Ramones
Ramones | |
---|---|
Background information | |
Origin | Forest Hills, Queens, New York, U.S. |
Genres | |
Discography | Ramones discography |
Years active | 1974 | –1996
Labels |
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Past members | |
Website | Ramones.com |
The Ramones[a] were an American punk rock band formed in the New York City neighborhood Forest Hills, Queens in 1974. Known for helping establish the punk movement in the United States and elsewhere, the Ramones are often cited as the first true punk band. Though achieving little commercial success, the band is seen today as highly influential in punk culture.
All members adopted pseudonyms ending with the surname Ramone, although none were biologically related: they were inspired by Paul McCartney, who would check into hotels under the alias Paul Ramon. The Ramones performed 2,263 concerts, touring virtually nonstop for 22 years.[1] In 1996, after a tour with the Lollapalooza music festival, they played a farewell concert in Los Angeles and disbanded.[2]
By 2014, all four of the band's original members had died – lead singer Joey Ramone (1951–2001), bassist Dee Dee Ramone (1951–2002), guitarist Johnny Ramone (1948–2004) and drummer Tommy Ramone (1949–2014).[3][4][5][6] All of the surviving members of the Ramones – bassist C. J. Ramone (who replaced Dee Dee in 1989 and stayed with the band until its dissolution) and drummers Marky Ramone, Richie Ramone and Elvis Ramone – remain musically active.
Recognition of the band's importance has built over the years.[7] The Ramones ranked number 26 in Rolling Stone magazine's list of the "100 Greatest Artists of All Time"[8] and number 17 in VH1's "100 Greatest Artists of Hard Rock".[9] In 2002, the Ramones were ranked the second-greatest band of all time by Spin, trailing only the Beatles.[10] On March 18, 2002, the original four members and Tommy's replacement on drums, Marky Ramone, were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in their first year of eligibility.[1][11] In 2011, the group was awarded a Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award.[12][13]
History
Formation (1974–1975)
The original members of the band met in and around the middle-class neighborhood of Forest Hills in the New York City borough of Queens. John Cummings and Thomas Erdelyi had both been in a high-school garage band from 1965 to 1967 known as the Tangerine Puppets.[14] They became friends with Douglas Colvin, who had recently moved to the area from Germany,[15] and Jeff Hyman, who was the singer for the glam rock band Sniper, founded in 1972.[16][17][18]
The Ramones began taking shape in early 1974 when Cummings and Colvin invited Hyman to join them in a band. Colvin wanted to play guitar and sing, Cummings would also play guitar and Hyman would play drums. The lineup was to be completed with their friend Richie Stern on bass. However, after only a few rehearsals it became clear that Richie Stern could not play bass, so the group parted ways with him and became a trio, with Colvin switching from guitar to bass in addition to singing while Cummings became the only guitarist.[19] Colvin was the first to adopt the name "Ramone", calling himself Dee Dee Ramone. He was inspired by Paul McCartney's use of the pseudonym Paul Ramon during his Silver Beetles days.[20][21] Dee Dee convinced the other members to take on the name and came up with the idea of calling the band the Ramones.[22] Hyman and Cummings became Joey and Johnny Ramone, respectively.[22]
A friend of the band, Monte A. Melnick (later their tour manager), helped to arrange rehearsal time for them at Manhattan's Performance Studios, where he worked. Johnny's former bandmate Erdelyi was set to become their manager. Soon after the band was formed, Dee Dee realized that he could not sing and play his bass guitar simultaneously; with Erdelyi's encouragement, Joey became the band's new lead singer.[20] Dee Dee would continue, however, to count off each song's tempo with his signature rapid-fire shout of "1-2-3-4!" Joey soon similarly realized that he could not sing and play drums simultaneously and left the position of drummer. While auditioning prospective replacements, Erdelyi would often take to the drums and demonstrate how to play the songs. It became apparent that he was able to perform the group's music better than anyone else, and he joined the band as Tommy Ramone.[23]
The Ramones played before an audience for the first time on March 30, 1974, at Performance Studios.
