Central Park Zoo
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The Central Park Zoo is a 6.5-acre (2.6 ha) zoo located at the southeast corner of Central Park in New York City. It is part of an integrated system of four zoos and one aquarium managed by the Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS). In conjunction with the Central Park Zoo's operations, the WCS offers children's educational programs, is engaged in restoration of endangered species populations, and reaches out to the local community through volunteer programs.
Its precursor, a
After 49 years of operation as a city zoo run by NYC Parks, Central Park Zoo closed in 1983 for reconstruction. The closure was part of a five-year, $35 million renovation program, that completely replaced the zoo's cages with naturalistic environments. It was rededicated on August 8, 1988, as part of a system of five facilities managed by the WCS, all of which are accredited by the Association of Zoos and Aquariums (AZA).[a]
Areas
The Central Park Zoo is part of the Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS), an integrated network of four zoos and an aquarium spread throughout New York City.[a] Located at East 64th Street and Fifth Avenue, the zoo is situated on a 6.5-acre (2.6 ha)[3] plot in Central Park. Visitors may enter through the Fifth Avenue entrance or from within Central Park.[4]
The Central Park Zoo is a major tourist attraction within Central Park, drawing more than one million people every year. According to a 2011 study by the Central Park Conservancy, the zoo and its surroundings were visited by an estimated four million people each year.[5]: 9 However, the WCS cites much lower figures since it only counts patrons with tickets. In 2007, it recorded that 1.01 million people visited the Central Park Zoo,[6] and in 2006, 1.03 million people.[7] As of the Wildlife Conservation Society's 2016 census of its zoos[update], the Central Park Zoo had 1,487 animals representing 163 species.[8]
Main zoo
Trellised, vine-clad, glass-roofed pergolas link the three major exhibit areas—tropic, temperate and polar—housed in discrete buildings of brick trimmed with granite, masked by vines.[9][10]: 213 The exhibit areas are centered around a square central garden that contains a square sea lion pool in its center.[4] The sea lion pool is surrounded by glass fencing to allow visitors to observe the sea lions and their daily feedings.[11]
Exhibits and other buildings
The structure at the central garden's southwestern corner is the "Tropic Zone",
To the west of the garden is the "Temperate Territory", a landscaped series of paths surrounding a lake.
The northern side of the garden is adjacent to the "Penguins and Sea Birds" section.[4] This multilevel structure contains a chilled penguin house that contains macaroni penguins, king penguins, chinstrap penguins, gentoo penguins, tufted puffins and an outdoor pool with harbor seals, as well as an outdoor grizzly bear exhibit.[9][10]: 214–215 It is located on the site of a lion house that was built in 1934 along with the original menagerie.[10]: 214
The eastern side of the central garden is next to the Arsenal, technically located outside the zoo.[4] The structure was completed in 1851 and originally intended as a weapons and ammunition storehouse for the New York State Militia. It once served as an actual zoo building, but now contains NYC Parks Department offices.[13] Central Park Zoo also includes a 4D theater,[14][15] located to the north of the Arsenal,[4] while a gift shop and ticket booth are located to the south of the Arsenal.[4]
The southern side of the garden contains the Intelligence Garden,[4] located at the site of the original menagerie's horned animal/small mammal house. Its name is inspired by a rare-animal menagerie created by King Wen of Zhou in 1100 B.C.[10]: 216 A cafeteria, the Dancing Crane Cafe,[4] is located to the south of the Intelligence Garden.[10]: 216
Art and conservation programs
Several
The zoo coordinates breeding programs for some endangered species as part of the Species Survival Plan, such as thick-billed parrots[20] and red pandas.[21][22] In 2011, the WCS announced that the Central Park Zoo was the first North American zoo to hatch ducklings of critically endangered scaly-sided mergansers.[23][24] In addition, the first example of whispering in non-human primates was observed at the Central Park Zoo in 2013, when tamarin monkeys were heard whispering around a staff member that they disliked.[25][26][27]
The zoo hosts educational venues as well as exhibits. The volunteer program at the Central Park Zoo engages members of the community; it is a combination outreach and educational program for adults. Volunteer guides conduct tours for visitors, while volunteer docents augment the educational program. Docents enroll in a four-month training program.[28] The zoo also offers several programs for students.[29]
Children's Zoo
The Children's Zoo is located north of the main zoo.
