The Notorious Byrd Brothers

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The Notorious Byrd Brothers
Studio album by
the Byrds
ReleasedJanuary 15, 1968 (1968-01-15)[nb 1]
RecordedJune 21 – December 6, 1967
StudioColumbia, Hollywood
Genre
Length28:28
LabelColumbia
ProducerGary Usher
The Byrds chronology
The Byrds' Greatest Hits
(1967) 		The Notorious Byrd Brothers
(1968) 		Sweetheart of the Rodeo
(1968)
Singles from The Notorious Byrd Brothers
  1. "Goin' Back"
    Released: October 20, 1967

The Notorious Byrd Brothers is the fifth album by the American

LP releases on which the Moog appears.[7][9]

Recording sessions for The Notorious Byrd Brothers took place throughout the latter half of 1967 and were fraught with tension, resulting in the loss of two members of the band;[9] rhythm guitarist David Crosby was fired in October 1967 and drummer Michael Clarke left the sessions midway through recording, returning briefly before finally being dismissed after completion of the album.[10][11] Additionally, original band member Gene Clark, who had left the group in early 1966, rejoined for three weeks during the making of the album, before leaving again.[12] Author Ric Menck has commented that in spite of these changes in personnel and the conflict surrounding its creation, The Notorious Byrd Brothers is the band's most cohesive and ethereal-sounding album statement.[13]

The Notorious Byrd Brothers reached number 47 on the

UK Album Chart.[14][15] A cover of the Gerry Goffin and Carole King song "Goin' Back" was released in October 1967 as the lead single from the album to mild chart success.[7] Although The Notorious Byrd Brothers was critically praised at the time of its release, it was only moderately successful commercially, particularly in the United States.[16] The album later came to be widely regarded as one of the Byrds' best album releases, as well as their most experimental and progressive.[5][6][13] Byrds expert Tim Connors has described the album's title as evoking a gang of outlaws from the American Old West.[4]

Background

The recording of The Notorious Byrd Brothers, during the latter half of 1967, was marked by severe internal dissolution and acrimony.[4] The Byrds began the recording sessions as a four-piece band, consisting of Roger McGuinn, David Crosby, Chris Hillman, and Michael Clarke—the same line-up that had recorded their two previous albums.[17] By the time of the album's release, however, only McGuinn and Hillman remained in the group.[5] The first line-up change occurred when drummer Michael Clarke quit the sessions after having played on several songs, over disputes with Crosby and the other band members over his playing ability and his apparent dissatisfaction with the material the three songwriting members of the band were providing.[18][19] Though he remained a band member and continued to honor his live concert commitments with the group, Clarke was temporarily replaced in the studio by noted session drummers Jim Gordon and Hal Blaine.[18][19]

David Crosby was then fired by McGuinn and Hillman and replaced by a former member of the Byrds, Gene Clark, who stayed on board for just three weeks before leaving again.[10][12] Prior to finishing the album, Michael Clarke also returned from his self-imposed exile to co-write and play on the track "Artificial Energy", only to be informed by McGuinn and Hillman that he was an ex-Byrd after the album was completed.[11] Amid so many changes in band personnel, McGuinn and Hillman needed to rely upon outside musicians to complete the album.[11] Among these hired musicians was Clarence White, who had also played on the group's previous album, Younger Than Yesterday.[4] His contributions to these and the Byrds' Sweetheart of the Rodeo album, along with his friendship with Hillman, eventually led to his being hired as a full-time member of the band in 1968.[20]

David Crosby's dismissal

David Crosby was fired from the Byrds midway through recording sessions for the album.