The band swiftly became regulars at the club, playing there seventy-four times by the end of the year. After garnering considerable attention for their performances—which averaged about seventeen minutes from beginning to end—the group was signed to a recording contract in late 1975 by
Spearheading punk (1976–1977)
The Ramones recorded their debut album, Ramones, in February 1976. Of the fourteen songs on the album, the longest, "I Don't Wanna Go Down to the Basement", barely surpassed two and a half minutes. While the songwriting credits were shared by the entire band, and each member did contribute some writing, much of the writing was done by Dee Dee.[34][35] The Ramones album was produced by Sire's Craig Leon, with Tommy as associate producer, on an extremely low budget of about $6,400 and released in April.[36] The now iconic front cover photograph of the band was taken by Roberta Bayley, a photographer for Punk magazine.[37] Punk, which was largely responsible for codifying the term for the scene emerging around CBGB, ran a cover story on the Ramones in its third issue, the same month as the album's release.[32][38]
The Ramones' debut album was greeted by rock critics with glowing reviews. The
Despite Sire's high hopes for it,
Their next two albums,
Transitional period (1978–1983)
Tommy, tired of touring, left the band in early 1978. He continued as the Ramones' record producer under his birth name of Erdelyi. His position as drummer was filled by
After the band's movie debut in
Pleasant Dreams, the band's sixth album, was released in 1981. It continued the trend established by End of the Century, taking the band further from the raw punk sound of its early records. As described by Trouser Press, the album, produced by Graham Gouldman of UK pop act 10cc, moved the Ramones "away from their pioneering minimalism into heavy metal territory".[62] Johnny would contend in retrospect that this direction was a record company decision, a continued futile attempt to get airplay on American radio.[63] While Pleasant Dreams reached number 58 on the U.S. chart, its two singles failed to register at all.[64]
Subterranean Jungle, produced by Ritchie Cordell and Glen Kolotkin, was released in 1983.[65] According to Trouser Press, it brought the band "back to where they once belonged: junky '60s pop adjusted for current tastes", which among other things meant "easing off the breakneck rhythm that was once Ramones dogma."[62] Billy Rogers, who had performed with Johnny Thunders and the Heartbreakers, played drums on the album's second single, a cover of the Chambers Brothers' "Time Has Come Today", becoming the only song showing three different drummers: Rogers on recording, Marky on album credits and Richie on video clip.[66] Subterranean Jungle peaked at number 83 in the United States—it would be the last album by the band to crack the Billboard Top 100.[67][68] In 2002, Rhino Records released a new version of it with seven bonus tracks.[69]
Shuffling members (1983–1989)
After the release of Subterranean Jungle, Marky was fired from the band due to his alcoholism.[70] He was replaced by Richard Reinhardt, who adopted the name Richie Ramone. Joey Ramone remarked that "[Richie] saved the band as far as I'm concerned. He's the greatest thing to happen to the Ramones. He put the spirit back in the band."[71] Richie is the only Ramones drummer to sing lead vocals on Ramones songs, including "(You) Can't Say Anything Nice" as well as the unreleased "Elevator Operator". Joey Ramone commented, "Richie's very talented and he's very diverse ... He really strengthened the band a hundred percent because he sings backing tracks, he sings lead, and he sings with Dee Dee's stuff. In the past, it was always just me singing for the most part."[72] Richie was also the only drummer to be the sole composer of Ramones songs including their hit "Somebody Put Something in My Drink" as well as "Smash You", "Humankind", "I'm Not Jesus", "I Know Better Now" and "(You) Can't Say Anything Nice". Joey Ramone supported Richie's songwriting contributions: "I encouraged Richie to write songs. I figured it would make him feel more a part of the group, because we never let anybody else write our songs."[73][74] Richie's composition, "Somebody Put Something in My Drink", remained a staple in the Ramones set list until their last show in 1996 and was included in the album Loud, Fast Ramones: Their Toughest Hits.[75] The eight-song bonus disc, The Ramones Smash You: Live '85, is also named after Richie's composition "Smash You".
