Thanjavur

Coordinates: 10°47′13.2″N 79°08′16.1″E / 10.787000°N 79.137806°E / 10.787000; 79.137806
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Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
This article is about the municipal corporation in Tamil Nadu, India. For its namesake district, see
Thanjavur District
.
"Tanjore" redirects here. For other uses, see Tanjore (disambiguation).

Thanjavur
(Tanjore)
UTC+5:30 (IST)
PIN
613 0XX
Telephone code04362
Vehicle registrationTN-49
Websitethanjavurcorporation.org

Thanjavur (Tamil:

Karaikal
, which is 94 km (58 mi) away from Thanjavur. The city first rose to prominence during the reign of the
Thanjavur Marathas and the British Empire
. It has been a part of independent India since 1947.

Etymology

The city's name is believed to be derived from a portmanteau of "thanjam puguntha oor" (Tamil: தஞ்சம் புகுந்த ஊர்) which means "the town where refugees entered", referring to the town's history of providing hospitality to newcomers. According to another local legend, the word Thanjavur was derived from "Tanjan", who was a Demon[4][5] who was killed on this very place and that asura asked to make a beautiful city there in Hindu mythology and later the asura was slain in what is now Thanjavur by the Hindu god Neelamegha Perumal, a form of Vishnu. The city's name "Thanjavur" might also be derived from the name of a Mutharayar king, "Thananjay" or "Dhananjaya". Thananjaya (Dhananjaya) added to -Oor gives the name Thanjavur. The Kalamalla stone inscription (the first stone inscription) was made by the king, Erikal Muthuraju Dhanunjaya Varma of 575 CE[citation needed].

Thanjai Mamani Koil from where the city gets its name.[5]

History

image of the old city map
Map of Thanjavur city in 1955

This place was previously called Śiyāli. Indra once fled to this place in fear of the asura called Śūrapadma and did tapas here.[6]

There are no references to Thanjavur in the

Mutharayars during the sixth century, who ruled it up to 849.[citation needed
]

The

Brihadeeswarar Temple at Thanjavur. The temple is considered to be one of the best specimens of Tamil architecture.[13][14][15][16]

When the Chola Empire began to decline in the 13th century, the Pandyas from the south invaded and captured Thanjavur twice, first between 1218–19 and again in 1230. During the second invasion, the Chola king

Vijayanagar Empire.[citation needed
]

Streets of the town with three temple towers in the right facing houses in the left
Thanjavur in 1869

Thanjavur is believed to have been conquered by Kampanna Udayar during his invasion of

Madurai Nayak king Chokkanatha Nayak (1662–82) in 1673.[14] Vijaya Raghunatha Nayak, the son of Chokkanatha, was killed in a battle and Chokkanatha's brother Alagiri Nayak (1673–75) was crowned as the ruler of the empire.[23]

Thanjavur was successfully conquered in 1674 by

Doctrine of Lapse when Shivaji II (1832–55), the last Thanjavur Maratha ruler, died without a legitimate male heir. The British referred to the city as Tanjore in their records.[11] Five years after its annexation, the British replaced Negapatam (modern-day Nagapattinam) with Thanjavur as the seat of the district administration. Under the British, Thanjavur emerged as an important regional centre. The 1871 India census recorded a population of 52,171, making Thanjavur the third largest city in the Madras Presidency.[24] After India's independence, Thanjavur continued as the district headquarters.[25]

Geography and climate

Thanjavur is located at 10°48′N 79°09′E / 10.8°N 79.15°E / 10.8; 79.15

Tiruchirapalli International Airport, located at a distance of 56 km (35 mi). The city has an elevation of 59 m (194 ft) above mean sea level. The total area of the city is 36.33 km2 (14.03 sq mi).[30]

