The Lord of the Rings
Author | J. R. R. Tolkien |
---|---|
Country | United Kingdom |
Language | English |
Genre |
|
Set in | Middle-earth |
Publisher | Allen & Unwin |
Publication date |
|
Media type | Print (hardback & paperback) |
OCLC | 1487587 |
Preceded by | The Hobbit |
Followed by | The Adventures of Tom Bombadil |
The Lord of the Rings is an epic[1] high fantasy novel[a] by the English author and scholar J. R. R. Tolkien. Set in Middle-earth, the story began as a sequel to Tolkien's 1937 children's book The Hobbit, but eventually developed into a much larger work. Written in stages between 1937 and 1949, The Lord of the Rings is one of the best-selling books ever written, with over 150 million copies sold.[2]
The title refers to the story's main
Although often mistakenly called a trilogy, the work was intended by Tolkien to be one volume in a two-volume set along with The Silmarillion.[3][T 3] For economic reasons, The Lord of the Rings was first published over the course of a year from 29 July 1954 to 20 October 1955 in three volumes rather than one[3][4] under the titles The Fellowship of the Ring, The Two Towers, and The Return of the King; The Silmarillion appeared only after the author's death. The work is divided internally into six books, two per volume, with several appendices of background material.[c] These three volumes were later published as a boxed set, and even finally as a single volume, following the author's original intent.
Tolkien's work, after an initially mixed
The Lord of the Rings is considered one of the greatest fantasy books ever written, and it has helped to create and shape the modern fantasy genre. Since release, it has been reprinted many times and
Award-winning
Plot
The Fellowship of the Ring
Frodo recovers in Rivendell under Elrond's care. Gandalf informs Frodo that the Black Riders are the Nazgûl, Men enslaved by Rings of Power to serve Sauron. The Council of Elrond discusses what to do with the Ring. Strider is revealed to be Aragorn, the heir of Isildur who had cut the Ring from Sauron's hand in the Second Age, but claimed it for himself. The Ring was lost when Isildur was killed; it passed to Gollum and then to Bilbo. Gandalf reports that the chief wizard, Saruman, is a traitor. The Council decides that the Ring must be destroyed in the fire of
The Two Towers
A party of Orcs sent by
Frodo and Sam struggle through the barren hills of the
The Return of the King
Sauron sends a great army against
Sam rescues Frodo from the tower of Cirith Ungol. They set out across Mordor. When they reach the edge of the
Extensive appendices outline more details of the history, cultures, genealogies, and languages that Tolkien imagined for the peoples of Middle-earth. In antiquarian style,[6] they provide background details for the narrative, with much detail for Tolkien fans who want to know more about the stories.
Frame story
Tolkien presents The Lord of the Rings within a fictional frame story where he is not the original author, but merely the translator of part of an ancient document, the Red Book of Westmarch.[7] That book is modelled on the real Red Book of Hergest, which similarly presents an older mythology. Various details of the frame story appear in the Prologue, its "Note on Shire Records", and in the Appendices, notably Appendix F. In this frame story, the Red Book is the purported source of Tolkien's other works relating to Middle-earth: The Hobbit, The Silmarillion, and The Adventures of Tom Bombadil.[8]
Concept and creation
Background
Although a major work in itself, The Lord of the Rings was only the last movement of a much older set of narratives Tolkien had worked on since 1917 encompassing The Silmarillion,[9] in a process he described as mythopoeia.[e]
The Lord of the Rings started as a sequel to Tolkien's work The Hobbit, published in 1937.[11] The popularity of The Hobbit had led George Allen & Unwin, the publishers, to request a sequel. Tolkien warned them that he wrote quite slowly, and responded with several stories he had already developed. Having rejected his contemporary drafts for The Silmarillion, putting Roverandom on hold, and accepting Farmer Giles of Ham, Allen & Unwin continued to ask for more stories about hobbits.[12]
Writing
Persuaded by his publishers, he started "a new Hobbit" in December 1937.[11] After several false starts, the story of the One Ring emerged. The idea for the first chapter ("A Long-Expected Party") arrived fully formed, although the reasons behind Bilbo's disappearance, the significance of the Ring, and the title The Lord of the Rings did not come until the spring of 1938.[11] Originally, he planned to write a story in which Bilbo had used up all his treasure and was looking for another adventure to gain more; however, he remembered the Ring and its powers and thought that would be a better focus for the new work.[11] As the story progressed, he brought in elements from The Silmarillion mythology.[13]
Writing was slow, because Tolkien had a full-time academic position, marked exams to bring in a little extra income, and wrote many drafts.[11][T 4] Tolkien abandoned The Lord of the Rings during most of 1943 and only restarted it in April 1944,[11] as a serial for his son Christopher Tolkien, who was sent chapters as they were written while he was serving in South Africa with the Royal Air Force. Tolkien made another major effort in 1946, and showed the manuscript to his publishers in 1947.[11] The story was effectively finished the next year, but Tolkien did not complete the revision of earlier parts of the work until 1949.[11] The original manuscripts, which total 9,250 pages, now reside in the J. R. R. Tolkien Collection at Marquette University.[14]