The first album the Ramones recorded with Richie was Too Tough to Die in 1984, with Tommy Erdelyi and Ed Stasium returning as producers. The album marked a shift to something like the band's original sound. In the description of Allmusic's Stephen Thomas Erlewine, the "rhythms are back up to jackhammer speed and the songs are down to short, terse statements."[76]
The band's main release of 1985 was the British single "
The following year the band recorded their last album with Richie, Halfway to Sanity. Richie left in August 1987 after financial conflicts with Johnny that centered around him being refused a small percentage of the merchandising money, which had been requested based on his tenure with the band and their use of his name and image.[81][82] Richie was replaced by Clem Burke from Blondie, which was disbanded at the time. According to Johnny, the performances with Burke—who adopted the name Elvis Ramone—were a disaster. He was fired after two performances (August 28 and 29, 1987) because his drumming could not keep up with the rest of the band.[81] In September, Marky, now clean and sober, returned to the band.[22]
In December 1988, the Ramones recorded material for their eleventh studio album, and what was supposed to be a "comeback" for the band,[83][84] Brain Drain was co-produced by Beauvoir, Rey, and Bill Laswell. However, the bass parts were done by Daniel Rey and the Dictators' Andy Shernoff. Dee Dee Ramone would only record the additional vocals on the album citing that members of the band (including himself) were going through personal troubles and changes to the point where he did not want to be in the band anymore. Although it received mixed reviews upon its release in mid-1989, the album included the band's highest-charting hit in America, "Pet Sematary".[85]
Despite not wanting to be in the band anymore, Dee Dee (who was sober by this point) was present for the world tour for Brain Drain and played his last show with the Ramones on July 5, 1989, at One Step Beyond in Santa Clara.[86] He was replaced by Christopher Joseph Ward (C. J. Ramone), who performed with the band until it disbanded. Dee Dee initially pursued a brief career as a rapper under the name Dee Dee King. He quickly returned to punk rock and formed several bands, in much the same vein as the Ramones. He also continued to write songs for the Ramones, but never rejoined the band.[87]
Final years (1990–1996)
The band fulfilled their contract with Sire Records in 1991 after being on the label for over a decade and a half, ending with the release of Loco Live. After leaving Sire Records, Brett Gurewitz of Bad Religion offered to sign the band to his label Epitaph Records, even traveling to a concert in Amsterdam and begging Joey and Johnny. Meanwhile, Stormy Shepard from Leave Home Bookings (who was booking then-up-and-coming bands like Rancid and The Offspring) negotiated with the Ramones: "I'll put you on tour with these bands that are huge now. They're your fans; you can do whatever you want. You'll be playing in front of kids who like this style of music." At the same time, the band's manager, Gary Kurfurst had just worked out a deal where he was going to get his own record label, Radioactive Records. When CJ Ramone heard Johnny talking about signing to Kurfirst's label, he questioned: "Johnny, you've run this band for years. You carried it all yourself. I don't understand how you don't see the conflict of interest in signing to your manager's label. Just in terms of business, I don't understand how you don't see that. You're really throwing away the last few years of your career. Those Epitaph guys grew up listening to you. They will do anything to give you the business success you never had. Your manager will do the same thing he always has. He's going to throw his stuff out there. You're going to break through without anyone's support and you're going to face the rest of your career the way it's been up until now.", but Johnny replied: "When you have as many years in the business as I do, then you can make the decisions.". By Johnny's decision, the group ended up signing a new contract with Radioactive Records at the end of that year, the Ramones were soon able to start on sessions for what would become Mondo Bizarro (1992),[88][89][90] which saw them reunited with producer Ed Stasium.[91] Anticipated as a "comeback" for the band after years of decline in popularity,[92][93] the album was certified Gold in Brazil after selling 100,000 copies, being the first Gold certification The Ramones were ever awarded,[94][95][96] while its lead single "Poison Heart" was another top ten hit in the US for the band.[85]
Acid Eaters, consisting entirely of cover songs, came out in 1993.[97] That same year, the Ramones were featured in the animated television series The Simpsons, providing music and voices for animated versions of themselves in the episode "Rosebud".[98] Executive producer David Mirkin described the Ramones as "gigantic, obsessive Simpsons fans."
