The Indestructibles

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The Indestructibles (

Kochab (Beta Ursae Minoris), in the bowl of Ursa Minor or, the Little Dipper, and Mizar (Zeta Ursae Majoris), in Ursa Major, at the middle of the handle of the Big Dipper.[4]

Terminology

Egyptologist Toby Wilkinson explained the naming as apt metaphor in Egyptian ideology. "Circumpolar stars are a very good metaphor for the afterlife because when viewed, they never seem to set: they simply rotate around the pole star. They are the undying stars, or in Egyptian terminology, the Indestructibles, a perfect destination for the soul of the dead king," he said in 2001.[5]

The context for this is the Egyptian belief that

Ra (the sun god) was given birth to by Nut (the sky goddess). Nut was pictured as a naked female spread across the sky, and identified with the Milky Way – the legs formed by the bifurcation at Deneb in Cygnus, and the head by the swelling at Gemini. The head of Nut passes below the horizon about 75 minutes after the sun on the spring equinox, and at the same point on the horizon, "consuming" Ra, who was symbolically reborn 272 days later on the morning of the Winter solstice, on the same declination as Deneb.[6]

Astronomy

About 4,500 years ago, the Egyptians believed that the unmovable area the stars encircled by 10 degrees each, was heaven in the sense that it was the place of the afterlife.[7] The pole star at the time was Thuban (Alpha Draconis).[1]

Cosmogony

Egyptians associated those two stars with eternity and the afterlife of a king or pharaoh so that after death, a pharaoh would hope to join those stars.[3] During the Old Kingdom it was thought that only the pharaoh and his family could ascend to heaven.[8]

As Pharaohs were buried in pyramids there were implications for their afterlife and their immortality and consequently the structures were deliberately aligned astronomically. Believing that their kings became stars in the Northern sky after death, Egyptians aligned their pyramids and temples due north toward the "indestructible" stars, giving the departed pharaohs direct access to the northern sky.[3]

Pyramid design

Schematic cross-section of the Great Pyramid:
  1. Original entrance
  2. Robber's tunnel
  3. Granite blocks
  4. Descending Passage
  5. Lower Chamber
  6. Ascending Passage
  7. Queen's Chamber and shafts/vents
  8. Horizontal Passage and shafts/vents
  9. Grand Gallery
  10. King's Chamber
  11. Anteroom
  12. Greave's Shaft

The entrances to all the

Fourth Dynasty pyramids at Giza (the Great Pyramid, the Pyramid of Khafre, and the Pyramid of Menkaure) are in their north faces and the corridors are sloped down from the entrances in such a way that both the circumpolar stars and the pole star were visible.[1] The positioning of the pyramids is such that they do not block each other's views of these stars.[1]

A pyramid was a resting place, rather than a tomb, providing the occupant with all the requirements both physical and mystical for the journey of the

akh. Because of this, as David Warburton puts it, "In this sense... the entrance is in fact the exit".[9]

The North Shaft of the Kings chamber is also believed to have aligned with Beta Ursae Minoris to facilitate the King's journey as Horus to the stars.[10]

Dr. Kate Spence of the Faculty of Oriental Studies at

Old Kingdom could only be considered accurate to within 100 years either way.[11]

Djoser's ka statue in its serdab

The ka statue of Djoser in his tomb at Saqqara was in a serdab (a type of chamber) in the north-eastern base of his pyramid, tilted at 17 degrees to enable it to observe the circumpolar stars through two holes.[9]

Footnotes

  1. ^ a b c d Ronald A Wells. Christopher Walker (ed.). Astronomy Before the Telescope. p. 35.
  2. ^ Allen, James P. (2010). Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs (revised second ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 330.
  3. ^ a b c [email protected], Anthony R. Curtis. "Space Today Online -- Solar System Planet Earth -- Ancient Astronomy". www.spacetoday.org. Retrieved 2018-03-17.
  4. ^ a b "Ancient Egyptians built pyramids with stars in mind". CBC News. Retrieved 2018-03-17.
  5. ^ Pyramids Seen as Stairways to Heaven, 14 May 2001 article by science writer Tim Radford for the Guardian
  6. ^ Ronald A Wells. Christopher Walker (ed.). Astronomy Before the Telescope. pp. 29–32.
  7. .
  8. .
  9. ^ .
  10. ^ Secret doors inside the Great Pyramid
  11. ^
    S2CID 4327498
    .

References