Poetry
Unusually for 20th century novels, the prose narrative is supplemented throughout by
Illustrations
Tolkien worked on the text using
The
Influences
Tolkien drew on
Themes
Scholars and critics have identified
Some commentators have criticized the book for being a story about men for boys, with no significant women; or about a purely rural world with no bearing on modern life in cities; of containing no sign of religion; or of racism. Other commentators responded by noting that there are three powerful women in the book, Galadriel, Éowyn, and Arwen; that life, even in rural Hobbiton, is not idealized; that Christianity is a pervasive theme; and that Tolkien was sharply anti-racist both in peacetime and during the Second World War, while Middle-earth is evidently polycultural.[46][47][48]
Publication history
A dispute with his publisher, George Allen & Unwin, led Tolkien to offer the work to William Collins in 1950. Tolkien intended The Silmarillion (itself largely unrevised at this point) to be published along with The Lord of the Rings, but Allen & Unwin were unwilling to do this. After Milton Waldman, his contact at Collins, expressed the belief that The Lord of the Rings itself "urgently wanted cutting", Tolkien eventually demanded that they publish the book in 1952.[49] Collins did not; and so Tolkien wrote to Allen and Unwin, saying, "I would gladly consider the publication of any part of the stuff", fearing his work would never see the light of day.[11]
For publication, the work was divided into three volumes to minimize any potential financial loss due to the high cost of type-setting and modest anticipated sales: The Fellowship of the Ring (Books I and II), The Two Towers (Books III and IV), and The Return of the King (Books V and VI plus six appendices).[50] Delays in producing appendices, maps and especially an index led to the volumes being published later than originally hoped – on 29 July 1954, on 11 November 1954 and on 20 October 1955 respectively in the United Kingdom.[51] In the United States, Houghton Mifflin published The Fellowship of the Ring on 21 October 1954, The Two Towers on 21 April 1955, and The Return of the King on 5 January 1956.[52]
The Return of the King was especially delayed as Tolkien revised the ending and prepared appendices (some of which had to be left out because of space constraints). Tolkien did not like the title The Return of the King, believing it gave away too much of the storyline, but deferred to his publisher's preference.
Tolkien was initially opposed to titles being given to each two-book volume, preferring instead the use of book titles: e.g. The Lord of the Rings: Vol. 1, The Ring Sets Out and The Ring Goes South; Vol. 2, The Treason of Isengard and The Ring Goes East; Vol. 3, The War of the Ring and The End of the Third Age. However, these individual book titles were dropped, and after pressure from his publishers, Tolkien suggested the volume titles: Vol. 1, The Shadow Grows; Vol. 2, The Ring in the Shadow; Vol. 3, The War of the Ring or The Return of the King.[56][57]
Because the three-volume binding was so widely distributed, the work is often referred to as the Lord of the Rings "
The books were published under a profit-sharing arrangement, whereby Tolkien would not receive an advance or royalties until the books had broken even, after which he would take a large share of the profits.[59] It has ultimately become one of the best-selling novels ever written, with at least 50 million copies sold by 2003[60] and over 150 million copies sold by 2007.[2] The work was published in the UK by Allen & Unwin until 1990, when the publisher and its assets were acquired by HarperCollins.[61][62]
Editions and revisions
In the early 1960s
Authorized editions followed from
In 2004, for the 50th Anniversary Edition, Wayne G. Hammond and Christina Scull, under supervision from Christopher Tolkien, studied and revised the text to eliminate as many errors and inconsistencies as possible, some of which had been introduced by well-meaning compositors of the first printing in 1954, and never been corrected.[71] The 2005 edition of the book contained further corrections noticed by the editors and submitted by readers. Yet more corrections were made in the 60th Anniversary Edition in 2014.[72] Several editions, including the 50th Anniversary Edition, print the whole work in one volume, with the result that pagination varies widely over the various editions.[T 19]
Posthumous publication of drafts
From 1988 to 1992 Christopher Tolkien published the surviving drafts of The Lord of the Rings, chronicling and illuminating with commentary the stages of the text's development, in volumes 6–9 of his
Translations
The work has been translated, with varying degrees of success, into at least 38,
Reception
1950s
Early
Within Tolkien's literary group, The Inklings, the work had a mixed reception. Hugo Dyson complained loudly at its readings,[84][85] whereas C. S. Lewis had very different feelings, writing, "here are beauties which pierce like swords or burn like cold iron. Here is a book which will break your heart."[9] Lewis observed that the writing is rich, in that some of the 'good' characters have darker sides, and likewise some of the villains have "good impulses".[86] Despite the mixed reviews and the lack of a paperback until the 1960s, The Lord of the Rings initially sold well in hardback.[9]
Later
Judith Shulevitz, writing in
Awards
In 1957, The Lord of the Rings was awarded the
Adaptations
The Lord of the Rings has been adapted into various media, including radio, stage, motion pictures, and videogames.