In 1995, the Ramones released their fourteenth and final studio album
Aftermath and deaths of original members
On July 20, 1999, Dee Dee, Johnny, Joey, Tommy, Marky, and C. J. appeared together at the
On March 18, 2002, the Ramones were inducted into the
On November 30, 2003, New York City unveiled a sign designating East 2nd Street at the corner of Bowery as Joey Ramone Place. The singer lived on East 2nd for a time, and the sign is near the former Bowery site of CBGB.[109] The documentary film End of the Century: The Story of the Ramones came out in 2004. Johnny, who had been diagnosed with prostate cancer in 1999, died on September 15, 2004, in Los Angeles, shortly after the film's release.[5] On the same day as Johnny's death, the world's first Ramones Museum opened its doors to the public. Located in Berlin, Germany, the museum features more than 300 items of memorabilia, including a pair of stage-worn jeans from Johnny, a stage-worn glove from Joey, Marky's sneakers, and C. J.'s stage-worn bass strap.[110] On October 8, 2004, Tommy Ramone, C. J. Ramone, Clem Burke, and Daniel Rey performed in the "Ramones Beat on Cancer" concert.[111]
The Ramones were inducted into the
On April 30, 2014, their debut album,
On October 30, 2016, the band had a street in Queens, New York named for them. As of that date, the intersection of 67th Avenue and 110th Street in front of the main entrance of Forest Hills High School was officially named The Ramones Way.[116]
On April 15, 2021, the 20th anniversary of Joey Ramone's death, it was announced that Pete Davidson would portray Ramone in the upcoming Netflix biopic I Slept with Joey Ramone which is based on the 2009 memoir of the same name written by Ramone's brother Mickey Leigh. Leigh will serve as an executive producer with a script written by Davidson and director Jason Orley.[117]
Conflicts between members
Tension between
A year after the Ramones' breakup, Marky Ramone made disparaging remarks against
Style
Musical style
The Ramones' loud, fast, straightforward musical style was influenced by
With just four chords and one manic tempo, New York's Ramones blasted open the clogged arteries of mid-'70s rock, reanimating the music. Their genius was to recapture the short/simple aesthetic from which pop had strayed, adding a caustic sense of trash-culture humor and minimalist rhythm guitar sound.[134]
As leaders in the punk rock scene, the Ramones' music is strongly identified with that label.[63] It has been noted that their recordings also helped the subgenre pop-punk to develop.[135][136][137] Some have described certain Ramones songs as power pop.[138][139][140] Starting in the 1980s, the band sometimes veered into hardcore punk territory, as can be heard on albums such as Too Tough to Die.[134]
On stage, the band adopted a focused approach directly intended to increase the audience's concert experience. Johnny's instructions to C. J. when preparing for his first live performances with the group were to play facing the audience, to stand with the bass slung low between spread legs, and to walk forward to the front of stage at the same time as he did. Johnny was not a fan of guitarists who performed facing their drummer, amplifier, or other band members.[141]
Visual imagery
The Ramones' art and visual imagery complemented the themes of their music and performance. The members adopted a uniform look of long hair,
The band's logo was created by New York City artist Arturo Vega, with guidance from the Ramones. Vega, a longtime friend, had allowed Joey and Dee Dee to move into his loft.[143] He produced the band's T-shirts—their main source of income—basing most of the images on a black-and-white self-portrait photograph he had taken of his American bald eagle belt buckle, which appeared on the back sleeve of the Ramones' first album.[144] He was inspired to create the band's logo after a trip to Washington, D.C.:
I saw them as the ultimate all-American band. To me, they reflected the American character in general—an almost childish innocent aggression ... . I thought, 'The Great
Seal of the President of the United States' would be perfect for the Ramones, with the eagle holding arrows—to symbolize strength and the aggression that would be used against whomever dares to attack us—and an olive branch, offered to those who want to be friendly. But we decided to change it a little bit. Instead of the olive branch, we had an apple tree branch, since the Ramones were American as apple pie. And since Johnny was such a baseball fanatic, we had the eagle hold a baseball bat instead of the [Great Seal]'s arrows.[144]
