The Internationale
International anthem of anarchists, communists, socialists, social democrats, and democratic socialists | |
Also known as | L'Internationale (French) |
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Lyrics | Eugène Pottier, 1871 |
Music | Pierre De Geyter, 1888 |
Audio sample | |
"The Internationale" (instrumental) |
"The Internationale" (
It is one of the most widely
French version
The original French lyrics were written in June 1871 by
There is an early edition of the song, predating the final 1887 version; it was published in 1990 by Robert Brécy.[12] Contemporary editions published by Boldoduc (Lille) in 1888, by Delory in 1894, and by Lagrange in 1898 are no longer locatable.[9]
Pottiers's lyrics contain one-liners that became very popular and found widespread use as slogans; other lines ("Ni Dieu, ni César, ni tribun") were already well-known in the workers' movement. The success of the song is connected to the stability and widespread popularity of the Second International. Like the lyrics, the music by Degeyter was relatively simple and down to earth, suitable for a workers' audience.[13]
French lyrics, 1887 version
French | Literal English translation |
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Debout, les damnés de la terre |
Arise, wretched of the earth |
Authorship and copyright
In a successful attempt to save Pierre De Geyter's job as a woodcarver, the 6,000 leaflets printed by Lille printer Boldoduc only mentioned the French version of his family name (Degeyter).[14][10] The second edition published by Delory named Pierre's brother Adolphe as the composer.[15] With neither money nor representation, Pierre De Geyter lost his first lawsuit over this in 1914 and did not gain legal recognition of authorship until 1922 when he was 74.[15][8][9] His brother had in the meantime died by suicide in 1916, leaving a note to Pierre explaining the fraud and stating that Delory had manipulated him into claiming authorship; and Delory had inscribed on Adolphe's tombstone "Ici repose Adolphe Degeyter, l'auteur de L'Internationale".[15] Despite this dying declaration, historians in the 1960s such as Daniel Ligou were still contending that Adolphe was the author.[15]
In 1972 "Montana Edition", owned by
As the "Internationale" music was published before 1 July 1909 outside the United States, it is in the
As Eugène Pottier died in 1887, his original French lyrics are in the public domain. Gustave Delory once acquired the copyright of his lyrics through the songwriter G. B. Clement having bought it from Pottier's widow.
Translations
There have been a very wide variety of translations of the anthem from the original French. Kuznar (2002) notes that the nature of these translations has varied widely. Many have been closely literal translations with variations soley to account for rhyme and meter but others have been done to encode different ideology perspectives and or to update contents to adapt the lyrics to relevant more contemporary issues. [21]
Anthem of the Soviet Union
The
The full Russian version is as follows:
English: The Internationale | |
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Интернационал | |
Russian SFSR
Former national anthem of the Russian SFSR) 1922 (Soviet Union) | |
Relinquished | 1922 (Russian SFSR) 1944 (Soviet Union) |
Preceded by | Worker's Marseillaise |
Succeeded by | State Anthem of the Soviet Union |
Audio sample | |
The Internationale, Russian |
Russian translation | Transliteration | English translation |
---|---|---|
Вставай, проклятьем заклеймённый, |
Vstavaj prokljat’em zaklejmennyj, |
Stand up, ones who are branded by the curse, |
Toscanini and Hymn of the Nations
The change of the Soviet Union's national anthem from "The Internationale" to the "State Anthem of the USSR" was a factor in the production of the 1944 movie Hymn of the Nations, which made use of an orchestration of "The Internationale" that Arturo Toscanini had already done the year before for a 1943-11-07 NBC radio broadcast commemorating the twenty-sixth anniversary of the October Revolution.[23] It was incorporated into Verdi's
Toscanini's son Walter remarked that an Italian audience for the movie would see the significance of Arturo being willing to play these anthems and unwilling to play Giovinezza and the Marcia Reale because of his anti-Fascist political views.[23]
The inclusion of "The Internationale" in the Toscanini's minds was not simply for the sake of a Soviet Union audience, but because of its relevance to all countries of the world.[26] Although Walter did not consider "The Internationale" to be "good music", he considered it to be (as he stated to the OWI) "more than the hymn of a nation or a party" and "an idea of brotherhood".[26]
It would have been expensive to re-record a new performance of the Inno without "The Internationale", and it remained in the movie as originally released.[27] Some time during the
Winston Churchill and National Anthems of the Allies
A similar situation had occurred earlier in the War with the BBC's popular weekly Sunday evening radio broadcast, preceding the Nine O'Clock News, titled National Anthems of the Allies, whose playlist was all of the national anthems of the countries allied with the United Kingdom, the list growing with each country that Germany invaded.[28][29] After the Germans began their invasion of the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941 (Operation Barbarossa), it was fully expected that "The Internationale", as the anthem of the Soviet Union, would be included in the playlist that day, but to people's surprise it was not, neither that week nor the week after.[29] Winston Churchill, a staunch opponent of communism, had immediately sent word to the BBC via Anthony Eden that "The PM has issued an instruction to the Ministry of Information that the Internationale is on no account to be played by the B.B.C." (emphasis in the original).[30][31]
Newspapers such as the Daily Express and Daily Mail were sharply critical of the
This relaxation enabled "The Internationale" to be used in wartime broadcasts and films, and at public occasions, thereafter.