Radio
The book has been adapted for radio four times. In 1955 and 1956, the BBC broadcast The Lord of the Rings, a 13-part radio adaptation of the story. In the 1960s radio station WBAI produced a short radio adaptation. A 1979 dramatization of The Lord of the Rings was broadcast in the United States and subsequently issued on tape and CD. In 1981, the BBC broadcast The Lord of the Rings, a new dramatization in 26 half-hour instalments.[98][99]
Motion pictures
A variety of filmmakers considered adapting Tolkien's book, among them
A far more successful adaptation was
The Hunt for Gollum, a 2009 film by Chris Bouchard,[115][116] and the 2009 Born of Hope, written by Paula DiSante and directed by Kate Madison, are fan films based on details in the appendices of The Lord of the Rings.[117]
From September 2022,
In early 2023, Warner Bros Discovery announced that multiple new movies set in Middle-earth are in development, and will be produced along with New Line Cinema and Freemode.[121]
Audiobooks
In 1990,
In 2013, the artist Phil Dragash recorded the whole of the book, using the score from Peter Jackson's movies.[124][125][126]
During the
Legacy
Influence on fantasy
The enormous popularity of Tolkien's work expanded the demand for fantasy. Largely thanks to The Lord of the Rings, the genre flowered throughout the 1960s and enjoys popularity to the present day.[130] The opus has spawned many imitations, such as The Sword of Shannara, which Lin Carter called "the single most cold-blooded, complete rip-off of another book that I have ever read,"[131] as well as alternate interpretations of the story, such as The Last Ringbearer.
Music
In 1965, the songwriter
Rock bands of the 1970s were musically and lyrically inspired by the fantasy-embracing counter-culture of the time. The British rock band
In 1988, the Dutch composer and trombonist
The 1991 album Shepherd Moons by the Irish musician Enya contains an instrumental titled "Lothlórien", in reference to the home of the wood-elves.[144]
Impact on popular culture
The Lord of the Rings has had a profound and wide-ranging impact on popular culture, beginning with its publication in the 1950s, but especially during the 1960s and 1970s, when young people embraced it as a countercultural saga.[145] "Frodo Lives!" and "Gandalf for President" were two phrases popular amongst United States Tolkien fans during this time.[146] Its impact is such that the words "Tolkienian" and "Tolkienesque" have entered the Oxford English Dictionary, and many of his fantasy terms, formerly little-known in English, such as "Orc" and "Warg", have become widespread in that domain.[147] Among its effects are numerous
In 1969, Tolkien sold the merchandising rights to The Lord of The Rings (and The Hobbit) to
Outside commercial exploitation from adaptations, from the late 1960s onwards there has been an increasing variety of original licensed merchandise, with posters and calendars created by illustrators such as Barbara Remington.[153]
The work was named Britain's best novel of all time in the BBC's The Big Read.[154] In 2015, the BBC ranked The Lord of the Rings 26th on its list of the 100 greatest British novels.[155] It was included in Le Monde's list of "100 Books of the Century".[156]
Notes
- ^ J. R. R. Tolkien disliked having the word "novel" applied to his works, preferring the phrase "heroic romance", but "novel" is commonly applied.[T 1]
- ^ Tolkien has the wizard Gandalf say to the hobbit Frodo "the Black Riders are the Ringwraiths, the Nine Servants of the Lord of the Rings."[T 2]
- ^ Volume I: Prologue, The Ring Sets Out, The Ring Goes South; Volume II: The Treason of Isengard, The Ring Goes East; Volume III: The War of the Ring, The End of the Third Age, Appendices A–F.