David Crosby was fired by McGuinn and Hillman in October 1967, partly as a result of friction arising from Crosby's displeasure at the band's wish to record the

bonus track on the 1997 Columbia/Legacy reissue.[22][23]

Crosby had also annoyed the other members of the Byrds during their performance at the

LSD to "all the statesmen and politicians in the world".[24] He further irritated his bandmates at Monterey by performing with rival group Buffalo Springfield, filling in for ex-member Neil Young.[25]

His stock within the band deteriorated still further following the commercial failure of his song "

Lady Friend", when it was released as the A-side of a Byrds single in July 1967.[26] His absence from many of the recording sessions for The Notorious Byrd Brothers was the final straw for McGuinn and Hillman. Crosby received a generous severance package and began to collaborate with his new musical partner, Stephen Stills.[10] It has been suggested that the horse on the cover of the album was unkindly intended to represent Crosby, although this has been denied by both McGuinn and Hillman.[27]

Much to Crosby's chagrin, McGuinn and Hillman reworked his unfinished song "Draft Morning" following his departure and included it in the final running order for the album, giving themselves a co-writing credit.[3] Crosby ended up playing on around half of The Notorious Byrd Brothers: on his own three songs, along with "Change Is Now" and "Old John Robertson".[16] He also appears on several bonus tracks on the 1997 reissue, including "Triad", "Universal Mind Decoder" and an early version of "Goin' Back".[28]

Gene Clark's temporary return

Following Crosby's departure,

television program, lip-syncing "Goin' Back" and "Mr. Spaceman".[12] The Byrds also played several live dates with Clark during a tour of the Midwest.[12] Following the final concert of the tour, Clark's fear of flying again became a problem when it prevented him from taking a flight to New York with his bandmates and, as a result, he left the band soon after.[12]

It has been debated by biographers and band historians just how involved Clark was in the recording of The Notorious Byrd Brothers.[13] Clark himself claimed during a 1988 interview for radio station KBSG 97 that he was involved in the recording of "Goin' Back" and some other songs from the same period, although he didn't specify what his contributions might have been.[31] There is also studio documentation and eyewitness accounts to suggest that Clark contributed backing vocals to "Goin' Back" and "Space Odyssey".[12][13] One of those eyewitnesses, John Noreen of the L.A. folk rock band the Rose Garden, has stated in an interview that he clearly remembers being at Columbia Recording Studios during sessions for the album and seeing Clark record his backing vocals.[12] This has been corroborated by the Rose Garden's drummer, Bruce Bowdin, who has claimed that Clark's voice can be heard most clearly on the mono mix of "Goin' Back" which was released as a single.[12] Conversely, the Rose Garden's bass player William Fleming, who was also there, recalled that although Clark was in the studio he didn't participate in any recording.[32] Author and musician Ric Menck has remarked that if Clark is present on either "Space Odyssey" or "Goin' Back", his contributions are not obvious and must have been buried very low in the mix by producer Gary Usher.[13]

The Byrds' lead guitarist, Roger McGuinn, cannot remember whether Clark contributed to the album or not, but he has admitted that it is possible.[12] McGuinn has, however, gone on record as stating that he wrote the song "Get to You" with Clark, and that the writing credits on the album are mistaken; they should have read McGuinn/Clark, rather than McGuinn/Hillman.[12] However, in an interview published in the November 2012 edition of Uncut magazine, Hillman stated that he definitely had a hand in writing the song with McGuinn, although he was unsure whether Clark also contributed to it or not.[33]

Music

Production

Despite its troubled genesis, the album contains some of the band's most gentle and ethereal music, as well as some of its most progressive and experimental.

Beatles-inspired" and cited their album Revolver as an influence.[34] Lyrically, it attempted to deal with many contemporary themes such as peace, ecology, freedom, drug use, alienation and mankind's place in the universe.[3] The album, as a whole, represented the apex of the McGuinn–Crosby–Hillman songwriting partnership, and took the musical experimentation of the original Byrds to its farthest logical extreme, mixing folk rock, country, psychedelia and jazz, often within a single song.[4][5][3] The band and producer Gary Usher also used a number of innovative studio-based production techniques on the album, in particular making heavy use of phasing, spatial panning, and rotary speaker effects.[6][8][35]

Moog modular synthesizer
similar to the one used during the recording of The Notorious Byrd Brothers.