The Lehman Gates by Paul Manship are a notable feature retained from the original Children's Zoo.[33][34] They were donated by Herbert and Edith Lehman in 1960 in honor of their 50th anniversary, and as part of their donation toward the construction of the Children's Zoo itself.[34] The gates were renovated in the 1980s.[34][10]: 163 Additionally, the Delacorte Clock, a gift of George T. Delacorte dedicated in 1965, is mounted on a three-tiered tower above the arcade between the Wildlife Center and the Children's Zoo.[35]
History
Original menagerie
Planning and creation
The zoo was not part of the original
The American Zoological and Botanical Society, which sought to create a zoo somewhere in
Originally the zoo was supposed to be located in
Popularity and decline
The menagerie became popular because of its free admission and proximity to working-class Lower Manhattan; by 1873, it saw 2.5 million annual visitors.[37]: 344 The first permanent menagerie building was constructed behind the Arsenal in 1875.[50] The menagerie reached peak popularity in the mid-1880s after a chimpanzee nicknamed "Mike Crowley" was imported from Liberia. Observers such as former president Ulysses S. Grant showed up at the Monkey House to see the chimpanzee, overfilling the building past capacity.[37]: 345–346 However, Irish-American groups took offense to the chimpanzee's nickname, saying that the names given to animals in the Central Park menagerie were stereotypically Irish, and thus derogatory to that ethnic group.[37]: 345–346 [51] Frederick Law Olmsted also disapproved of the menagerie, believing Central Park to be better suited for scenic vistas than for entertainment, though he admitted that the zoo was the most popular part of the park.[37]: 347
By the 1890s, wealthy residents of nearby neighborhoods were clamoring for the zoo to be relocated somewhere else, such as the
Through the early 20th century, the quality of the menagerie declined through neglect from the city government, which administered the zoo. The zoo accepted creatures of all kinds, even those with health problems, but offered insufficient veterinary care.[10]: 211 In 1919, some of the structures at the Central Park menagerie were modified to accommodate the addition of new animals.[53] Subsequently, in 1932, a new concrete structure was built for the zoo's wolves because the previous steel enclosure was deemed insufficient to contain the wolves.[54] By then, the zoo was extremely rundown, and its 22 cages were regarded as "flimsy and rat-ridden".[10]: 105 The wooden sheds posed a fire hazard, and the enclosures were so ineffective that zookeepers guarded the lion house to prevent the lions from escaping.[55]
Current zoo
Construction of new zoo
After assuming office in January 1934, New York City mayor Fiorello La Guardia hired Robert Moses to head a newly unified Parks Department. Moses soon prepared extensive plans to reconstruct the city's parks, renovate existing facilities and create new swimming pools, zoos, playgrounds and parks. Moses acquired substantial Civil Works Administration, and later, Works Progress Administration funding and soon embarked upon an eight-year citywide construction program, relieving some of the high unemployment in New York City in this Depression year.[56]
Plans for the new Central Park Zoo were prepared by Aymar Embury II within a 16-day span in February 1934[57] and were announced the following month. Embury's plans called for nine terracotta and brick structures to replace the structures in the menagerie.[58][59] These structures included seven new animal enclosures, as well as a comfort station and a garage.[58][c] A sea lion pool, designed by Charles Schmieder,[48] was to be located in the center of the new zoo, surrounded by the zoo enclosures on three sides.[10]: 211–212 The new structures were designed in such a way that they could be maintained easily.[60] The buildings, to cost $411,000, were designed in conjunction with new enclosures at the Prospect Park Zoo.[58]
The reconstruction of the zoo was initially criticized by individuals who thought that the money spent on building a zoo would be better utilized on the construction of new schools around the city.[61] During the reconstruction, the previous structures were entirely demolished.[55] While construction was ongoing, animals were temporarily moved to other zoos.[62] The rebuilt zoo opened on December 2, 1934,[63] at a ceremony where former governor Al Smith was given the honorary title of "night superintendent".[64][65] By April 1936, the renovated zoo had seen six million visitors since its reopening.[66] To prevent the recurrence of rat infestations, Moses also instituted a rat-elimination program in and around the zoo.[10]: 109