- ^ a b At least 38 languages are listed at the FAQ. This number is a very conservative estimate; some 56 translations are listed at translations of The Lord of the Rings, and 57 languages are listed at Elrond's Library.
- ^ Tolkien created the word to define a different view of myth from C. S. Lewis's "lies breathed through silver", writing the poem "Mythopoeia" to present his argument; it was first published in Tree and Leaf in 1988.[10]
- ^ See the lead images in the articles on the three separate volumes, e.g. The Fellowship of the Ring.
References
Primary
- ^ Carpenter 2023, letter #329 to Peter Szabo Szentmihalyi, October 1971
- OCLC 9552942. book 2, ch. 1 "Many Meetings"
- ^ Carpenter 2023, letter #126 to Milton Waldman (draft), 10 March 1950
- ^ Carpenter 2023, letter #17 to Stanley Unwin, 15 October 1937
- ^ Carpenter 2023, letter #144 to Naomi Mitchison, 25 April 1954
- ^ Carpenter 2023, letter #141 to Allen & Unwin, 9 October 1953
- ^ Tolkien 1997, pp. 162–197 "English and Welsh"
- ^ Carpenter 2023, letter #142 to Robert Murray, S. J., 2 December 1953
- Houghton Mifflin, 30 June 1955
- ^ Carpenter 2023, letter #19 to Stanley Unwin, 31 December 1960
- ^ Carpenter 2023, letter #178 to Allen & Unwin, 12 December 1955, and #303 to Nicholas Thomas, 6 May 1968
- ^ Carpenter 2023, letter #211 to Rhona Beare, 14 October 1958
- ^ Carpenter 2023, letter #140 to Rayner Unwin, 17 August 1953
- ^ Carpenter 2023, letter #143 to Rayner Unwin, 22 January 1954
- ^ Carpenter 2023, letter #163 to W. H. Auden, 7 June 1955
- ^ Carpenter 2023, letter #149 to Rayner Unwin, 9 September 1954
- ^ Carpenter 2023, letter #239 to Peter Szabo Szentmihalyi, draft, October 1971
- ^ Carpenter 2023, letters #270, #273 and #277
- ISBN 978-0-261-10320-7.
- ^ Carpenter 2023, letters #228 and #229 to Allen & Unwin, 24 January 1961 and 23 February 1961
Secondary
- ISBN 0-333-29034-8.
- ^ a b Wagner, Vit (16 April 2007). "Tolkien proves he's still the king". Toronto Star. Archived from the original on 9 March 2011. Retrieved 8 March 2011.
- ^ a b Reynolds, Pat. "The Lord of the Rings: The Tale of a Text" (PDF). The Tolkien Society. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 24 October 2015.
- ^ "The Life and Works for JRR Tolkien". BBC. 7 February 2002. Archived from the original on 1 November 2010. Retrieved 4 December 2010.
- ^ Gilsdorf, Ethan (23 March 2007). "Elvish Impersonators". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 5 December 2007. Retrieved 3 April 2007.
- OCLC 1183854105.
- ISBN 978-1-4382-4631-4.
- S2CID 162244172.
the frame of the Red Book of Westmarch, which becomes one of the major structural devices Tolkien uses to invite meta-fictional reflection... He claims, in essence, that the story was already written...
- ^ a b c Doughan, David. "J. R. R. Tolkien: A Biographical Sketch". TolkienSociety.org. Archived from the original on 3 March 2006. Retrieved 16 June 2006.
- ISBN 978-0-00-821453-1.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Carpenter 1977, pp. 187–208
- ^ Carpenter 1977, p. 195.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-261-10275-0.
- ^ "J. R. R. Tolkien Collection: Marquette Archives | Raynor Memorial Libraries | Marquette University". Archived from the original on 19 December 2013.
- ^ Connotations: A Journal for Critical Debate. 23 (2): 283–309. Archivedfrom the original on 8 November 2018. Retrieved 15 May 2020.
- ^ Higgins, Andrew (2014). "Tolkien's Poetry (2013), edited by Julian Eilmann and Allan Turner". Journal of Tolkien Research. 1 (1). Article 4. Archived from the original on 1 August 2019. Retrieved 15 May 2020.