The band also began experimenting with the Moog modular synthesizer on a number of tracks, making The Notorious Byrd Brothers one of the first rock albums to feature the instrument.[7] McGuinn had first discovered the Moog during the Monterey Pop Festival, where the instrument's inventor, Robert Moog, had set up a booth to demonstrate his new creation to the musicians who were performing at the festival.[36] Being something of an electronics buff, McGuinn was eager to experiment with the synthesizer in the recording studio, although reportedly, Hillman failed to share his enthusiasm for the instrument.[36] Although McGuinn and Usher played the Moog parts on the song "Space Odyssey" themselves, they ceded the instrument's other appearances on the album to electronic music pioneer and session musician Paul Beaver.[7][36]

The album also featured the pedal steel guitar playing of session musician Red Rhodes, which represented the first use of the instrument on a Byrds' recording.[9][37] This use of pedal steel, along with Clarence White's countrified guitar playing, foreshadowed the country rock direction that the band would explore on their next album, Sweetheart of the Rodeo.[4][38]

The songs

The album's opening track, "Artificial Energy", features a prominent

queen."[3][39] Although the press had accused the Byrds of writing songs about drugs in the past, specifically with "Eight Miles High" and "5D (Fifth Dimension)", when the band finally did record a song unequivocally dealing with drugs it was largely ignored by journalists.[3]

"Artificial Energy" is followed on the album by the poignant and nostalgic Goffin–King song "Goin' Back".[2] With its chiming 12-string Rickenbacker guitar and polished harmony singing, band biographer Johnny Rogan has described the song as providing a sharp contrast to the negativity and violence of the opening track.[38][3] The song's lyrics describe an attempt on the part of the singer to reject the cynicism that comes with being an adult in favor of the innocence of childhood.[38] Thematically, the song recalled the title of the Byrds' previous album, Younger Than Yesterday, and the understated pedal steel guitar playing of Red Rhodes gives the track a subtle country flavor.[28][40]

Wasn't Born to Follow
An excerpt from "Wasn't Born to Follow" demonstrating the country influenced interplay between electric guitar and pedal steel guitar featured in the song.
Problems playing this file? See media help.

A second Goffin–King composition, "Wasn't Born to Follow", also displays country and western influences, albeit filtered through the band's psychedelic and garage rock tendencies.[41] The song's country leanings are underscored by the criss-crossing musical dialogue between the electric guitar and pedal steel.[41] The rural ambiance is further heightened by the striking imagery of the lyrics which outline the need for escape and independence: a subject perfectly in keeping with the hippie ethos of the day.[41][42]

Another song on the album that deals with the need to escape the confines of society is David Crosby's "Dolphin's Smile".[43] The song was an early example of Crosby's penchant for using nautical imagery in his songs, a thematic trait he would utilize in future compositions, including "Wooden Ships" and "The Lee Shore".[28] The theme of unfettered idyllic bliss is further explored in the Hillman-penned "Natural Harmony".[28] Like "Goin' Back", "Natural Harmony" conveys a sense of longing for the innocence of youth, albeit filtered through the awareness-raising properties of psychedelic drugs.[3] It has been suggested by some commentators that the song exhibits the strong influence of Crosby's writing style, with its laid-back, jazzy feel and dreamy, high tenor vocal part.[4][44]

The McGuinn and Hillman composition "Change Is Now", with its lyrics advising the listener to live life to the full, represents a celebration of the philosophy of carpe diem (popularly translated as "seize the day").[3] Within this context, the song's lyrics explored a number of other themes, including epiphenomenalism, communalism, and human ecology.[3] The quasi-philosophical nature of the song prompted McGuinn to flippantly describe it in a 1969 interview as "another one of those guru-spiritual-mystic songs that no-one understood".[3] An early instrumental recording of the song, listed under its original working title of "Universal Mind Decoder", was included as a bonus track on the 1997 reissue of The Notorious Byrd Brothers.[23] "Change Is Now" is notable for being the only song on the album to feature both Crosby and future Byrd Clarence White together on the same track.[28]

"Draft Morning" is a song about the horrors of the Vietnam War, as well as a protest against the conscription of men into the military during the conflict.[2][45] The song was initially written by Crosby, but he was fired from the Byrds shortly after he had introduced it to the rest of the band.[45] However, work had already begun on the song's instrumental backing track by the time of Crosby's departure.[45] Controversially, McGuinn and Hillman decided to continue working on the song, despite its author no longer being a member of the band.[3] Having only heard the song's lyrics in their original incarnation a few times, McGuinn and Hillman couldn't remember all of the words when they came to record the vocals and so decided to rewrite the song with their own lyrical additions, giving themselves a co-writing credit in the process.[4] This angered Crosby considerably, since he felt, with some justification, that McGuinn and Hillman had stolen his song.[45] Despite its troubled evolution, "Draft Morning" is often considered one of Crosby's best songs from his tenure with the Byrds.[4][13] Lyrically, it follows a newly recruited soldier from the morning of his induction into the military through to his experiences of combat and as such, illustrates the predicament faced by many young American men during the 1960s.[4][3] The song also makes extensive use of battlefield sound effects, provided for the band by the Los Angeles comedy troupe the Firesign Theatre.[28]

