  • Andaman Sea Operations Group
  • Thai-Myanmar Border Fishery Coordination Center
  • Thai Maritime Enforcement Coordinating Center
  • Thai Maritime Enforcement Directorate Center
  • U-Tapao International Airport
  • Navy Disaster Relief Center
  • Plutaluang Royal Thai Navy Golf Course
  • Salaya Navy Golf Course
  • Navy Welfare Coordination Center
  • Naval Supply Center, Naval Supply Department


Royal Thai Naval Dockyard

The Naval Dockyard was on Arun amarin Road, Siriraj Subdistrict, Bangkoknoi District, Bangkok. It has constructed and repaired ships since the reign of

Chonburi Province
.

Thai offshore patrol vessel HTMS Krabi

Royal Thai Marine Corps

The

Mekong River during skirmishes with the Pathet Lao, a communist political movement and organisation in Laos.[16]

Royal Thai Marine Corps conduct amphibious assault training

Thai Marines today are responsible for border security in

Nakhon Phanom Province. They serve in 2019 in the southern border provinces currently affected by the South Thailand insurgency
. A monument to their valor stands at the Royal Thai Navy base at Sattahip.

Marine special force

The RTMC Reconnaissance Battalion, known as "RECON", is a reconnaissance battalion. It falls under the command of the Royal Thai Marine Division.[17][18] The mission of Reconnaissance Battalion is to provide task forces to conduct amphibious reconnaissance, ground reconnaissance, battlespace shaping operations, raids, and specialized insertion and extraction.[19][20]

Naval Special Warfare Command

Royal Thai Navy SEALs

The Naval Special Warfare Command was set up as an underwater demolition assault unit in 1956 with the assistance of the US.[21] A small element of the Navy SEALs has been trained to conduct maritime counter-terrorism missions. The unit has close ties with the United States Navy SEALs and conducts regular joint training exercises.

Most of the operations of the Navy SEALs are highly sensitive and are rarely divulged to the public. Navy SEALs have been used to gather intelligence along the Thai border during times of heightened tension.[22] Navy SEALs have participated in anti-piracy operations in the Gulf of Thailand.[22]

Thai Navy SEALs participated in the

Chiang Rai Province in July 2018. One former Navy SEAL died in the rescue effort.[23]

Air and Coastal Defence Command

The

Songkhla, was formed the following year. Some analysts believe that this element will eventually grow to a strength of up to 15,000 personnel.[24]

Royal Thai Naval Air Division

Fokker27-MK 400
Royal Thai Navy Sikorsky S-76B
SH-70B Seahawk
Main article: Royal Thai Naval Air Division

The RTN recently has two air wings and one Flying Unit of aircraft carrier

Phuket
. The First Royal Thai Navy wing has three squadrons; the Second Royal Thai Navy wing has three squadrons and another wing for HTMS Chakri Naruebet Flying Unit.

Squadron Status Role Type Aircraft Number
The First Royal Thai Navy wing
101 Active SAR Maritime patrol aircraft Dornier 228 7[25]
102 Active ASuW and ASW Maritime patrol aircraft
Fokker27-MK 200
 2[25]
103 Active Forward air control Maritime patrol aircraft Cessna 337 Super Skymaster 9
104 Inactive
The Second Royal Thai Navy wing
201 Active
Military transport
 Maritime patrol aircraft
Embraer ERJ-135LR
 2[25]
202 Active
Military transport
 Helicopter UH-1N Twin Huey
H145M 		7[25]
203 Active
Military transport
 Helicopter
SH-76B Seahawk
Super Lynx 300
 4[25]
HTMS Chakri Naruebet Flying Unit
1 Inactive
2 Active
Military transport
 Helicopter
MH-60S Knighthawk
 6[25]
2[25]

Riverine Patrol Regiment

Royal Thai Navy riverine sailors
Golden Triangle, Chiang Saen
Nakhon Nayok River

The Royal Thai Navy

Mekong Rivers and elsewhere.[26]
Royal Thai Navy Riverine Patrol detachments are stationed in several provinces:

Boat Station / Pier District Province Department
Royal Thai Navy Riverine Patrol Regiment
Riverine Patrol Regiment Pier
Bangkok Noi
  Bangkok Riverine Patrol Regiment
Chiang Saen Boat Station
Chiang Saen
  Chiang Rai Mekong Riverine Unit
Chiang Khong Boat Station
Chiang Khong
  Chiang Rai Mekong Riverine Unit
Chiang Khan Boat Station
Chiang Khan
  Loei Mekong Riverine Unit
Sangkhom Boat Station
Sangkhom
  Nong Khai Mekong Riverine Unit
Nong Khai Boat Station
Mueang Nong Khai
  Nong Khai Mekong Riverine Unit
Rattanawapi Boat Station
Rattanawapi
  Nong Khai Mekong Riverine Unit
Phon Phisai Boat Station
Phon Phisai
  Nong Khai Mekong Riverine Unit
Si Chiang Mai Boat Station
Si Chiang Mai
  Nong Khai Mekong Riverine Unit
Bueng Kan Boat Station
Mueang Bueng Kan
  Bueng Kan Mekong Riverine Unit
Ban Phaeng Boat Station
Ban Phaeng
  Nakhon Phanom Mekong Riverine Unit
Nakhon Phanom Boat Station
Mueang Nakhon Phanom
  Nakhon Phanom Mekong Riverine Unit
That Phanom Boat Station
That Phanom
  Nakhon Phanom Mekong Riverine Unit
Mukdahan Boat Station
Mueang Mukdahan
  Mukdahan Mekong Riverine Unit
Khemarat Boat Station
Khemarat
  Ubon Ratchathani Mekong Riverine Unit
Khong Chiam Boat Station
Khong Chiam
  Ubon Ratchathani Mekong Riverine Unit

Royal Thai Naval Academy

Main article: Royal Thai Naval Academy
Royal Thai Naval Academy
(1906–1952) at Phra Racha Wang Derm.

The

scholarships to study at naval academies abroad. On their return to Thailand
they start working as officers in the Royal Thai Navy straightaway.

Naval Medical Department

A Royal Thai medical nurse

The Naval Medical Department was first set up on 1 April 1890 and is headquartered at Somdech Phra Pinklao Hospital in Bangkok. It provides medical services for sailors of the Royal Thai Navy and operates a number of hospitals in Thailand including Queen Sirikit Naval Hospital in Chonburi, opened on 20 November 1995.[28]

Royal Thai Navy Music Division

A military music band of the Royal Thai Navy.

A Royal Thai Navy band has existed since the RTN was only a naval department of the Royal Thai Army. Its began with the creation of the "Naval Trumpet Band" on 10 June 1878, with the arrival of the new royal yacht Vesatri and her captain, M. Fusco, who later was one of the training instructors.

Captain Fusco had the duty to stage musicals for

King Chulalongkorn
visited Europe in 1897. The government assigned the young ensemble under the command of Captain Fusco to the Royal Yacht Maha Chakri' for the voyage to Europe. This band would later become the basis of the Royal Thai Navy Music Division of the RTN Bangkok Naval Base. Today, the RTNMD stations bands in all naval bases and installations, as well as in educational institutions.

Naval military police

Naval Military Police Regiment

The navy was the first branch of the Thai military to create a military police unit.[citation needed] The naval military police was established at the order of Marshal Admiral Paribatra Sukhumbandhu, Prince of Nakhon Sawan, who was a naval commander at that time.[29] The official founding date was on 14 December 1905 by the Department of Mechanical Ships and the Department of Naval Affairs.[29]

Equipment

Main article: List of equipment of the Royal Thai Navy
Bangkok Dock Company dockyard

The Royal Thai Navy fleet consists of ships constructed in

Bangkok Dock also have the capability to construct vessels. [30]

Humanitarian relief operations

Thailand worked with more than 60 nations in providing

help to the Nepali people following an earthquake. Operation Sahayogi Haat ('helping hands') was a US military relief operation delivering humanitarian assistance to victims of the April and May 2015 Nepal earthquakes. The Royal Thai Navy assisted relief efforts.[31] A magnitude 7.8 earthquake struck the region of Kathmandu in Nepal on 25 April 2015. Operation Sahayogi Haat for humanitarian relief operations was put into action by Joint Task Force 505 on 6 May 2015.[32][33]

Royal Barges

Main article: Royal Barge Procession

The royal barge is the type of vessel for Thailand's Royal Barge Procession, when is a ceremony of both religious and royal significance which has taken place for almost 700 years when was the earliest historical evidence of royal barges dates from the Sukhothai period (1238–1438).

cultural
and religious events.