Soviet cinema and theatre
Nikolai Evreinov's 1920 The Storming of the Winter Palace used both "The Internationale" and "La Marseillaise" symbolically in opposition to each other, with the former sung by the "Red platform" proletariat side and the latter sung by the "White platform" government side, the former starting weakly and in disarray but gradually becoming organised and drowning out the latter.[41]
China
This has become part of the cultural narrative of Qu's life, including in a 2001 television dramatisation of events, The Sun Rises from the East, where Qu is depicted as explaining to Cai Hesen that he (Qu) did not translate the song's title because he wished to make the Chinese version, which used a phonetic rendering of the French name using Chinese words "yingtenaixiongnaier", accessible to a multi-lingual non-Chinese-speaking audience.[43] The television dramatisation included excerpts from the movie Lenin in October, a popular movie in China during the time of Mao with scenes that were set to "The Internationale".[44]
Lenin in October was one of several movies from Soviet cinema translated into Chinese in the 1950s that led to the widespread popularity of "The Internationale" in the early years of the PRC.[45] Others include Lenin in 1918, a 1939 movie which came to China in 1951, with "The Internationale" abruptly terminated at the point in the movie that Lenin is shot by an assassin; and the 1952 The Unforgettable 1919 which came to China that same year and used "The Internationale" for a mass rally scene involving Joseph Stalin.[46]
Chinese movies about martyrs to the CCP cause would begin to incorporate the song into pivotal scenes later in the 1950s, this use peaking in the 1960s with inclusion into such movies as the 1965 Living Forever in Burning Flames depicting the execution of Jiang Jie.[47] In the 1956 movie Mother, the character Lao Deng, a local revolutionary leader, is depicted singing "The Internationale" on the way to his execution, and in the 1960 A Revolutionary Family, the son of the protagonist (in chorus with his fellow prisoners) also sings "The Internationale" on the way to his execution.[48] It would become a leitmotif of Chinese Revolutionary (model) cinema.[49]
Political memoirs of Li Dazhao's daughter Li Xinghua recount his explaining the lyrics of the song to her, he having encountered it on his travels with Qu in 1923 and during his visit to Moscow the following year.[44] He also encouraged people to sing it during socialist activism training sessions in 1925 and 1926.[44] As with Qu, the song forms part of the cultural narrative of his life, it being the widely accepted account of his execution in 1927 that he sang the song in the last moments of his life.[44]
As with Qu and Li, the song is found in many places in political histories of
While the song has a wide influence as an adjunct of official ideology, it has also been used in counter-cultural movements, such as the demonstrators in the
"The Internationale" continues to be popular with 21st century Chinese audiences, as exemplified by its reception by audience when sung at the second curtain call of the "Shocking" concert of Liu Han, Liao Changyong, and Mo Hualun.[54]
Qu was hired as a translator for students at the Communist University of the Toilers of the East in Moscow, where he met Xiao San in 1922, who had newly arrived from France.[55] There, Xiao was drawn into the performing arts as a vehicle for revolutionary messages and, in conjunction with other students, translated "The Internationale" and several Soviet songs from the original French and Russian into Chinese, separately from Qu's work in Beijing in 1923.[56] Xiao re-worked his translation in 1939, adding to it an explanatory history.[57] Ironically, the translation in the television dramatisation The Sun Rises from the East that is recited by the character of Qu, is not in reality Qu's translation at all, but is the 1949 official approved translation based upon Xiao's, that is additionally credited to Zheng Zhenduo.[58]
