Timgad

Coordinates: 35°29′03″N 6°28′07″E / 35.48417°N 6.46861°E / 35.48417; 6.46861
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Thamugadi
)

Timgad
تيمقاد
The Roman ruins of Timgad
Timgad is located in Algeria
Timgad
Shown within Algeria
Alternative name
  • Thamugas
  • Thamugadi
LocationBatna Province, Algeria
RegionMaghreb
Coordinates35°29′03″N 6°28′07″E / 35.48417°N 6.46861°E / 35.48417; 6.46861
TypeSettlement
History
Founded100 CE
Abandoned7th century
PeriodsRoman Empire
Arab States

Timgad (

Roman Emperor Trajan around 100 CE. The full name of the city was Colonia Marciana Ulpia Traiana Thamugadi. Emperor Trajan named the city in commemoration of his mother Marcia, eldest sister Ulpia Marciana, and father Marcus Ulpius Traianus
.

Located in modern-day

Batna, the ruins are noteworthy for representing one of the best extant examples of the grid plan as used in Roman town planning. Timgad was inscribed as a World Heritage Site
by UNESCO in 1982.

Name

Further information:
Maghreb placename etymology

In the former name of Timgad, Marciana Traiana Thamugadi, the first part – Marciana Traiana – is Roman and refers to the name of its founder, Emperor Trajan and his sister Marciana.[1] The second part of the name – Thamugadi – "has nothing Latin about it".[2] Thamugadi is the Berber name of the place where the city was built, to read Timgad plural form of Tamgut, meaning "peak" or "summit".[2]

History

The city was founded as a military

Roman culture and identity.[5]

The city enjoyed a peaceful existence for the first several hundred years and became a

Catholic).[6]

In the

Moorish wars, the Byzantine general Solomon retook and rebuilt the city, incorporating it into Byzantine North Africa. The reconquest revived some activities in the city, which became part of a line of defense against the Moors.[7] However, the early Muslim conquests brought about the final ruin of Thamugadi as it ceased to be inhabited by the 8th century.[8]

Travelling Northern Africa, British explorer

Robert Lambert Playfair, Britain's consul in Algiers, inspired by Bruce's account, visited the site. In 1877 Playfair described Timgad in more detail in his book Travels in the Footsteps of Bruce in Algeria and Tunis. According to Playfair, “These hills are covered with countless numbers of the most interesting mega-lithic remains”.[9] The French colonists took control of the site in 1881, began investigations and maintained it until 1960. During this period, the site was systematically excavated.[10]

Panorama of Timgad ruins

Description

Map of the Archeological site

Located at the intersection of six roads, the city was walled but not fortified. Originally designed for a population of around 15,000, the city quickly outgrew its original specifications and spilled beyond the orthogonal grid in a more loosely organized fashion.

At the time of its founding, the area surrounding the city was a fertile agricultural area, about 1000 meters above sea level.

The original Roman grid plan is magnificently visible in the orthogonal design, highlighted by the

cardo (north–south-oriented street) lined by a partially restored Corinthian
colonnade. The cardo does not proceed completely through the city but instead terminates in a forum at the intersection with the decumanus.

At the west end of the decumanus rises a 12 m high triumphal arch, called the Arch of Trajan, which was partially restored in 1900. The arch is principally of sandstone, and is of the Corinthian order with three arches, the central one being 11' wide. The arch is also known as the Timgad Arch.

A 3,500-seat theater is in good condition and is used for contemporary productions. The other key buildings include four thermae, a library, and a basilica.

The Capitoline Temple is dedicated to Jupiter and is of approximately the same dimensions as the Pantheon in Rome. Nearby the capitol is a square church, with a circular apse dating from the 7th century CE. One of the sanctuaries featured iconography of (Dea) Africa.[11] South of the city is a large Byzantine citadel built in the later days of the city.

Library

View of Timgad ruins

The Library at Timgad was a gift to the Roman people by Julius Quintianus Flavius Rogatianus at a cost of 400,000

sesterces.[12] As no additional information about this benefactor has been unearthed, the precise date of the library's construction remains uncertain. Based on the remaining archaeological evidence, it has been suggested by scholars that it dates from the late 3rd or possibly the 4th century.[12]

The library occupies a rectangle 81 feet (25 meters) long by 77 feet (23 meters) wide.[12] It consists of a large semi-circular room flanked by two secondary rectangular rooms, and preceded by a U-shaped colonnaded portico surrounding three sides on an open court.[12] The portico is flanked by two long narrow rooms on each side, and the large vaulted hall would have combined the functions of a reading room, stack room, and perhaps a lecture room.[12] Oblong alcoves held wooden shelves along walls that would likely have been complete with sides, backs and doors, based on additional evidence found at the library at Ephesus.[12]

It is possible that free-standing bookcases in the center of the room, as well as a reading desk, might also have been present.[12] While the architecture of the Library at Timgad is not especially remarkable, the discovery of the library is historically important as it shows the presence of a fully developed library system in this Roman city, indicating a high standard of learning and culture. While there is no evidence as to the size of the collection the library harbored, it is estimated that it could have accommodated 3,000 scrolls.[12]

World Heritage Site

Timgad was inscribed as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1982.

Gallery

  • Ruins of Timgad, February 24, 1928

See also

References

  1. ISBN 9789947972250
    .
  2. ^ a b Gascou, Jacques (9 August 1972). "La politique municipale de l'empire romain en Afrique proconsulaire de Trajan à Septime-Sévère". Publications de l'École française de Rome. 8 (1): 97–100.
  3. ISBN 978-1-4443-5001-2
    .
  4. ISBN 978-0-7440-8586-0
    .
  5. ^ "Buried in Sand for a Millennium: Africa's Roman Ghost City". Messy Nessy Chic. 15 January 2020. Retrieved 7 May 2020.
  6. ISBN 978-1-4514-1452-3
    .
  7. ISBN 978-0-8108-6621-8
    .
  8. ^ UNESCO World Heritage Centre. "Timgad". unesco.org.
  9. ^ Playfair, R. Lambert (Robert Lambert) (1877). Travels in the footsteps of Bruce in Algeria and Tunis : illustrated by facsimiles of his original drawings. Getty Research Institute. London : C. Kegan Paul.
  10. ^ Montoya, Rubén: The Sahara buried this ancient Roman city—preserving it for centuries at National Geographic, 30 July 2019.
  11. OCLC 79861941
    .
  12. ^ a b c d e f g h Pfeiffer, H. (1931). The Roman Library at Timgad. Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome, 9, 157–165.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Timgad.
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