- S2CID 170378314.
- ^ Zimmer, Paul Edwin (1993). "Another Opinion of 'The Verse of J. R. R. Tolkien'". Mythlore. 19 (2). Article 2.
- ISBN 978-0-415-86511-1.
- ^ a b Carmel, Julia (15 February 2020). "Barbara Remington, Illustrator of Tolkien Book Covers, Dies at 90". The New York Times. Retrieved 4 September 2020.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-261-10275-0.
- ^ ISBN 978-1-4039-4671-3.
- ISBN 978-0-415-86511-1.
- ISBN 978-1250038296.
- ISBN 978-0-8020-3806-7.
- ^ Handwerk, Brian (1 March 2004). "Lord of the Rings Inspired by an Ancient Epic". National Geographic News. National Geographic Society. pp. 1–2. Archived from the original on 16 March 2006. Retrieved 4 October 2006.
- ^ Kuzmenko, Dmitry. "Slavic echoes in the works of J. R. R. Tolkien" (in Ukrainian). Archived from the original on 25 April 2012. Retrieved 6 November 2011.
- ISBN 1-4039-6025-9.
- ^ Resnick, Henry (1967). "An Interview with Tolkien". Niekas: 37–47.
- ISBN 978-0-415-86511-1.
- OCLC 731009810.
- ^ "Lord of the Rings inspiration in the archives". Explore the Past (Worcestershire Historic Environment Record). 29 May 2013.
- ^ Livingston, Michael (2006). "The Shellshocked Hobbit: The First World War and Tolkien's Trauma of the Ring". Mythlore. Mythopoeic Society. pp. 77–92. Archived from the original on 23 December 2011. Retrieved 3 June 2011.
- ^ Ahmed, Ali Arslan (8 May 2020). "How War Inspired JRR Tolkien To Write Lord Of The Rings". Dankanator.
- ISBN 978-0-7864-5655-0.
- ISBN 978-0-87548-303-0.
- ISBN 978-0-87338-744-6.
- ^ Hannon, Patrice (2004). "The Lord of the Rings as Elegy". Mythlore. 24 (2): 36–42.
- ISBN 978-0-618-42253-1.
- ISBN 978-0-87548-303-0.
- ^ Kreeft, Peter J. (November 2005). "The Presence of Christ in The Lord of the Rings". Ignatius Insight. Archived from the original on 24 November 2005. Retrieved 2 August 2020.
- ISBN 978-1-61147-065-9.
- ^ Schultz, Forrest W. (1 December 2002). "Christian Typologies in The Lord of the Rings". Chalcedon. Retrieved 26 March 2020.
- ^ Williams, Stan. "20 Ways 'The Lord of the Rings' Is Both Christian and Catholic". Catholic Education Resource Center. Archived from the original on 20 December 2013. Retrieved 20 December 2013.
- ISBN 978-0-261-10275-0.
- ISBN 978-0-664-23466-9.
- S2CID 162647975.
- ISBN 978-0-8131-2301-1.
- ^ Carpenter 1977, pp. 211 ff..
- ISBN 1-873674-37-6.
- ^ Carpenter 1977, pp. 220–221.
- ISBN 978-0547952017. Archivedfrom the original on 15 November 2017. Retrieved 16 September 2017.
- ^ "From Book to Script", The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring Appendices (DVD). New Line Cinema. 2002.
- ^ "The second part is called The Two Towers, since the events recounted in it are dominated by Orthanc, ..., and the fortress of Minas Morgul..."
- ^ "Tolkien's own cover design for The Two Towers". Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 22 January 2020.
- ^ Carpenter 2023, letter #137, #140, #143 all to Rayner Unwin, his publisher, in 1953-4
- ISBN 0-618-08359-6.
- ^ Auden, W. H. (26 January 1956). "At the End of the Quest, Victory: Book Review, "The Return of the King"". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 30 January 2016. Retrieved 21 February 2020.
- ISBN 978-0-415-86511-1.
- ^ Pate, Nancy (20 August 2003). "Lord of the Rings Films Work Magic on Tolkien Book Sales". SunSentinel. Archived from the original on 20 November 2018. Retrieved 20 November 2018.
- ^ Smith, Anthony (27 November 2000). "Rayner Unwin". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 8 May 2014. Retrieved 12 June 2010.
- ISBN 1-873674-37-6.
- ^ The World Wide Walrus. "Bored of the Rings". Retrieved 10 August 2011.