Royal barge Narai Song Suban Ratchakan Thi Kao or the royal barge Narai Song Suban HM King Rama IX is the only barge out of four royal barges which was built under commission by the Royal Thai Navy, along with the Thai

Department of Fine Arts
.

She was built during the reign of HM King Rama IX Bhumibol Adulyadej, who laid the keel in 1994. Thus Narai Song Suban HM King Rama IX was launched on 6 May 1996 to be commissioned and coincide with the celebration of the 50 anniversary of Bhumibol Adulyadej's accession to the throne.

  • Royal Barge Narai Song Suban HM Rama IX of Thailand.
    Royal Barge Narai Song Suban HM Rama IX of Thailand.
  • Royal Barge Narai Song Suban HM Rama IX of Thailand. Dress rehearsal on 29 October 2007 for 5 November 2007 Royal Barge Procession for Royal Kathin Ceremony at Wat Arun.
    Royal Barge Narai Song Suban HM Rama IX of Thailand. Dress rehearsal on 29 October 2007 for 5 November 2007 Royal Barge Procession for Royal Kathin Ceremony at Wat Arun.

Budget

The RTN budget for FY2021 is 48,289 million baht, up from 47,050M baht in FY2020[35] and 45,485M baht in FY2019.[36]

Engagements

Rank structure

Main article: Military ranks of the Thai armed forces
Equivalent
NATO Code		 OF-10 OF-9 OF-8 OF-7 OF-6 OF-5 OF-4 OF-3 OF-2 OF-1 Cadet Officer
Officer
ranks
จอมพลเรือ พลเรือเอก พลเรือโท พลเรือตรี พลเรือจัตวา1 นาวาเอก นาวาโท นาวาตรี เรือเอก เรือโท เรือตรี นักเรียนนายเรือ
Admiral of the Fleet
 Admiral Vice Admiral Rear Admiral Commodore
or
Rear Admiral
(lower half)1 		Captain Commander Lieutenant Commander Lieutenant Lieutenant
Junior Grade 		Sub Lieutenant Midshipman
Equivalent
NATO Code		 OR-9 OR-8 OR-7 OR-6 OR-5 OR-4 OR-3 OR-1
Enlisted
ranks 		No insignia
พันจ่าเอกพิเศษ พันจ่าเอก พันจ่าโท พันจ่าตรี จ่าเอก จ่าโท จ่าตรี พลทหาร
Master Chief Petty
Officer 		Senior Chief Petty
Officer 		Chief Petty
Officer 		Petty Officer
1st class 		Petty Officer
2nd Class 		Petty Officer
3rd Class 		Seaman Seaman apprentice