The 2004 movie My Years in France, a
Other translations
One of the earliest translations of the song dates from around 1900, when Dutch communist poet Henriette Roland Holst translated it into Dutch, with "Ontwaakt, verworpenen der aarde" ("Wake up, all who are cast away"). The American English version by Charles Kerr, and anonymous British English and Rumanian versions, were made around the same time. By the time of the 1910 International Socialist Congress in Copenhagen, versions had appeared in 18 different languages, including a Danish one by A. C. Meyer, which was sung at the end of a cantata by 500 singers.[13]
The traditional
The first line of the song has been translated differently into various languages.[62] The original French "debout" means "stand up", and this is retained in the Russian translation and several English ones, but the German translation is "aufwachen" meaning "wake up"/"arise" and this connotation of sleeping can also be found in English versions that read "Arise ye workers from your slumber".[62]
The existence of multiple translations led the song to gain pride of place in the official songbook of the International Brigades in the Spanish Civil War, as it was a song that volunteers from many countries could all sing together, each in their own languages but all to the same tune.[63]
Timothy Garton Ash related a pronounced role reversal in the August 1980 negotiations surrounding the creation of Solidarity, describing in his 1983 book The Polish Revolution striking workers watching the plenary of the ruling Polish United Workers' Party on television.[64] In response to the government officials singing "The Internationale" on screen, a Party ritual, workers spontaneously broke into a recital of the
Allusions in other works
The "anthem" in the early pages of George Orwell's Animal Farm has been described as a "parody"[65] or a "reconfiguration"[66] of "The Internationale"; Orwell's text states (as a "humorous introduction") that it was sung as "between Clementine and La Cucaracha",[67] in reference to "Oh My Darling, Clementine" and "La Cucaracha".[66]
William Carlos Williams' poem Choral: The Pink Church alludes to the lyrics of "The Internationale" in order to symbolise Communism, the poem otherwise barely mentioning Communism directly, Williams himself claiming to be "a pink [...] not a red" in a letter discussing the poem.[68]
One of
The Russian poet Vladimir Mayakovsky concluded his play Mystery-Bouffe with an "Internationale of the Future", set to the tune of the Internationale, but with lyrics describing a complete, perfect classless society as an existing fact.
Translations into other languages
English translations
Pete Seeger asked Billy Bragg to sing "The Internationale" with him at the Vancouver Folk Festival in 1989. Bragg thought the traditional English lyrics were archaic and unsingable (Scottish musician Dick Gaughan[70] and former Labour MP Tony Benn[71] disagreed), and composed a new set of lyrics.[72] The recording was released on his album The Internationale along with reworkings of other socialist songs.
Bengali translation
"The Internationale" was first translated to Bengali by the rebel poet Kazi Nazrul Islam. It was also translated by Hemanga Biswas[73] and Mohit Banerji, that was subsequently adopted by West Bengal's Left Front.[74]
Chinese translations
In addition to the Mandarin version, "The Internationale" also has Cantonese[75] and Taiwanese Hokkien[76] versions, occasionally used by communists or leftists in Hong Kong and Taiwan. The word "Internationale" is not translated in either version. There is also a Uyghur version, a Tibetan version,[77] and Mongolian version translated from the Chinese version which is used for ethnic minorities of China.