- ^ "Bibliography: Cover: Bored of the Rings". The Internet Speculative Fiction Database. Retrieved 10 August 2011.
- Locus Online. June 2006. Archivedfrom the original on 31 January 2011. Retrieved 22 January 2011.
- ISBN 1-887424-22-9.
- ^ Ripp, Joseph. "Middle America Meets Middle-earth: American Publication and Discussion of J. R. R. Tolkien's Lord of the Rings" (PDF). p. 38. Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 November 2015.
- ^ a b Reynolds, Pat. "The Lord of the Rings: The Tale of a Text". The Tolkien Society. Archived from the original on 8 September 2006.
- ISBN 978-1-4968-0851-6. Archived from the originalon 15 November 2017.
- ^ "Notes on the text" pp. xi–xiii, Douglas A. Anderson, in the 1994 HarperCollins edition of The Fellowship of the Ring.
- ^ Hammond & Scull 2005, pp. xl–xliv.
- ^ "Lord of the Rings Comparison". 21 December 2014. Archived from the original on 7 October 2017.
- OCLC 43216229.
- ^ "Elrond's Library – Translations of Tolkien all over the world". www.elrondslibrary.fr. Archived from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 28 September 2020.
I have gathered in my library editions of these books in 70 languages
- ISBN 978-0-87548-303-0.
- ^ Hammond & Scull 2005, pp. 750–782.
- ^ a b "The Lord of the Rings Boxed Set (Lord of the Rings Trilogy Series) section: Editorial reviews". Archived from the original on 10 December 2010. Retrieved 4 December 2010.
- ^ "From the Critics". Archived from the original on 29 September 2007. Retrieved 30 May 2006.
- ^ Auden, W. H. (22 January 1956). "At the End of the Quest, Victory". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 20 February 2011. Retrieved 4 December 2010.
- ^ "Ken Slater". Archived from the original on 30 October 2019. Retrieved 19 November 2019.
- ^ "Something to Read NSF 12". Retrieved 19 November 2019.
- ISBN 978-0-415-96942-0.
- ^ Wilson, Edmund (14 April 1956). "Oo, Those Awful Orcs! A review of The Fellowship of the Ring". The Nation. Retrieved 1 September 2012.
- ^ Derek Bailey (Director) and Judi Dench (Narrator) (1992). A Film Portrait of J. R. R. Tolkien (Television documentary). Visual Corporation.
- bowdlerized in the TV version, was "Not another fucking Elf!" Grovier, Kelly (29 April 2007). "In the Name of the Father". The Observer. Archivedfrom the original on 2 October 2013. Retrieved 4 December 2010.
- ISBN 978-0-618-39113-4
- ^ Shulevitz, Judith (22 April 2001). "Hobbits in Hollywood". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 9 April 2009. Retrieved 13 May 2006.
- ^ Jenkyns, Richard (28 January 2002). "Bored of the Rings". The New Republic. Retrieved 13 February 2011.
- Salon Magazine. Archived from the originalon 23 March 2006. Retrieved 9 January 2006.
- ^ Moorcock, Michael. "Epic Pooh". Archived from the original on 24 March 2008. Retrieved 27 January 2006.
- ISBN 978-1403-91263-3.
- ^ Seiler, Andy (16 December 2003). "'Rings' comes full circle". USA Today. Archived from the original on 12 February 2006. Retrieved 12 March 2006.
- ISBN 978-0-230-61992-0.
- ^ Diver, Krysia (5 October 2004). "A lord for Germany". The Sydney Morning Herald. Archived from the original on 28 March 2006. Retrieved 12 March 2006.
- ^ Cooper, Callista (5 December 2005). "Epic trilogy tops favourite film poll". ABC News Online. Archived from the original on 16 January 2006. Retrieved 12 March 2006.
- ^ O'Hehir, Andrew (4 June 2001). "The book of the century". Salon. Archived from the original on 13 February 2006. Retrieved 12 March 2006.
- ^ "100 'most inspiring' novels revealed by BBC Arts". BBC News. 5 November 2019. Archived from the original on 8 November 2019. Retrieved 10 November 2019.
The reveal kickstarts the BBC's year-long celebration of literature.
- ^ "Riel Radio Theatre — The Lord of the Rings, Episode 2". Radioriel. 15 January 2009. Archived from the original on 15 January 2020. Retrieved 18 May 2020.
- ^ "Genome BETA Radio Times 1923 – 2009". BBC. 1981. Retrieved 24 August 2020.