Climate data for Thanjavur (1981–1999, extremes 1975–1999)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 34.2
(93.6) 		38.5
(101.3) 		41.4
(106.5) 		43.0
(109.4) 		43.4
(110.1) 		43.0
(109.4) 		41.6
(106.9) 		41.2
(106.2) 		40.2
(104.4) 		40.5
(104.9) 		35.6
(96.1) 		36.0
(96.8) 		43.4
(110.1)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 30.8
(87.4) 		33.3
(91.9) 		36.0
(96.8) 		38.1
(100.6) 		39.1
(102.4) 		37.7
(99.9) 		37.0
(98.6) 		36.5
(97.7) 		35.2
(95.4) 		33.4
(92.1) 		30.7
(87.3) 		29.6
(85.3) 		34.8
(94.6)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 20.6
(69.1) 		21.5
(70.7) 		23.6
(74.5) 		26.3
(79.3) 		27.2
(81.0) 		26.8
(80.2) 		26.2
(79.2) 		25.7
(78.3) 		24.9
(76.8) 		24.4
(75.9) 		22.8
(73.0) 		21.4
(70.5) 		24.3
(75.7)
Record low °C (°F) 17.1
(62.8) 		16.6
(61.9) 		18.4
(65.1) 		20.5
(68.9) 		21.0
(69.8) 		22.5
(72.5) 		21.5
(70.7) 		21.6
(70.9) 		21.0
(69.8) 		21.0
(69.8) 		19.0
(66.2) 		17.0
(62.6) 		16.6
(61.9)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 25.7
(1.01) 		15.1
(0.59) 		14.9
(0.59) 		21.0
(0.83) 		36.1
(1.42) 		44.2
(1.74) 		62.9
(2.48) 		127.3
(5.01) 		144.9
(5.70) 		170.3
(6.70) 		180.6
(7.11) 		157.4
(6.20) 		1,000.5
(39.39)
Average rainy days 1.7 0.8 0.8 1.2 2.3 2.8 3.5 6.0 6.7 8.1 8.0 6.6 48.4
Average
relative humidity (%) (at 17:30 IST
) 		63 53 49 52 51 50 49 52 61 68 75 74 58
Source 1: India Meteorological Department[31][32]
Source 2: CRIDA[33]

The period from November to February in Thanjavur is pleasant, with a climate full of warm days and cool nights.

North-East monsoon begins in October and continues till January.[34] The rainfall during the South-West monsoon period is much lower than that of the North-East monsoon.[28] The North-East monsoon is beneficial to the district at large because of the heavy rainfall and the Western ghats (mountain ranges) feeding the river Cauvery.[34] The average rainfall is 37 inches (940 mm), most of which is contributed by the North-East monsoon.[28]

Tourism and culture

Brihadisvara Temple, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India
Further information:
Brihadeeswarar Temple and Great Living Chola Temples

Thanjavur is an important pilgrim centre and a major tourist destination of Tamil Nadu.

Rajendra Chola I (1012–44).[38][42]
King Raja Raja Chola memorial to have a complete makeover soon in Thanjavur.

A historic palace with pillared structure
Thanjavur Royal Palace courtyard
A painting depicting a parade
Figure depicting a Thanjavur painting

The

Bhonsle family who ruled over the Thanjavur region from 1674 to 1855. It was originally constructed by the rulers of the Thanjavur Nayak kingdom and after their fall, it served as the official residence of the Thanjavur Marathas.[43] When most of the Thanjavur Maratha kingdom was annexed by the British Empire in 1799, the Thanjavur Marathas continued to hold sway over the palace and the surrounding fort. The southern side of the third quadrangle of the palace has a 190 ft (58 m) tower-like building, called the Goodagopuram.[43]
Punnainallur Mariamman temple is about 7 km from Brihadeeswara temple. This temple was built by the first Maratha king of Thanjavur Venkoji in the year 1680.

The Saraswathi Mahal Library, established around 1700 and located in the premises of the palace, contains over 30,000 Indian and European manuscripts written on palm leaf and paper.[44] Over eighty per cent of its manuscripts are in Sanskrit and many of them are on palm leaves. The Tamil works include treatises on medicine, and commentaries on Sangam literature.[43] The Rajaraja Chola art gallery is located inside the palace – it has a large collection of stone and bronze images from the ninth to 12th centuries. Most of the idols present in the gallery were collected from various temples in the Thanjavur district.[45] The Sivaganga Park is situated to the east of the Brihadeeswarar Temple and encompasses the Sivaganga Tank believed to have been built by the king Raja Raja Chola. It was created as a people's park by the Tanjore municipality in 1871–72.[46] It has a collection of plants, animals and birds and serves as a zoo for children within the city.[43]

A set of ladies dancing in Brihadeeswarar Temple
Bharathanatyam, the South Indian dance form in display in Brihadeeswarar Temple
Rajaraja Chola I
, Thanjavur

Schwartz Church, a historic monument located in the palace garden, was built in 1779 by

Bharathanatyam, a classical dance form of South India, had its major styles developed in Thanjavur.[49]

Sathaya Thiruvizha is the annual birthday festival of

Thanjavur painting is a major form of classical South Indian painting from Thanjavur. It dates back to about the 1600s, the period of Nayakas of Thanjavur, who encouraged art, classical dance and music literature, both in Telugu and Tamil. The art is usually a combination of raised and painted surfaces, with the Hindu god Krishna being the most popular image depicted. In modern times, these paintings have become souvenirs of festive occasions in South India, wall decors, and collectors' items for art lovers.[52][53]

Thanjavur "thalayatti bommai" stall

Economy

a green paddy field
Paddy field in Thanjavur district

The major occupation of the inhabitants of the city is tourism and service-oriented industry, while the traditional occupation is agriculture.