Filipino translation
There were three Filipino versions of the song. The first was composed by Juan Feleo of the Partido Komunista ng Pilipinas-1930 under the title "Pandaigdigang Awit ng Manggagawa" (The International Worker's Anthem) which was translated from the English version. The second version was a retranslation of the first two stanzas on the basis of the French original by the Communist Party of the Philippines. The third version, which introduced the third stanza, was derived from both Chinese and French versions and translated by Jose Maria Sison, the CPP's founding chairman.[78]
German translations
The original French text has six stanzas. The best-known and still widespread German-language adaptation was created by Emil Luckhardt (1880–1914) in 1910. His version is merely based on the original French text and is limited to a translation of the first two stanzas and the last stanza of the French song that is somewhat weakened and romanticised in its radicalism.
Apart from Luckhardt's version, there are at least seven other lesser-known German text variants—each relating to specific historical situations or ideologically divergent socialist, communist and anarchist alignments. In addition to the Luckhardt version mentioned above, there is a version penned by Franz Diederich (1908) and by Sigmar Mehring. In 1919 a version was written by
Kurdish translations
This anthem was translated into Kurdish language by poets such as Kakay Falah and Rebwar and performed by singers such as Kalle Atashi and Raza Yusif Beygi.
Korean translation
The Internationale is used in both Koreas, though it is more commonly used in the
Persian translation
For the first time, Abolqasem Lahouti, an Iranian poet and songwriter, translated and standardized this hymn into Persian. It was used as the official anthem of the short lived Persian Socialist Soviet Republic and one of the main anthems of the communist Tudeh Party of Iran.[83][84]
Portuguese translation
Originally translated to Portuguese by Neno Vasco in 1909 from the French version,[85] a very similar version was wildly disseminated during the general strike of 1917 by anarchists and anarcho-syndicalists. The main difference between the two versions is that in the third verse the Brazilian version goes "Lords, bosses, supreme chiefs" (Senhores, Patrões, chefes supremos) while the Portuguese version is "Messiah, God, supreme chiefs" (Messias, Deus, chefes supremos).
Sinhalese translation
On April 5, 1978, Lionel Bopage translated and released a Sinhalese version titled "Jātyantara Gītaya" ("ජාත්යන්තර ගීතය"), or "The International Song". This version was translated from the original French and German versions. The vocals were provided by Lionel Bopage and Sunila Abeysekera. Sena Weerasekera, State Music Director of Radio Ceylon composed the music. Bopage and Abeysekara had initially approached Premasiri Khemadasa to compose, but he declined.[86][87]
Vietnamese translation
"The Internationale" was first translated into Vietnamese by the founder of the Communist Party of Vietnam and the first President of modern Vietnam, Ho Chi Minh, under the pseudonym "Nguyễn Ái Quốc".[88] The current lyrics in Vietnamese were translated by the 1st and 2nd General Secretaries of the Communist Party of Vietnam, Trần Phú and Lê Hồng Phong. It was subsequently adopted by the Communist Party of Vietnam.
Audio files
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The British English version
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The Bulgarian version
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The Mandarin version
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The Spanish version
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The Indonesian version
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The Italian version
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The Georgian version
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The Lithuanian version
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The Latvian version
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The Nepali version
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The Russian version
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The Ukrainian version
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The Vietnamese version
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The Finnish version
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The Esperanto version
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The Tangut version
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The American English version
See also
References
Notes
- ^ World Book Encyclopedia, 2018 ed., s.v. "Internationale, The"
- ^ "The International Anarchist Congress, Amsterdam, 1907" (PDF). www.fdca.it. Retrieved 7 December 2018.
- ISBN 9781876175764.
- ^ Donny Gluckstein. "Decyphering 'The Internationale'".
- ^ "Did you know that the composer of 'The Internationale' was Belgian?". Focus on Belgium. 21 April 2017. Retrieved 12 June 2021.
- ^ "SovMusic.ru – " Internationale "".
- ^ a b Goyens 2007, p. 171.
- ^ a b Cull 2003, p. 181.
- ^ a b c Fuld 2000, p. 303.
- ^ a b c d Brécy 1991, p. 245.
- ^ Maugendre 1996, p. 266.
- ^ Robert Brécy, Florilège de la Chanson Révolutionnaire, De 1789 au Front Populaire, Éditions Ouvrières, Paris, 1990, page 137.
- ^ a b Gielkens 1999, pp. 32–43.
- ^ Maugendre 1996, p. 366.