The scroll in the eagle's beak originally read "Look out below", but this was soon changed to "Hey ho let's go" after the opening lyrics of the band's first single, "Blitzkrieg Bop". The arrowheads on the shield came from a design on a polyester shirt Vega had bought. "Ramones" was spelled out in block capitals above the logo using plastic stick-on letters.[27] Where the presidential emblem read "Seal of the President of the United States" clockwise in the border around the eagle, Vega placed the pseudonyms of the band members: Johnny, Joey, Dee Dee, and Tommy. Over the years the names in the border would change as the band's line-up fluctuated.[145]
"It's the American presidential seal—anyone can use it," said Marky Ramone of the logo's ubiquity. "We share the royalties on the t-shirt and on the merchandise. A lot of the kids wearing that shirt might not even have heard of the Ramones' music. I guess if you have the shirt, your curiosity might bring you to buy the music. Whatever, it is a strange phenomenon."[146]
Legacy and influence
The Ramones had a broad and lasting influence on the development of popular music. Music historian Jon Savage writes of their debut album that "it remains one of the few records that changed pop forever."[147] As described by AllMusic critic Stephen Thomas Erlewine, "The band's first four albums set the blueprint for punk, especially American punk and hardcore, for the next two decades."[148] Trouser Press's Robbins and Isler similarly wrote that the Ramones "not only spearheaded the original new wave/punk movement, but also drew the blueprint for subsequent hardcore punk bands".[134] Punk journalist Phil Strongman writes, "In purely musical terms, the Ramones, in attempting to re-create the excitement of pre-Dolby rock, were to cast a huge shadow—they had fused a blueprint for much of the indie future."[28] Writing for Slate in 2001, Douglas Wolk described the Ramones as "easily the most influential group of the last 30 years."[149]
Locally, several musicians who would play in New York hardcore bands cite the Ramones as an influence. These include members of the Beastie Boys, Gorilla Biscuits, the Misfits, and The Mob.[150][151][152][153] Roger Miret of Agnostic Front has stated that Leave Home was the first album he bought with his own money.[154]
Ramones concerts and recordings influenced many musicians central to the development of California punk, including Greg Ginn of Black Flag,[161] Jello Biafra of the Dead Kennedys,[162] Al Jourgensen of Ministry,[163] Mike Ness of Social Distortion,[164] Brett Gurewitz of Bad Religion,[165] and members of the Descendents.[166] Canada's first major punk scenes—in Toronto and in British Columbia's Victoria and Vancouver—were also heavily influenced by the Ramones.[48][167] In the late 1970s, many bands emerged with musical styles deeply indebted to the band's. There were the Lurkers from England,[168] the Undertones from Ireland,[169] Teenage Head from Canada,[170] and the Zeros[171] and the Dickies[172] from southern California. The seminal hardcore band Bad Brains took its name from a Ramones song.[173] The Riverdales emulated the sound of the Ramones throughout their career.[174] Green Day frontman Billie Joe Armstrong named his son Joey in homage to Joey Ramone, and drummer Tré Cool named his daughter Ramona.[175]
The Ramones also influenced musicians associated with other genres, such as
The band members were also individually influential. Johnny Ramone was named one of Time's "10 Greatest Electric-Guitar Players" in 2003.[183] That same year, he was number 16 on the "100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time" list in Rolling Stone.[184]
"We think of the Ramones as a classic, iconic band," observed Gene Simmons. "They have one gold record to their name. They never played arenas; couldn't sell them out. It was a failed band. It doesn't mean they weren't great. It means the masses didn't care."[185]
The French animated series Oggy and the Cockroaches features a trio of anthropomorphic cockroaches named after three members of the band — Joey, Marky and Dee Dee.