1960s and 1970s
In June 1960, U.S. Senator
In the late 1960s and early 1970s, the
A nature kiosk at Central Park Zoo was added in 1972,[77] and a $500,000 renovation for the Lion House was proposed the following year.[60] By then, the Central Park Zoo was quite dilapidated: in November 1974, protesters gathered outside the zoo to protest the conditions there.[78] NYC Parks commissioner Gordon Davis described the zoo as a "Rikers Island for animals".[79] Even so, the zoo was one of the most popular attractions in Central Park through the 1980s, according to surveys taken during that era.[10]: 123
Around the same time, there was a plan to shift control of the Central Park, Prospect Park, and Queens Zoos from the city government to the New York Zoological Society, a quasi-public conservation organization. At the time, none of the zoos had dedicated curatorial staff and all had only a skeletal zookeeping staff.[80] The society proposed sending the larger animals to different zoos with more humane conditions,[78] and animal-rights groups sued the city in an effort to close the two zoos and move the animals to the larger Bronx Zoo.[81] A 1976 report by the World Federation for the Protection of Animals found that all three zoos were operating in "shameful conditions", and that the animals at the Central Park and Prospect Park Zoos were living in poorly maintained facilities.[82]
1980s renovation
After fifteen years of sporadic conversations, the administration of mayor Ed Koch and the New York Zoological Society (renamed the Wildlife Conservation Society, or WCS, in 1993[83]) signed a fifty-year agreement in April 1980, wherein the Central Park, Prospect Park, and Queens Zoos would be administered by the Society.[84] They proposed renovation plans for all three zoos in 1981.[85][86] The Central Park Zoo's renovation plan called for the demolition of five of the six structures around the sea lion pool (except for the Arsenal), as well as new classrooms and auditoriums for students, and a snack bar to replace the zoo's concessions.[87][86] The New York Times reported that "the caging of these animals in inadequate spaces has long enraged animal lovers."[86] Starting in November 1982, the Central Park Zoo's animals were temporarily moved to other zoos while construction was ongoing. Most of the large animals were permanently rehoused in larger, more natural spaces at the Bronx Zoo.[88] The zoo had three "problem animals" that few other zoos wanted to take,[89] but even they found homes.[10]: 212–213
The main zoo was closed in late 1983,[90][91] though the children's zoo remained open.[92] Demolition continued through 1984, though construction on the new zoo did not begin until the following year.[48] The subsequent redesign was executed by Kevin Roche of Kevin Roche John Dinkeloo Associates. The facility's menagerie cages were replaced with three naturalistic habitats that blended with Central Park's scenery.[87][93] Four of the original buildings were preserved in the redesigned zoo, though the cramped outdoor cages were demolished. The central feature of the original zoo, the sea lion pool, was retained.[92][9]
The renovation was originally budgeted at $8.3 million.[79] The renovated zoo was then planned to reopen in 1985 at a cost of $14 million, but the project was delayed for three years. The zoo reopened to the public on August 8, 1988. The renovation ended up costing $35 million.[94][95] Of this, the city contributed $22 million while the Society contributed the balance.[79] In order to pay for the zoo construction, the Society started charging admission for zoo patrons for the first time in the zoo's history.[37]: 509 With the reopening of the Central Park Zoo, the Society aimed to designate each of its three small zoos with a specific purpose. The Central Park Zoo would be focused toward conservation; the Prospect Park Zoo would be primarily a children's zoo; and the Queens Zoo would become a zoo with North American animals.[96]
1990s to present
By the early 1990s, some of the structures at the Children's Zoo had collapsed, and there were reports that the animals were being neglected. Under threat of closure by federal regulators, the city closed the zoo in 1991. Though the WCS had a plan to renovate the zoo, it languished for years because the restoration needed approval from the
In June 2009, the Allison Maher Stern Snow Leopard Exhibit opened with three
Hoax
A famous hoax regarding the zoo is known as the Central Park Zoo escape and the Central Park menagerie scare of 1874.