Old John Robertson
An excerpt from "Old John Robertson" highlighting the album's use of
phasing and flanging
effects.
Problems playing this file? See media help.

Another of Crosby's songwriting contributions to the album, "Tribal Gathering", was, for many years, assumed to have been inspired by the

Elysian Park near Los Angeles on March 26, 1967.[46][47] Played in a jazzy, 5/4 time signature, the song's vocal arrangement was greatly influenced by the music of the Four Freshmen, a vocal group that Crosby had admired as a youngster.[46]

Another song on the album that uses a 5/4 time signature, albeit with occasional shifts into 3/4 time, is "Get to You".[3] The song recounts a plane trip to London, England, just prior to the advent of autumn, but the identity of the enigmatic "you" mentioned in the song's title is not specified in the lyrics and thus, can be interpreted as either a waiting lover or as the city of London itself.[3] Although it has been claimed by McGuinn that Clark co-wrote the song, he had left the Byrds again by the time it was recorded and therefore does not appear on the track.[7]

"Old John Robertson", which had already been issued some six months earlier as the

phasing and flanging, particularly during the song's orchestral middle section and subsequent verse.[7] The version of "Old John Robertson" found on the B-side of the "Lady Friend" single is a substantially different mix from the version that appears on The Notorious Byrd Brothers album.[4]

Space Odyssey
The musical backing of "Space Odyssey" makes use of the
Moog modular synthesizer, while its vocal melody recalls that of a sea shanty
.
Problems playing this file? See media help.

The final track on the album, "Space Odyssey", is a musical retelling of

2001: A Space Odyssey.[28] The song makes extensive use of the Moog modular synthesizer and features a droning, dirge-like melody reminiscent of a sea shanty.[27][36] Since "Space Odyssey" predates the release of 2001: A Space Odyssey, McGuinn and his co-writer, Robert J. Hippard, composed lyrics that referred to a pyramid being found on the Moon, as was the case in "The Sentinel".[48] However, the pyramid was replaced by a rectangular monolith in both the film and the accompanying novelization.[49]

Release and reception

Professional ratings
Review scores
SourceRating
Encyclopedia of Popular Music
[50]
Pitchfork9.1/10[51]
Rolling Stone[52]

The Notorious Byrd Brothers was released on January 15, 1968, in the United States (catalogue item CL 2775 in mono, CS 9575 in stereo) and on April 12, 1968, in the UK (catalogue item 63169 in mono, S 63169 in stereo).[1][16] However, there is some debate about the U.S. release date, with some sources suggesting that it may have been brought forward to January 3, 1968.[2][5] Regardless, the album's appearance during the first month of 1968 surprised many fans of the band, who had been led to believe by contemporary press reports that the album was still in the planning stages.[3]

It peaked at number 47 on the

LP to be commercially issued in mono in the United States, although subsequent albums continued to be released in both mono and stereo variations overseas.[1]

The album was almost universally well received by the music press upon release, with

Crawdaddy! magazine was also enthusiastic in its praise of the album, with Sandy Pearlman describing it as "enchantingly beautiful".[16] Pete Johnson, in his review for the Los Angeles Times, summed up the album as "11 good songs spiked with electronic music, strings, brass, natural and supernatural voices, and the familiar thick texture of McGuinn's guitar playing".[16]