Tribute albums
In April 2009, Spin writer Mark Prindle observed that the Ramones had to date "inspired a jaw-dropping 48 (at least!) full-length tribute records."[186] The first Ramones tribute album featuring multiple performers was released in 1991: Gabba Gabba Hey: A Tribute to the Ramones includes tracks by such acts as the Flesh Eaters, L7, Mojo Nixon, and Bad Religion.[182] In 2001, Dee Dee made a guest appearance on one track of Ramones Maniacs, a multi-artist cover of the entire Ramones Mania compilation album. The Song Ramones the Same, which came out the following year, includes performances by the Dictators, who were part of the early New York punk scene, and Wayne Kramer, guitarist for the influential protopunk band MC5. We're a Happy Family: A Tribute to Ramones, released in 2003, features performers such as Rancid, Green Day, Metallica, KISS, the Offspring, Red Hot Chili Peppers, U2, and Rob Zombie (who also did the album cover artwork).[187] Also some other famous bands recorded tribute songs. Motörhead's Phil Campbell tells in Jari-Pekka Laitio-Ramone's book Ramones: Soundtrack Of Our Lives: "We did a cover of Rockaway Beach with me on backing vocals, which was quite enjoyable. When Johnny Ramone heard it, he refused to put it on the tribute album. Lemmy and I thought we did a good version."[188]
Punk bands such as Screeching Weasel, the Vindictives, the Queers, Parasites, the Mr. T Experience, Boris the Sprinkler, Beatnik Termites, Tip Toppers, Jon Cougar Concentration Camp, and McRackins have recorded cover versions of entire Ramones albums—Ramones, Leave Home, Rocket to Russia, It's Alive, Road to Ruin, End of the Century, Pleasant Dreams, Subterranean Jungle, two versions of Too Tough to Die, and Halfway To Sanity, respectively.[186][189] The Huntingtons' File Under Ramones consists of Ramones covers from across the band's history.[190]
Shonen Knife, an all-female trio from Osaka, Japan, was formed in 1981 as a direct result of founder-lead singer-guitarist Naoko Yamano's instant infatuation with the music of the Ramones. In 2012, to observe the band's 30th anniversary, Shonen Knife released Osaka Ramones, which featured thirteen Ramones songs covered by the band.[191] There are also many other tribute albums listed on Jari-Pekka Laitio-Ramone's site.[192]
Members
Former members
- Joey Ramone (Jeffrey Hyman) – lead vocals (1974–1996), drums (1974); died 2001
- Johnny Ramone (John Cummings) – guitars (1974–1996), backing vocals (1981); died 2004
- Dee Dee Ramone (Douglas Colvin) – bass, backing and lead vocals (1974–1989); guitar (1974); died 2002
- Tommy Ramone (Thomas Erdelyi) – drums (1974–1978), backing vocals (1976), production (1976-1978, 1984), additional guitar (1976-1978); died 2014
- Marky Ramone (Marc Bell) – drums (1978–1983, 1987–1996), backing vocals (1981)
- Richie Ramone (Richard Reinhardt) – drums, backing vocals (1983–1987)
- Elvis Ramone (Clem Burke) – drums (1987)
- C. J. Ramone (Christopher Joseph Ward) – bass, backing and lead vocals (1989–1996)
Timeline
Discography
Studio albums
- Ramones (1976)
- Leave Home (1977)
- Rocket to Russia (1977)
- Road to Ruin (1978)
- End of the Century (1980)
- Pleasant Dreams (1981)
- Subterranean Jungle (1983)
- Too Tough to Die (1984)
- Animal Boy (1986)
- Halfway to Sanity (1987)
- Brain Drain (1989)
- Mondo Bizarro (1992)
- Acid Eaters (1993)
- ¡Adios Amigos!(1995)
See also
Notes
- ^ The band is often referred to as the Ramones, though most of the band's releases refer to them as simply "Ramones". Some compilation albums use "The Ramones".