- ^ a b c d Maugendre 1996, p. 367.
- ^ "Ich habe die Kommunisten bezahlen Lassen", Die Welt, Hans R. Beierlein , 18 April 2014.
- ^ Peter B. Hirtle. "Copyright Term and the Public Domain in the United States". Archived from the original on 4 July 2012.
- ^ Year 1932 when Pierre De Geyter died, plus 80 years, would get to the year 2012.
- ^ Vulser, Nicole (8 April 2005). "Siffloter 'L'Internationale' peut coûter cher". Le Monde (in French). Retrieved 7 December 2015.
- ^ Gill 1998, 16th paragraph.
- ^ Kuzar, R. (2002). Translating the Internationale: Unity and dissent in the encoding of proletarian solidarity. Journal of pragmatics, 34(2), 87-109.
- ^ A. V. Lunacharskiy (ed.). "The International (in Russian)". Fundamental'naya Elektronnaya Biblioteka.
- ^ a b c Marvin 2017, p. 106.
- ^ Horowitz 1994, p. 179.
- ^ a b Marvin 2017, p. 107.
- ^ a b Marvin 2017, pp. 107–108.
- ^ a b Marvin 2017, p. 108.
- ^ Miner 2003, p. 206.
- ^ a b c Hermiston 2016, p. 115.
- ^ a b Miner 2003, p. 207.
- ^ a b c Addison 1975, p. 134.
- ^ Hermiston 2016, pp. 115–116.
- ^ Maisky 2015, pp. 371–372.
- ^ a b Dimbleby 2021, p. 189.
- ^ Maisky 2015, p. 372.
- ^ a b Hermiston 2016, p. 116.
- ^ a b c Webster 2018, p. 154.
- ^ a b Turbett 2021, p. 64.
- ^ Warden 2016, p. 93.
- ^ Titus 2016, pp. 146, 157–158.
- ^ Corney 2018, pp. 78–79.
- ^ Chen 2016, p. 196.
- ^ a b Chen 2016, p. 197.
- ^ a b c d Chen 2016, p. 198.
- ^ a b Chen 2016, p. 200.
- ^ Chen 2016, p. 201.
- ^ Chen 2016, pp. 200, 202.
- ^ Chen 2016, p. 2013.
- ^ Chen 2016, p. 204.
- ^ Chen 2016, pp. 198–199.
- ^ Chen 2016, p. 199.
- ^ Chen 2016, p. 209.
- ^ Mittler 1997, p. 133.
- ^ Chen 2016, p. 210.
- ^ McGuire 2018, pp. 74, 82.
- ^ McGuire 2018, p. 82.
- ^ McGuire 2018, p. 389.
- ^ Chen 2016, p. 211.
- ^ Chen 2016, p. 206.
- ^ Walls, David (17 July 2007). "Billy Bragg's Revival of Aging Anthems: Radical Nostalgia or Activist Inspiration?". Sonoma State University. Archived from the original on 16 December 2011. Retrieved 18 August 2008.
- ^ Venturi, Riccardo; et al. (8 June 2005). "The Internationale" in 82 languages". Anti-War Songs.
- ^ a b Clark 2020, p. 90.
- ^ Raeburn 2020, pp. 87–88.
- ^ a b Bohlman 2020, p. 119.
- ^ Strong 2019, p. 207.
- ^ ISBN 9780198813736.
- JSTOR 24247102.
- ^ Cohen 2010, pp. 218–219.
- ^ Fenghi 2020, p. 108.
- ^ Gaughan, Dick. "The Internationale". Dick Gaughan's Song Archive. Archived from the original on 29 September 2018.
I can see no more point in trying to 'modernise' it than I would in repainting the Cistine [sic] Chapel or rewriting Shakespeare's plays.
- ^ Benn 2014, p. 129.
- YouTube, from the Pete Seeger 90th Birthday Concert (The Clearwater Concert) at Madison Square Garden, 3 May 2009.
- ^ "Remembering Hemanga Biswas: An artivist who fought to have it all".
- ^ "জাগো জাগো জাগো সর্বহারা – Bangla Lyrics । বাংলা লিরিক".