At the end of the lengthy article, which was divided across several pages of the newspaper, the following notice was the only indication that the story horrifying readers across the city was a hoax: "... of course, the entire story given above is a pure fabrication. Not one word of it is true."[103][104] That was not enough to assuage critics, however, who accused Bennett of inciting panic when the extent of the hoax became widely known.[105] The authors later claimed their intent was merely to draw attention to inadequate safety precautions at the zoo, and claimed to be surprised at the extent of the reaction to their story.[101][106][107]
Notable animals
- In the early 20th century, Bill Snyder was hired at the zoo; he purchased Hattie, an Asian elephant, in 1920.[108] Hattie died in 1922.[109]
- Pattycake, a female western lowland gorilla, was born at the zoo in 1972 and was thus the first gorilla successfully born in captivity in New York.[110] Her handlers assumed she was a male and originally named her "Sonny Jim".[111] She moved to the Bronx Zoo in 1982,[112] where she remained until her death in 2013.[113]
- tumor.[114]
- Flaco, a Eurasian eagle owl, was taken to the zoo in 2010.[115] Flaco escaped when his enclosure was damaged in 2023;[116] he was found dead outside the park in 2024.[117]
In media
The Central Park Zoo is depicted in the 2005 animated film Madagascar as the place from which the main characters escaped.[118]
References
Notes
- ^ a b The others are the Bronx Zoo, Prospect Park Zoo, Queens Zoo, and New York Aquarium.[2]
- ^ The structures that still exist, or have been modified from the original zoo, are:[10]: 213
- Birdhouse
- Smaller-Hoofed Animal House
- Larger-Hoofed Animal House
- Garage, animal kitchen, and annexes
- Monkey House
- ^ The structures, clockwise from south, were:[10]: 211–212
- Birdhouse
- Smaller-Hoofed Animal House
- Larger-Hoofed Animal House
- Horned Animal/Small Mammal House
- Garage, animal kitchen, and annexes
- Elephant House
- Cafeteria
- Lion House
- Monkey House
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Hattie is dead. Central Park's pet elephant succumbed on Saturday afternoon to the Illness against which she had fought for more a than a week. Unwilling that thousands of children who had loved the frolicsome pachyderm and ...
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Sources
- ISBN 978-1-60354-055-1. (Reprinted by Scholarly Press, 1976; often referred to as WPA Guide to New York City.)
- Keeling, Clinton H. (2002). Skyscrapers and Sealions. Guildford, Surrey, UK: Clam Publications.
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- Stern, Robert A. M.; Fishman, David; Tilove, Jacob (2006). New York 2000: Architecture and Urbanism Between the Bicentennial and the Millennium. New York: Monacelli Press. OL 22741487M.
Further reading
- "Awful Calamity; The Animals Broken Loose from Central Park" (PDF). New York Herald. November 9, 1874. p. 3 – via FultonHistory.com. (original hoax story)
External links
- Official website
- Scheier, Joan. "Introduction to The Central Park Zoo". Central Park Zoo.
- Central Park Zoo on zooinstitutes.com