References
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- ^ a b Schinder (2007), pp. 559–560.
- ^ a b c Powers, Ann (April 17, 2001). "Joey Ramone, Raw-Voiced Pioneer of Punk Rock, Dies at 49". The New York Times. Retrieved November 3, 2009.
- ^ a b Pareles, Jon (June 7, 2002). "Dee Dee Ramone, Pioneer Punk Rocker, Dies at 50". The New York Times. Retrieved November 3, 2009.
- ^ a b c Sisario, Ben (September 16, 2004). "Johnny Ramone, Signal Guitarist for the Ramones, Dies at 55". The New York Times. Archived from the original on April 17, 2009. Retrieved November 3, 2009.
- ^ "Tommy Ramone dies aged 62". The Guardian. Australian Associated Press. July 12, 2014. Archived from the original on July 12, 2014. Retrieved July 12, 2014.
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- ^ a b c Sterndan, Darryl (February 13, 2011). "Ramones Honoured with Lifetime Achievement Grammy". Toronto Sun. Archived from the original on February 15, 2011. Retrieved February 13, 2011.
- ^ a b c "Ramone Family Acceptance at Special Merit Awards Ceremony". The Recording Academy. Archived from the original on August 6, 2011. Retrieved February 21, 2012.
- ^ Laitio-Ramone, Jari-Pekka (1997). "Tangerine Puppets (Interview with Richard Adler)". Jari-Pekka Laitio-Ramonen Henkilökohtainen Kotisivutuotos. Archived from the original on January 4, 2009. Retrieved November 5, 2009.
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- ^ Savage (1992), pp. 130, 156.
- ^ Quoted in Strongman (2008), p. 61.
- Allmusic. Archivedfrom the original on January 3, 2012. Retrieved February 22, 2012.
- ^ a b Shirley (2005), p. 110.
- ^ Leigh and McNeil (2009), p. 258.
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Dee Dee was the main writer even though the band shared the songwriting credits
- ^ "Who wrote what? By Tommy Ramone". YouTube. Archived from the original on October 28, 2021. Retrieved June 20, 2021.
- ^ Schnider (2007), pp. 543–44.
- ^ Bessman (1993), pp. 48, 50; Miles, Scott, and Morgan (2005), p. 136.
- ^ Taylor (2003), pp. 16–17.
- ^ Quoted in Bessman (1993), p. 55.
- ^ Nelson, Paul (July 29, 1976). "Album Reviews: Ramones: Ramones". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on June 7, 2011. Retrieved February 22, 2012.
- ^ Quoted in Bessman (1993), p. 56.
- ^ Bessman (1993), p. 55.
- ^ "Ramones Biography". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Archived from the original on June 13, 2015. Retrieved August 30, 2014.
- ^ Ramone and Kofman (2000), p. 77.
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- ^ Whitmore, Greg (July 12, 2014). "40 years of Ramones – in pictures". The Guardian. Archived from the original on September 10, 2014. Retrieved August 30, 2014.
- ^ a b Worth, Liz (June 2007). "A Canadian Punk Revival". Exclaim. Archived from the original on May 6, 2008. Retrieved November 5, 2009.
- ^ Jones, Chris (January 24, 2008). "The Ramones Leave Home". BBC. Archived from the original on January 14, 2009. Retrieved November 5, 2009.
- ^ Stephen Thomas Erlewine (August 12, 1976). "Leave Home – The Ramones". AllMusic. Archived from the original on August 17, 2014. Retrieved July 13, 2014.
- Allmusic. Retrieved October 20, 2009.
- ^ Marsh, Dave (December 15, 1977). "Album Reviews: Ramones: Rocket to Russia". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on February 9, 2009. Retrieved February 22, 2012.
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