Thanjavur is known as the "Rice bowl of Tamil Nadu".

Cauvery Delta. Organic farming is gradually becoming known to the farmers of Thanjavur. To maximise agricultural produce, organic farming is being implemented. Though agriculture is the main economic activity, only 7% of the population is involved in it. There is a lot of agricultural related trading that forms the key economic activity in the city.[57]

Almond cultivation has been gaining popularity in Thanjavur, a district in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. The region's warm and dry climate, coupled with fertile soil, provides ideal conditions for growing almonds. The almonds produced in Thanjavur are known for their high quality and rich flavor. The trees bloom in early spring with pink and white flowers, and the nuts are ready for harvest in the fall. The almond crop in Thanjavur has become an important source of income for local farmers and has contributed to the region's agricultural diversity.[58]

Thanjavur is an important centre of silk weaving in Tamil Nadu. There were 200 silk weaving units in the city in 1991 with around 80,000 people working in them. Thanjavur is also famous for the 'Thalaiyatti bommai' or 'Dancing dolls' which is a doll made from clay, wood or plastic.

mrithamgam, thavil and kanjira is another economic activity in the city.[57]

All major nationalised banks such as State Bank of India, Indian Bank, Central Bank of India, Punjab National Bank, Indian Overseas Bank and private banks like ICICI Bank, City Union Bank have their branches in Thanjavur. All these banks have their automated teller machines located in various parts of the city.[60] Thanjavur farmers insure additional 2.5 lakh acres in 10 days, but acreage still lower than last year.

Demographics

Religious census
Religion Percent(%)
Hindu
 
 82.87%
Muslim
 
 8.34%
Christian
 
 8.58%
Sikh
 
 0.01%
Buddhist
 
 0.01%
Jain
 
 0.06%
Other
 
 0.11%
No religion
 
 0.01%

According to

Buddhists, 0.06% Jains, 0.11% following other religions and 0.01% following no religion or did not indicate any religious preference.[63]

As of 2008, a total 2,013.34 ha (4,975.1 acres) (55.4%) of the land was used for residential, 11.32 ha (28.0 acres) (3.06%) for commercial, 82.68 ha (204.3 acres) (2.28%) for industrial, 320.2 ha (791 acres) (8.81%) for public & semi public, 108.11 ha (267.1 acres) (2.98%) for educational and 996.85 ha (2,463.3 acres) (27.47%) for agriculture.[64] Tamil is the widely spoken language, with the standard dialect being

Trichy–Tanjore Diocese of the Church of South India.[65] The workforce is predominantly involved in service industry involving trade and commerce.[66] With the expansion of the city area, the opportunities for agriculture is limited and only 7% of the population is involved in it.[66]

Transport

Main articles: Transport in Thanjavur and Thanjavur Air Force Station
NH 67
in Thanjavur city

The National Highways

Ammapettai, Mariamman Kovil, Thiruvaiyaru and Kuruvadipatti.[68]

Thanjavur Junction railway station
Thanjavur Junction railway station

The railway line connecting

hubbali.[70][71][72]

In the early 1990s, Thanjavur was connected with

Tiruchirapalli International Airport. The nearest Seaport is located at Nagapattinam
.