12.00: The Lord of the Rings: 1: The Long Awaited Party by J. R. R. Tolkien prepared for radio in 26 episodes by Brian Sibley Starring Ian Holm as Frodo and Michael Hordern as Gandalf
- ^ Drout 2006, p. 15
- ^ See also interview in "Show" magazine vol. 1, Number 1 1970
- ISBN 978-1-910232-16-3.
- ^ Jones, Brian Jay (2013). Jim Henson: The Biography. Virgin Digital. ebook location 5430. Chapter 11.
- ^ "Beatles plan for Rings film". CNN. 28 March 2002. Archived from the original on 9 April 2002.
- ^ Taylor, Patrick (19 January 2014). Best Films Never Made #8: John Boorman's The Lord of the Rings." Archived 16 December 2018 at the Wayback Machine OneRoomWithaView.com. Retrieved 16 December 2018.
- Sveriges television, 23 October 2015. Retrieved 26 October 2015.
- ^ Gaslin, Glenn (21 November 2001). "Ralph Bakshi's unfairly maligned Lord of the Rings". Slate.
- ^ Cassady, Charles (9 July 2010). "The Return of the King (1980)". commonsensemedia.org. Retrieved 2 August 2020.
- ^ Greydanus, Stephen. "The Return of the King (1980)". decentfilms.com. Retrieved 2 August 2020.
- ^ "Yle teettää oman sovituksen Taru sormusten herrasta-sadusta" [Yle to produce its own version of the tale of The Lord of the Rings]. Helsingin Sanomat (in Finnish). 18 June 1991.
- ^ Kajava, Jukka (29 March 1993). "Tolkienin taruista on tehty tv-sarja: Hobitien ilme syntyi jo Ryhmäteatterin Suomenlinnan tulkinnassa" [Tolkien's tales have been turned into a TV series: The Hobbits have been brought to live in the Ryhmäteatteri theatre]. Helsingin Sanomat (in Finnish). (subscription required)
- ^ Rosenberg, Adam (14 January 2016). "'Star Wars' ties 'Lord of the Rings' with 30 Oscar nominations, the most for any series". Mashable. Archived from the original on 12 May 2019. Retrieved 1 July 2019.
- ^ The Return of the King peak positions
- U.S. and Canada: "All Time Domestic Box Office". Box Office Mojo. Archived from the original on 4 June 2004.
- Worldwide: "All Time Worldwide Box Office". Box Office Mojo. Archived from the original on 5 June 2004.
- ISBN 978-0-7864-8473-7.
- ^ Masters, Tim (30 April 2009). "Making Middle-earth on a shoestring". BBC News. BBC. Archived from the original on 3 May 2009. Retrieved 1 May 2009.
- ^ Sydell, Laura (30 April 2009). "High-Def 'Hunt For Gollum' New Lord of the Fanvids". All Things Considered. NPR. Archived from the original on 3 May 2009. Retrieved 1 May 2009.
- ^ Lamont, Tom (7 March 2010). "Born of Hope – and a lot of charity". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 5 January 2015. Retrieved 5 January 2015.
- ^ Axon, Samuel (13 November 2017). "Amazon will run a multi-season Lord of the Rings prequel TV series". Ars Technica. Archived from the original on 14 November 2017.
- ^ @LOTRonPrime (7 March 2019). "Welcome to the Second Age:https://amazon.com/lotronprime" (Tweet). Archived from the original on 10 February 2020. Retrieved 24 March 2020 – via Twitter.
- ^ White, Peter (19 January 2022). "Amazon Prime Video Reveals 'The Lord Of The Rings' Series Title & Teases Second Age Tales". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved 19 January 2022.
- ^ Ronald, Issy (24 February 2023). "New 'Lord of the Rings' movie series in the works at Warner Bros". CNN. Retrieved 9 March 2023.
- ISBN 1-4025-1627-4.
- ^ "The fastest West End flops – in pictures". The Guardian. Retrieved 29 April 2017.
- ^ "Phil Dragash". Phil Dragash. Retrieved 11 March 2022.
- ^ "Root & Twig". SoundCloud. Retrieved 11 March 2022.
- ^ "Lord of The Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring – Soundscape by Phil Dragash". archive.org. 2013. Retrieved 11 March 2022.
- ^ "Coronavirus: Andy Serkis reads entire Hobbit live online for charity". BBC News. 9 May 2020.
- ^ The Hobbit – via www.audible.com.