In a contemporary review published in Esquire, music critic Robert Christgau described The Notorious Byrd Brothers as "simply the best album the Byrds have ever recorded".[53] Christgau grouped it with contemporary releases by Love (Forever Changes) and The Beach Boys (Wild Honey), remarking: "[i]t's hard to believe that so much good can come out of one place [i.e. Los Angeles]."[53] In the UK, Record Mirror gave the album a rare five-star rating, commenting "Hard though it was for the Byrds to follow up their near-perfect Younger Than Yesterday album, they've done it with this fantastic disc."[54] Melody Maker was also complimentary about the album, describing it as "A beautiful selection, representing US pop at its finest."[54] Beat Instrumental concluded their review by stating "It's true to say that the Byrds are one of the two best groups in the world. Nobody can say any different with the proof of this album."[54]

In 1997, Rolling Stone senior editor David Fricke described the album as the Byrds' "finest hour" and "the work of a great rock & roll band, in every special sense of the word".[5] On his official website, Robert Christgau again commented on the album, declaring that The Notorious Byrd Brothers (along with its follow-up, Sweetheart of the Rodeo) is "[one] of the most convincing arguments for artistic freedom ever to come out of American rock".[55] Parke Puterbaugh, writing for the Rolling Stone website in 1999, remarked on the presence of "burbling Moog synthesizers and purring steel guitars" on the album, which he ultimately described as "a brilliant window onto an unforgettable place and time".[52]

Legacy

Over the years, The Notorious Byrd Brothers has gained in reputation and is often considered the group's best work, while the contentious incidents surrounding its making have been largely forgotten.[5][6][16] The album managed to capture the band at the height of their creative powers, as they pushed ahead lyrically, musically and technically into new sonic territory.[3] Band biographer Johnny Rogan has written that the Byrds' greatest accomplishment on the album was in creating a seamless mood piece from a variety of different sources, bound together by innovative studio experimentation.[3] Although the album is widely regarded as the band's most experimental, its running time of a little under 29 minutes also makes it their briefest.

The album was voted the fourth-best album ever in a 1971

Colin Larkin's All Time Top 1000 Albums (2000).[64]

The Notorious Byrd Brothers was remastered at 20-bit resolution as part of the Columbia/Legacy Byrds series.[65] It was reissued in an expanded form on March 25, 1997, with six bonus tracks, including Crosby's controversial ballad "Triad", the Indian-influenced "Moog Raga", and an instrumental backing track for the outtake "Bound to Fall".[28] The final track on the CD extends to include a hidden track featuring a radio advertisement by producer Gary Usher for the album, as well as a recording of an in-studio altercation between the band members.[66]

Following the release of the album, the Byrds' recording of "Wasn't Born to Follow" was used in the 1969 film

tribute album Timeless Flyte: A Tribute to The Byrds — Full Circle, and by rock band Giant Sand, on Time Between – A Tribute to The Byrds.[69][70] Ric Menck, best known for being a member of the band Velvet Crush, has written a book about the album for Continuum Publishing's 33⅓ series.[71]

Track listing

Side one
No.TitleWriter(s)Length
1."Artificial Energy"Roger McGuinn, Chris Hillman, Michael Clarke2:18
2."Goin' Back"Carole King, Gerry Goffin3:26
3."Natural Harmony"Chris Hillman2:11
4."Draft Morning"David Crosby, Chris Hillman, Roger McGuinn2:42
5."Wasn't Born to Follow"Carole King, Gerry Goffin2:04
6."Get to You"Roger McGuinn, Chris Hillman (possibly mis-credited and actually written by Gene Clark and Roger McGuinn[12])2:39
Side two
No.TitleWriter(s)Length
1."Change Is Now"Chris Hillman, Roger McGuinn3:21
2."Old John Robertson"Chris Hillman, Roger McGuinn1:49
3."Tribal Gathering"David Crosby, Chris Hillman2:03
4."Dolphin's Smile"David Crosby, Chris Hillman, Roger McGuinn2:00
5."Space Odyssey"Roger McGuinn, Robert J. Hippard3:52
Total length:28:28
  • Sides one and two were combined as tracks 1–11 on CD reissues.
1997 CD reissue bonus tracks
No.TitleWriter(s)Length
12."Moog Raga" (instrumental)Roger McGuinn3:24
13."Bound to Fall" (instrumental)Mike Brewer, Tom Mastin2:08
14."Triad"David Crosby3:29
15."Goin' Back" (alternate - version one)Carole King, Gerry Goffin3:55
16."Draft Morning" (alternate ending)David Crosby, Chris Hillman, Roger McGuinn2:55
17."Universal Mind Decoder" (instrumental; song ends at 3:32; 4:32 begins radio advert which ends at 5:41; 6:42 begins "Dolphin's Smile" [in-studio argument])Chris Hillman, Roger McGuinn13:45