See also

References

Notes

Citations

  1. ISBN 9781032508955
    .
  2. ^ a b "History of Thailand". Nations Online. Retrieved 31 August 2012.
  3. ^
    ISBN 1375627406
    . Retrieved 30 August 2018.
  4. ISBN 9789748496283
    .
  5. ^ Stearn, Duncan (22 August 2009). "Thailand and the First World War". First World War.com. Retrieved 19 July 2015.
  6. ^ Hart, Keith (1982). "A NOTE ON THE MILITARY PARTICIPATION OF SIAM IN WWI" (PDF). Journal of the Siam Society. Retrieved 19 July 2015.
  7. ^ "90th Anniversary of World War I. This Is The History of Siamese Volunteer Corps". Thai Military Information Blog. 10 November 2008. Retrieved 3 December 2014.
  8. ^ "70th Year of HTMS Thonburi Part II – The Fighting". ThaiArmedForce.com (in Thai). 17 January 2011. Retrieved 1 February 2013.
  9. ^ WatcharaYui (4 March 2010). "Battle of Koh Chang overview". thaigunship.blogspot.com. Retrieved 1 February 2013.
  10. ISBN 978-0472108060
    .
  11. ^ เรือดำน้ำกับกองทัพเรือไทย. เรือดำน้ำกับกองทัพเรือไทย (in Thai). Naval Education Department, Royal Thai Navy. Retrieved 6 February 2013.
  12. ^ Reynolds, Thailand's Secret War, 304–05 with photograph on 306.
  13. ^ Fuangrabil, Krisda (May 2007). "สู่วาระสุดท้ายของเรือหลวงศรีอยุธยา: ทหารเรือกับเหตุสำคัญของบ้านเมืองในอดีต (ตอนที่ 4)" (PDF). Nawikasat. 90 (5): 6–14.
  14. ISBN 978-981-4382-98-4
    .
  15. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n "Museum". Thai Seafarer. 26 September 2019. Retrieved 5 December 2019.
  16. ISBN 978-1855321069
    .
  17. ^ "หน่วยรบพิเศษ SPECIAL FORCE: กองพันลาดตระเวน (recon) รีคอน" (in Thai). Archived from the original on 12 February 2019. Retrieved 11 February 2019.
  18. ^ "ด่านศุลกากรนครศรีธรรมราช – Nakhonsithammarat Customs House". nakhonsithammarat.customs.go.th (in Thai). Archived from the original on 12 February 2019. Retrieved 11 February 2019.
  19. ^ "ฝึกโหด โคตรภูมิใจ! เปิดใจนักรบรีคอน เรียนเกือบตาย ได้เอาไปใช้จริงไหม". 7 February 2017. Archived from the original on 26 December 2017. Retrieved 17 February 2019.
  20. ^ "นักรบรีคอน ...ยอดคนแกร่ง นักรบเ". 8 April 2011. Archived from the original on 5 June 2013. Retrieved 17 February 2019.
  21. ^ Jomyut, Baan (28 March 2018). "การปรับตัวของไทยในยุคสงครามเย็น". www.baanjomyut.com. Retrieved 22 October 2018.
  22. ^ a b Conboy 1991, p. 52.
  23. ^ "Rescuer dies during dive in flooded Tham Luang cave". Bangkok Post. 6 July 2018. Retrieved 5 December 2019.
  24. ^ John Pike. "Air and Coastal Defense Command". Archived from the original on 24 December 2014. Retrieved 24 December 2014.
  25. ^ a b c d e f g "World Air Forces 2018" (PDF). Flight International. 28 March 2018. p. 31. Retrieved 5 December 2019.
  26. ^ "The Royal Thai Navy (RTN) received six Special Operations Craft – Riverine (SOC-R)". Thai Military and Asian Region. 28 March 2016. Retrieved 5 December 2019.
  27. ^ "Royal Thai Naval Academy". RTNA. Retrieved 1 December 2008.
  28. ^ "ความเป็นมาโรงพยาบาล".
  29. ^ a b ทร. สถาปนากรมกรมสารวัตรทหารเรือ ครบ 111 ปี – ข่าวสด
  30. ^ "Navy to build B5.5bn missile-equipped patrol vessel". Bangkok Post. 29 February 2016.
  31. ^ Martinez, Staff Sgt. Alexander (29 May 2015). "Thai and USA forces combine to help earthquake victims in Nepal". Pattaya Mail. Archived from the original on 1 June 2015. Retrieved 31 May 2015.
  32. ^ "Operation Sahayogi Haat / Helping Hand". Global Security. Archived from the original on 1 June 2015. Retrieved 31 May 2015.
  33. ^ "Nepal Earthquake Relief Effort Named 'Operation Sahayogi Haat'". Nepal Foreign Affairs. 10 May 2015. Archived from the original on 25 May 2015. Retrieved 31 May 2015.
  34. ^ royal, finearts (26 September 2019). "Royal Barge Procession". www.moe.go.th. Retrieved 6 October 2019.
  35. ^ "Thailand's Budget in Brief Fiscal Year 2021". Budget Bureau. 2 October 2020. p. 85. Retrieved 7 December 2020.
  36. ^ "Thailand's Budget in Brief Fiscal Year 2019". Bureau of the Budget. 20 December 2018. p. 84. Retrieved 3 December 2019.

Bibliography

External links

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