- ^ "香港市民支援愛國民主運動聯合會 | Hong Kong Alliance in Support of Patriotic Democratic Movements of China". Archived from the original on 12 June 2004. Retrieved 12 June 2004.
- ^ "媒抗 Blog: Zeromatic-II". Archived from the original on 18 January 2006. Retrieved 18 January 2006.
- ^ The Internationale: Tibetan (རྒྱལ་སྤྱིའི་གླུ་དབྱངས བོད་སྐད་). GETchan. 30 August 2020. Archived from the original on 4 March 2021. Retrieved 5 October 2021 – via YouTube.
- ^ "The Internationale in Filipino". Josemariasison.org. Archived from the original on 19 July 2021. Retrieved 25 October 2018.
- ^ 인터나쇼날. urinore1. 30 April 2014. Archived from the original on 18 March 2021. Retrieved 5 October 2021 – via YouTube.
- ^ "The Internationale" closes the 8th Congress of the Workers' Party of Korea. 푸옹 Phuong DPRK Daily. 12 January 2021. Archived from the original on 22 September 2021. Retrieved 5 October 2021 – via YouTube.
- ^ The Internationale in North Korea (Arirang Mass Games 2013). Pyongyang. 1 August 2013. Archived from the original on 4 February 2017. Retrieved 5 October 2021 – via YouTube.
- ^ 인터내셔널가 – The Internationale Korean version. Daehanminguk31. 1 March 2013. Archived from the original on 12 December 2021. Retrieved 5 October 2021 – via YouTube.
- ^ "Taraneh sorod". Archived from the original on 1 November 2005. Retrieved 21 October 2022.
- ^ "سرود انترناسیونال". www.k-en.com (in Persian). Archived from the original on 25 November 2011. Retrieved 9 May 2023.
- ^ Gonçalves, Thaísa. "15 de setembro de 1920: morre o anarquista Neno Vasco, que traduziu para o português o hino A Internacional". Democracia e Mundo do Trabalho em Debate (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 19 February 2022.
- ^ "The Internationale in 82 languages". Anti War Songs. Retrieved on 21 October 2023
- ^ Bopage, Lionel (2015). "ජාත්යන්තර ගීතය - The Internationale - சர்வதேசம்".
- ^ "Quốc tế ca và các bản dịch tiếng Việt". 17 January 2016.
Bibliography
- Marvin, Roberta Montemorra (2017). The Politics of Verdi's Cantica. Routledge. ISBN 9781351541459.
- Horowitz, Joseph (1994). Understanding Toscanini: A Social History of American Concert Life. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520085428.
- Chen, Xiaomei (2016). "Singing "The Internationale"". In Rojas, Carlos; Bachner, Andrea (eds.). The Oxford Handbook of Modern Chinese Literatures. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199383313.
- McGuire, Elizabeth (2018). "School dramas". Red at Heart: How Chinese Communists Fell in Love with the Russian Revolution. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780190640552.
- ISSN 0949-7927.
- Bohlman, Andrea (2020). "Protest". Musical Solidarities: Political Action and Music in Late Twentieth-Century Poland. The New Cultural History of Music Series. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780190938284.
- Titus, Joan (2016). The Early Film Music of Dmitry Shostakovich. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199315147.
- ISBN 9780300180671.
- Miner, Steven Merritt (2003). Stalin's Holy War: Religion, Nationalism, and Alliance Politics, 1941–1945. University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 9780807827369.
- Addison, Paul (1975). The Road to 1945: British Politics and the Second World War. Jonathan Cape. ISBN 9780224011594.
- Hermiston, Roger (2016). All Behind You, Winston: Churchill's Great Coalition 1940–45. Aurum. ISBN 9781781314845.
- ISBN 9780197547212.
- Gielkens, Jan (1999). "Het heil'ge Ontwakingslied: 'De Internationale' vertaald". Filter (in Dutch). 6 (2): 32–43. Retrieved 2 February 2022.
- Cohen, Milton A. (2010). Beleaguered Poets and Leftist Critics: Stevens, Cummings, Frost, and Williams in the 1930s. University of Alabama Press. ISBN 9780817317133.