- ^ "Andy Serkis records Lord of the Rings audiobooks for HarperCollins". The Bookseller. Retrieved 7 September 2021.
- ISBN 978-1119656029.
- ^ Carter, Lin (1978). The Year's Best Fantasy Stories: 4. DAW Books. pp. 207–208.
- Nintendo of Europe. April 1996. p. 72.
[The two program designers Shigeru Miyamoto and Takashi Tezuka were responsible for the game, who set themselves the goal of developing a fairytale adventure game with action elements... ...Takashi Tezuka, a great lover of fantasy novels such as Tolkien's Lord of the Rings, wrote the script for the first two games in the Zelda series].
- ^ "Shigeru Miyamoto Interview". Super PLAY (in Swedish) (4/03). Medströms Dataförlag AB. March 2003. Archived from the original on 7 September 2006. Retrieved 24 September 2006.
All ideas for The legend of Zelda were mine and Takashi Tezukas... ...Books, movies and our own lives.
- ^ Gygax, Gary. "Gary Gygax – Creator of Dungeons & Dragons". The One Ring.net. Archived from the original on 27 June 2006. Retrieved 28 May 2006.
- Gamasutra. 6 October 2006. Archivedfrom the original on 13 March 2011. Retrieved 28 March 2011.
- Gamasutra. Archivedfrom the original on 22 July 2015. Retrieved 29 September 2009.
- News Corp. Archivedfrom the original on 18 January 2016. Retrieved 4 January 2012.
- Caedmon Recordsin 1975 as part of J. R. R. Tolkien reads and sings The Lord of the Rings (LP recording TC1478).
- ^ Tolkien, J. R. R.; Swann, Donald (1967). The Road Goes Ever On: A Song Cycle. Ballantine Books.
- ^ Tolkien, J. R. R.; Swann, Donald (1967). Poems and Songs of Middle Earth (LP recording). Caedmon Records. TC1231/TC91231.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-615-17566-9.
- ^ Greene, Andy (16 August 2017). "Ramble On: Rockers Who Love 'The Lord of the Rings'". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on 16 August 2017.
- ^ "The Lord of the Rings Der Herr der Ringe Symphony No. 1 Sinfonie Nr. 1". Rundel. Retrieved 2 August 2020.
- ^ Ryan, Roma (2002). Only Time — The Collection (Booklet notes, pages 15, 16, 19, 21). Enya. Warner Music. 0927 49211-2.
- ISBN 0-312-30290-8.
- ISBN 0-618-05702-1.
- ISBN 0-19-861069-6.
- ISBN 978-0-415-86511-1.
- London Evening Standard. 12 July 2001. Archived from the originalon 14 September 2012. Retrieved 20 November 2011.
- ^ Pulley, Brett (15 July 2009). "'Hobbit' Heirs Seek $220 Million for 'Rings' Rights (Update1)". Bloomberg. Archived from the original on 2 August 2012. Retrieved 20 November 2011.
- ^ Harlow, John (28 May 2008). "Hobbit movies meet dire foe in son of Tolkien". The Times. Archived from the original on 15 June 2011. Retrieved 19 January 2022.
- ISBN 978-1-904764-82-3.
- ^ Carmel, Julia (15 February 2020). "Barbara Remington, Illustrator of Tolkien Book Covers, Dies at 90". The New York Times. Retrieved 18 July 2020.
- ^ Ezard, John (15 December 2003). "Tolkien runs rings round Big Read rivals". The Guardian. Retrieved 3 August 2020.
- ^ Ciabattari, Jane (7 December 2015). "The 100 greatest British novels". BBC. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 8 December 2015.
- ^ Savigneau, Josyane (15 October 1999). "Écrivains et choix sentimentaux" [Authors and sentimental choices]. Le Monde (in French). Archived from the original on 27 May 2012.
Sources
- ISBN 978-0-04-928037-3.
- ISBN 978-0-35-865298-4.
- ISBN 978-0-415-96942-0.
- ISBN 978-0-00-720907-1.
- Tolkien, Christopher (ed.) (1988–1992). The History of The Lord of the Rings, 4 vols.
- ISBN 978-0-261-10263-7.
External links
- Tolkien website of Harper Collins (the British publisher)
- Tolkien website of Houghton Mifflin Archived 24 April 2021 at the Wayback Machine (the American publisher)
- Lord of the Rings, The Archived 2 June 2021 at the Wayback Machine at the Encyclopedia of Fantasy
Related articles
- The Phial of Galadriel