Single release

  1. "Goin' Back" b/w "Change Is Now" (Columbia 44362) October 20, 1967 (Billboard chart number 89)

Personnel

Adapted from So You Want to Be a Rock 'n' Roll Star: The Byrds Day-By-Day (1965–1973), The Notorious Byrd Brothers (33⅓ series), and the compact disc liner notes.[7][19][28][37]

  • Roger McGuinn – vocals, lead guitar, Moog synthesizer
  • David Crosby – vocals, rhythm guitar on "Change is Now", "Tribal Gathering", "Dolphin's Smile", "Triad", and "Goin' Back" (alternate); rhythm guitar on "Draft Morning", "Bound to Fall" and "Universal Mind Decoder"; vocals, electric bass on "Old John Robertson"
  • Chris Hillman – vocals; electric bass all tracks except "Old John Robertson"; guitar on "Old John Robertson"; mandolin on "Draft Morning"
  • Michael Clarke – drums on "Artificial Energy", "Draft Morning", "Old John Robertson", "Tribal Gathering", "Dolphin's Smile", and "Universal Mind Decoder"
  • Gene Clark – possible backing vocal on "Goin' Back" (master) and "Space Odyssey"

Additional personnel

Release history

Date Label Format Country Catalog Notes
January 15, 1968 Columbia
LP
 US CL 2775 Original mono release.
CS 9575 Original
stereo
release.
April 12, 1968 CBS LP UK 63169 Original mono release.
S 63169 Original stereo release.
1973 Embassy LP UK EMB 31202 Stereo reissue with the subtitle Space Odyssey.
1976 CBS LP UK S 22040 Double album stereo reissue with Sweetheart of the Rodeo.
1987 Edsel LP UK ED 262
1987 Edsel CD UK EDCD 262 Original CD release.
1990 Columbia CD US CK 9575 Original US CD release.
March 25, 1997 Columbia/Legacy CD US CK 65151 Reissue containing six bonus tracks and the remastered stereo album.
UK COL 4867512
1999 Simply Vinyl LP UK SVLP 0006 Reissue of the remastered stereo album.
2003
Sony
 CD Japan MHCP-70 Reissue containing six bonus tracks and the remastered album in a replica LP sleeve.
2006 Sundazed LP US LP 5201 Reissue of the original mono release.
2006 Columbia/Mobile Fidelity Sound Lab SACD (Hybrid) US UDSACD 2015 Mono album plus stereo bonus tracks.

Single release

  1. "Goin' Back" b/w "Change Is Now" (Columbia 44362) October 20, 1967 (Billboard chart number 89)

Notes

  1. ^ The album's precise release date is the subject of debate by biographers and band historians. Most sources, including authors Johnny Rogan, Ric Menck, and Christopher Hjort cite January 15, 1968, but other sources, such as the AllMusic website and the artwork for the Columbia Records 1997 remastered CD, list January 3.

References

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  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m "The Notorious Byrd Brothers". ByrdWatcher: A Field Guide to the Byrds of Los Angeles. Archived from the original on May 22, 2010. Retrieved August 22, 2009.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h Fricke, David. (1997). The Notorious Byrd Brothers (1997 CD liner notes/rear cover).
  6. ^ a b c d Bob Olsen. "The Byrds – The Notorious Byrd Brothers review". Music Tap. Retrieved February 21, 2015.
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  17. ^ "The Byrds Biography". AllMusic. Retrieved January 10, 2010.
  18. ^ a b "Michael Clarke Biography". AllMusic. Retrieved January 10, 2010.
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  32. ^ Thomson, Graeme (November 2012). "Change Is Now". Uncut. No. 186. London: IPC Media. p. 33.
  33. ^ Thomson, Graeme (November 2012). "Change Is Now". Uncut. No. 186. London: IPC Media. p. 35.
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Bibliography

External links
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