Administration and politics

Municipal Corporational Officials
Mayor Thiru. Ramanathan[78]
Commissioner Thiru K.Saravanakumar [79]
Deputy Mayor Tmt. Dr. Anjugam Bhoopathy[80]
Elected Members
Member of Legislative Assembly T K G Neelamegam [81]
Member of Parliament S S Palanimanickam

The municipality of Tanjore was created in 1866 as a third grade municipality as per Town Improvements Act 1865 and initially consisted of 12 members. The number was increased to 18 in 1879 and 24 in 1883. In 1897, the members were empowered to elect a Municipal Chairperson to lead them. Tanjore was upgraded to a second grade municipality in 1933, first grade in 1943 and a special grade in 1983. The functions of the municipality are devolved into six departments: General, Engineering, Revenue, Public Health, Town planning and the Computer Wing. All these departments are under the control of a Municipal Commissioner who is the supreme executive head.[82] The legislative powers are vested in a body of 52 members, one each from the 52 wards. The legislative body is headed by an elected chairperson assisted by a deputy chairperson.[83]

On 10 April 2013, the state government announced in the Assembly that Thanjavur municipality will be upgraded to a Municipal corporation.[84][85] Thanjavur City Corporation is likely to have an area of 110.27 km2 (42.58 sq mi) of area, with a population of 3,20,828 and an income of ₹411.8 million (US$5.2 million). The villages Pudupattinam, Nanjikottai, Neelagiri, Melaveli, Pillaiyarpatti, Ramanathapuram, Pallieri, Vilar and Inathukanpatti are likely to be added to the municipal corporation limits.[86] Thanjavur became City Corporation on 10 April 2014.[87]

Thanjavur comes under the

Thanjavur assembly constituency in the 1962 elections.[91]

Thanjavur is also a part of the

Thanjavur Lok Sabha constituency in the 1951 elections.[93]

Law and order in the city is maintained by the Thanjavur subdivision of the Tamil Nadu Police, headed by a Deputy Superintendent (DSP). The Thanjavur district level police administration is headed by a Deputy Inspector General of Police, whose office is located in the city.[106] There are six police stations in the city, one of them being an all-women police station.[107] Some special units include prohibition enforcement, district crime, social justice and human rights, district crime records and a special branch that operates at the district level police division headed by a Superintendent of Police (SP).[106]

Education

Main article: List of educational institutions in Thanjavur
a college complex with a building in the background
Thanjavur Medical College

Thanjavur has a total of four Universities, namely the

SASTRA University and Tamil University.[108] The Tamil University is a state run institute, started during 1981 and obtained its statutory recognition from the University Grants Commission in 1983. It is the only one of its kind for the Tamil language doing higher research in Tamilology and advanced study in various allied branches like linguistics, translation, lexicography, music, drama and manuscriptology.[109][110]

Thanjavur has a total of 15 arts, science & management colleges and nine engineering colleges.

Saraswati Mahal Library which dates back to the end of the 16th century and the Central Library, managed by the district administration are the two most prominent libraries in the city.[44]

There are 20 registered schools in Thanjavur, catering to the primary, secondary and higher secondary educational needs of the city.

St. Antony's Higher Secondary School, established in 1885 by the Diocese of Thanjavur, is one of the oldest schools in Thanjavur district. Christian Missionaries played a prominent role in promoting English education in Thanjavur.[114] Kalyanasundaram Higher Secondary School, established in 1891, is one of the oldest schools in the city.[115]

Utility services

Electricity supply to Thanjavur is regulated and distributed by the

Tamil Nadu Electricity Board (TNEB). The city along with its suburbs is a part of Trichy Electricity Distribution Circle.[116] Water supply is provided by the Thanjavur Corporation from the Vadavar Canal, supplied through overhead tanks located in various parts of the city. During the 2000–01 period, a total of 31 million litres of water was supplied every day for households in the city.[117]

About 110 metric tonnes of solid waste are collected from Thanjavur every day by door-to-door collection and subsequently the source segregation and dumping is carried out by the sanitary department of the Thanjavur Corporation. The coverage of solid waste management had an efficiency of 100% as of 2001.[118] The underground drainage system covers 70% of the city and the remaining sewerage system for disposal of sullage is through septic tanks, open drains and public conveniences.[119] The corporation maintains a total of 155 km (96 mi) of storm water drains: 53.27 km (33.10 mi) surfaced drains and 101.73 km (63.21 mi) unlined drains.[120]

Neo tidel park announced in newly added city pillayarpatti

There are 37 hospitals and seven clinical labs in Thanjavur that take care of the health care needs of the citizens.

broadband internet service.[124] The Regional Passport office, Trichy, operates a Passport Seva Kendra (PSK) in Thanjavur, which PSK covers the Nagappattinam, Thiruvarur, Thanjavur, Pudukkottai, and Ariyalur revenue districts.[125]

Villages

See also

Notes

Footnotes

  • ^ The municipalities in Tamil Nadu are graded special, selection, grade I and grade II based on income and population.

Citations

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References

External links

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