Thatta
Thatta | ||
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City | ||
ٺٽو ٹھٹہ | ||
Highways N-5 | |
Thatta (
Etymology
Thatta refers to riverside settlements. Villagers in the rural areas of lower Sindh often refer to the city as Thatta Nagar, or simply Nagar.[3]
History
Early
Thatta may be the
Medieval
Following
In 1351, the
Portuguese
In 1520, the Samma ruler Jam Feroz was defeated by Shah Beg of the Arghun-Tarkhun dynasty, which in turn had been displaced from Afghanistan by the expanding Timurid Empire in Central Asia. The Tarkhuns fell into disarray in the mid-1500s, prompting Muhammad Isa Tarkhun (Mirza Isa Khan I) to seek aid from the Portuguese in 1555. 700 Portuguese soldiers arrived in 28 ships to determine, at the time of their arrival, that Isa Tarkhun had already emerged victorious from the conflict. After the Tarkhuns refused to pay the Portuguese soldiers, the Portuguese plundered the town, robbing its enormous gold treasury, and killing many inhabitants.[10] Despite the 1555 sack of Thatta, the 16th century Portuguese historian Diogo do Couto described Thatta as one of the richest cities of the Orient.[11]
Nevertheless, some Portuguese presence was early in the 16th century with the conquest of Hormuz by Afonso de Albuquerque in 1507, which started the relationship with Sindi.[12] Later in the first decade of the 16th century, traders created a factory (feitoria), and in the end of the 16th century a religious Order (Carmelitas Descalços) Secular Order of Discalced Carmelites a convent.
Mughal
The city was destroyed by Mirza Jani Beg in the 16th century.[6] Beginning in 1592 during the reign of Emperor Akbar, Thatta was governed by the Mughal Empire based in Agra, which lead to a decline in the city's prosperity as some trade was shifted towards other Mughal ports.[11]
Thatta regained some of its prosperity with the arrival of European merchants.[11] Between 1652 and 1660, the Dutch East India Company had a small tradingpost (comptoir or factory) in Thatta.[15] This competed with the English one, which was established in 1635 and closed in 1662. Thatta in the 1650s was noted to have 2,000 looms that produced cloth that was exported abroad to Asia and Portugal.[16] Thatta was also home to a thriving silk weaving industry, as well as leather products that were exported throughout South Asia.[16] The city was considered by visiting Augustinian friars in the 1650s to be a wealthy city, though the presence of transgender hijras were taken as a sign of the city's supposed moral depravity.[16]
Thatta'a revival was short lived as the
Kalhora
The
Talpur
In 1739, however, following the
British
Talpur rule ended in 1843 on the battlefield of Miani when General Charles James Napier captured the Sindh for the British Empire, and moved the capital of the Sindh from Hyderabad to Karachi. In 1847, Thatta was administered as part of the Bombay Presidency. In 1920, the estimated population of the city was 10,800.[9]
Modern
After the
In the 1970s under the rule of
Administration
The city serves as capital of Thatta District. On 23 April 2014, the government announced the formation of Sindh's sixth division, Banbhore Division, with Thatta as capital.[23][24] These sources reveal that this formation is made to improve governance in Thatta.[25]
Geography
Thatta's geology is characterized by volcanic and sedimentary rocks that are similar to those in the Indus plain, and Thar Desert. Soil types in the region are silty, with some clay as well. Much of the soil is exposed to salinization from the Arabian Sea.[26]
Vegetation in Thatta is characterized by mangrove forests in the coastal region, with tropical-thorny shrubs elsewhere.[26]
Hindu temples
Thatta is believed to be birthplace of Ishta dev of Sindhi Hindus "Jhulelal".
- Sri Chand Darbar
- Hanuman Mandir at Cinema road
- Jhule Lal Mandir Behrani at Goth
- Jhule Lal Mandir at Main Shahi Bazar
- Jhule Lal Mandir in a house at Sonara Bazar
- Mata Singh Bhawani Mandir at Makli
- Nath Marhi Mandir
- Seetla Mata Mandir in a house at Sonara Bazar
- Shiv Mandir at Maheshwari Mohala
Climate
Thatta has a
Last 10 years monsoon rains in Thatta were recorded as:
- 2009: 300+mm
- 2010: 300+mm
- 2011: 245mm
- 2012: 206mm
- 2013: 176mm
- 2014: 227mm
- 2015: 199.6mm
- 2016: 132mm
- 2017: 227mm
- 2018: 315mm
Sports
An association football club, Jeay Laal is established in 2020.