- ISBN 978-0-09-956495-9.
- Fenghi, Fabrizio (2020). "Bohemianism, political militancy, and resistance to Modernity". It Will Be Fun and Terrifying: Nationalism and Protest in Post-Soviet Russia. University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 9780299324407.
- Strong, Tracy B. (2019). Learning One's Native Tongue: Citizenship, Contestation, and Conflict in America. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226623368.
- Webster, Wendy (2018). "Allies". Mixing It: Diversity in World War Two Britain. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780192572356.
- Turbett, Colin (2021). The Anglo-Soviet Alliance: Comrades and Allies during WW2. Pen and Sword Military. ISBN 9781526776617.
- Warden, Claire (2016). Migrating Modernist Performance: British Theatrical Travels Through Russia. Springer. ISBN 9781137385703.
- Clark, Katerina (2020). "Berlin—Moscow—Shanghai: Translating revolution across cultures in the aftermath of the 1927 Shanghai Debacle". In Glaser, Amelia M.; Lee, Steven S. (eds.). Comintern Aesthetics. University of Toronto Press. ISBN 9781487504656.
- Goyens, Tom (2007). Beer and Revolution: The German Anarchist Movement in New York City, 1880–1914. University of Illinois Press. ISBN 9780252031755.
- Cull, Nicholas John (2003). ""The Internationale" (1871-1888)". In Cull, Nicholas John; Culbert, David Holbrook; Welch, David (eds.). Propaganda and Mass Persuasion: A Historical Encyclopedia, 1500 to the Present. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 9781576078204.
- Fuld, James J. (2000). The Book of World-famous Music: Classical, Popular, and Folk. Dover Books on Music. Courier Corporation. ISBN 9780486414751.
- Maugendre, Xavier (1996). L'Europe des hymnes dans leur contexte historique et musical (in French). Editions Mardaga. ISBN 9782870096321.
- Brécy, Robert (1991). La chanson de la Commune: chansons et poèmes inspirés par la Commune de 1871 (in French). Editions de l'Atelier. ISBN 9782708228559.
- Raeburn, Fraser (2020). Scots and the Spanish Civil War: Solidarity, Activism and Humanitarianism. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 9781474459501.
- Corney, Frederick (2018). Telling October: Memory and the Making of the Bolshevik Revolution. Cornell University Press. ISBN 9781501727030.
- Kuzar, Ron (2002). "Translating the Internationale: Unity and dissent in the encoding of proletarian solidarity". Journal of Pragmatics. 34 (2): 87–109. .
Further reading
- ISBN 9780520288089.
- Drott, Eric (2011). Music and the Elusive Revolution: Cultural Politics and Political Culture in France, 1968–1981. California Studies in 20th-Century Music. Vol. 12. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520950085.
Documentary film on the anthem
Peter Miller produced and directed a half-hour documentary on the anthem (The Internationale (2000) First Run/Icarus Films) with interviews with a range of people including Annette Rubinstein, Vladimir Grigorʹevich Zak, Marina Feleo-Gonzalez, Pete Seeger, Dorothy Ray Healey, Li Lu and Billy Bragg. The film aims to provide a cultural history of the anthem that addresses the complexities of the relationships between the collective and the individual. [1][2] The film was short-listed for the Academy Award nomination for the Best Short Documentary and won the Woodstock Film Festival, Best Short Documentary award.[3]
External links
- Shostakovich, Dmitry. "L'Internationale on the theremin from Girlfriends". Oxford University Press. (on-line support material for Titus 2016, p. 157)
- British Pathé (1943). "Salute to the Red Army". YouTube. — a British Pathé newsreel including footage of the playing of "The Internationale", excerpts from Eden's speech, and other celebrations around the UK (Turbett 2021, p. 64)
- Downloadable recordings in more than 40 languages
References
- ^ Atkinson, Ted. "The Internationale." Film & History: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Film and Television Studies 31, no. 2 (2001): 62-62.
- ^ Fletcher, I. C. (2002). The Internationale. Radical History Review, 82(1), 187-190.
- ^ TVF International : The Internationale https://tvfinternational.com/programme/15/the-internationale