Notable people
- Hashim Thattvi(1692–1761), Islamic scholar, the first to translate the Quran into Sindhi
- Mir Ahmed Nasrallah Thattvi (–1588), Islamic scholar at the court of Mughal emperor Akbar
- Mir Ali Sher Qaune Thattvi (1728–1788), Islamic historian and writer
- Muhammad Saleh Thattvi (–1663/64), Mughal metallurgist and craftsman
- Tahir Muhammad Thattvi, poet and a historian
See also
- Thatta District
- Sindh
- Indus Valley civilization
- History of Pakistan
- Zulfiqarabad
- List of cities founded by Alexander the Great
References
- ^ "Shah Jahan Mosque, Thatta". UNESCO. Archived from the original on 3 October 2018. Retrieved 17 July 2017.
- ISBN 9780520279070. Archivedfrom the original on 30 April 2021. Retrieved 16 July 2017.
- ^ Dani, A (1982). Thatta: Islamic Architecture. Inst. of Islamic History, Culture and Civilization. Archived from the original on 22 February 2022. Retrieved 21 December 2017.
- ^ James Rennell, Memoir of a map of Hindoostan:or the Mogul's Empire, London, 1783, p.57; William Vincent, The Voyage of Nearchus from the Indus to the Euphrates, London, 1797, p.146; William Robertson, An Historical Disquisition concerning the Knowledge which the Ancients had of India, A. Strahan, T. Cadell Jun. and W. Davies; and E. Balfour, Edinburgh, 1799, p.47; Alexander Burnes, Travels into Bokhara: containing the narrative of a voyage on the Indus [...] and an account of a journey from India to Cabool, Tartary, and Persia, London, John Murray, 1835, Volume 1, p.27; Carl Ritter, Die Erdkunde im Verhältniss zur Natur und zur Geschichte des Menschen, Berlin, Reimer, 1835, Band IV, Fünfter Theil, pp.475–476.
- ^ A.H. Dani and P. Bernard, "Alexander and His Successors in Central Asia", in János Harmatta, B.N. Puri and G.F. Etemadi (editors), History of civilizations of Central Asia, Paris, UNESCO, Vol.II, 1994, p.85.
- ^ a b Ali, Mubarak 1994. McMurdo's & Delhoste's account of Sindh Takhleeqat, Lahore, pp. 28-29.
- ^ a b Rickmers, Christian Mabel Duff (1899). The Chronology of India, from the Earliest Times to the Beginning Os the Sixteenth Century. A. Constable & Company. p. 224. Retrieved 21 December 2017.
thatta.
- ISBN 978-0857713872. Archivedfrom the original on 22 February 2022. Retrieved 21 December 2017.
- ^ a b Murray, John (1920). Handbook to India, Burma, and Ceylon. Archived from the original on 22 February 2022. Retrieved 21 December 2017.
- ISBN 9780816061846.
- ^ ISBN 9781139431279. Archivedfrom the original on 22 February 2022. Retrieved 18 July 2017.
- ISBN 9783447035217. Archivedfrom the original on 22 February 2022. Retrieved 3 October 2020.
- ISBN 978-0670083039. Archivedfrom the original on 22 February 2022. Retrieved 21 December 2017.
- ^ ISBN 9780521267281. Archivedfrom the original on 25 April 2021. Retrieved 16 July 2017.
- ^ Floor, Willem, 1993-4. The Dutch East India Company (VOC) and Diewel-Sind (Pakistan) in the 17th and 18th centuries. Institute of Central & West Asian Studies, University of Karachi.
- ^ ISBN 978-0226466972. Archivedfrom the original on 10 March 2021. Retrieved 21 December 2017.
- ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 26 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 451.
- ISBN 978-9053560358. Archivedfrom the original on 22 February 2022. Retrieved 21 December 2017.
- ^ Ali, Mubarak, 2005. The English Factory in Sindh, Zahoor Ahmed Khan Fiction House, Lahore
- ^ ISBN 9781442241480. Archivedfrom the original on 22 February 2022. Retrieved 21 December 2017.
- ^ .
- ISBN 978-8170247463. Archivedfrom the original on 12 June 2021. Retrieved 15 December 2017.
- ^ http://abbtakk.tv/.../94282indh-govt-declares-thatta-sixth-division-of-province... [dead link]
- ^ "Thatta declares as division of Sindh". 24 April 2014. Archived from the original on 29 April 2014. Retrieved 28 April 2014.
- ^ "Sindh government promoted Thatta as division | ARYNews Video Portal". Archived from the original on 26 April 2014. Retrieved 14 August 2018.
- ^ a b Sindhu, Abdul Shakoor (2010). "District Thatta – Hazard, Vulnerability and Development Profile" (PDF). Rural Development Policy Institute (RDPI), Islamabad. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 May 2017. Retrieved 21 December 2017.
- ^ Pakistan flood victims flee Thatta Archived 30 August 2010 at the Wayback Machine. The Guardian. Retrieved 27 December 2010.
External links
- Thatta travel guide from Wikivoyage