The Ruin (Ukrainian history)
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The Ruin | ||||||||
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Right-bank Ukraine Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth |
Ottoman Ukraine (from 1669) Ottoman Empire (from 1669) |
Left-bank Ukraine Tsardom of Russia | ||||||
Commanders and leaders | ||||||||
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Ottoman Hetmans: |
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History of Ukraine |
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Ukraine portal |
The Ruin (
The timeframe of the period varies among historians:
- Some historians such as Mykola Kostomarov define the period between 1663 and 1687, associating it with the three Moscow-appointed hetmans of Left-bank Ukraine (Briukhovetsky, Mnohohrishny and Samoylovych).
- Other historians interpret the period between 1660 and 1687 from the Chudniv Treatythat led to division among the Cossack community.
- Borys Krupnytsky considered the timeframe as 1657–1687, from the death of hetman Bohdan Khmelnytsky in 1657, particularly the Pushkar-Barabash Mutiny, until the ascension of hetman Ivan Mazepa in 1687.
The period was characterised by continuous strife,
Background
The Ruin started after the death of
At the time of Bohdan Khmelnytsky's death, the Cossack state had a territory of about 250,000 square kilometres (97,000 sq mi) and a population of around 1.2 to 1.5 million.[
The confiscated lands could easily change hands in any conflict. There was an unresolved conflict between the mass of poorer cossacks and the wealthier group who aspired to semi-noble status. The state was weak and needed a protector, but of the regional powers, the Poles wanted to take the Ukrainian lands back, Muscovite-Russian autocracy fitted ill with Cossack ideals of liberty, the
The history of Ukraine in this period became very complex. Basic themes included:
- the failure to find a single leader of Ukraine who could pursue a consistent policy
- the constant switching of alliances with outside powers who had their own interests
- conflict between richer and poorer Cossacks
- the influence of the Orthodox Church, which tended to favour coreligionist Moscow
Left and Right Banks 1648–1663
1648-57: Khmelnytsky: Crimea and Russia: Khmelnytsky started his rebellion in alliance with the
1657-59: Vyhovsky and the Poles: At the time of Khmelnitsy's death his son Yurii was only 16, so the hetmanate was given to
1659-63: Yurii Khmelnytsky: Russia and Poland: The hetmanate passed to Bohdan's son Yurii Khmelnytsky who was now about 18. In 1659 he was forced to sign the Pereiaslav Articles, which were often confused with the treaty itself. They significantly increased Russian power. The next year, fighting resumed between Russia and Poland. Yurii hung back. After a number of Polish victories, Yurii agreed to return Ukraine to the commonwealth. This led the left-bank cossacks under Yakym Somko to depose him. Depressed by this effective partition of Ukraine, in January 1663 Yurii surrendered his hetman's mace and retired to a monastery.
Polish Right Bank 1663–1681
1663-65: Teteria and Poland: Pavlo Teteria, who held only the right bank, followed a strongly pro-Polish policy. When his invasion of the left bank failed, he returned to deal with the numerous rebellions that had broken out against the Poles. The behaviour of his Polish allies cost him what little support he had, and he resigned and fled to Poland.
1665-76: Doroshenko and the Turks: The goal of
1678-81: Yurii Khmelnytsky and the Turks: In 1678 the Turks, who had a large army in the area, appointed their prisoner Yurii Khmelnytsky as hetman. He participated in the second campaign of Chyhyryn and was deposed by the Turks in 1681.
At this point, English sources become thin. The Right Bank was severely depopulated, many of those who were not killed or enslaved by the Tatars having fled to the Left Bank or Sloboda Ukraine. Polish rule was gradually restored and the country began to fill up again.
Russian Left Bank 1661–1687
1661-63: Somko and the Starshina: In 1660 the left-bank Cossacks deposed Yurii Khmelnytsky because of the Polish alliance and made
1663-68: Briukhovetsky and the Russians 1663–1668: Ivan Briukhovetsky was almost completely dependent on Russia. In 1665 he went to Moscow and signed the Moscow Articles of 1665. Russian tax collectors and soldiers were allowed in, a Russian was to be head of the church, a Russian representative would be present at hetman elections and the Hetman would go to Moscow for confirmation. Soldiers and tax collectors provoked resistance and the church resisted Moscow influence. The Truce of Andrusovo (1667) seemed a Russian betrayal of Cossack interests. A series of revolts broke out. Briukhovetsky back-pedaled. In the spring of 1668, as Doroshenko's forces crossed the Dnieper, Briukhovetsky was beaten to death by a mob.
1668-72: Mnohohrishny and Left Bank Autonomy: On 9 June 1668 Doroshenko proclaimed himself hetman of a united Ukraine. In 1669 the Poles set up a rival hetman, Mykhailo Khanenko, and invaded the right bank. Turning to meet the invasion, Doroshenko placed Demian Mnohohrishny as acting hetman of the left bank. As Doroshenko weakened, under Russian pressure, he accepted Russian supremacy. A stable relationship developed as Moscow moderated its demands and Mnohohrisny protected local interests. He made some progress in restoring law and order but could not control the starshina. Some of these denounced him to the Tsar, who had him arrested, tortured and exiled to Siberia.
1672-87: Samoylovych and Russia: When
1687–1709: Mazepa and Stability: With the election of Ivan Mazepa as hetman, the Ruin effectively came to an end, and the history of the left bank merged with the Hetmanate as part of Russia. With the start of the Great Northern War in 1700, Russian demands began to seem excessive. In 1708 Mazepa allied himself with Charles XII of Sweden. At the Battle of Poltava, Charles, Mazepa and those cossacks that followed him were defeated and exiled to Turkey.
Results
- The attempt to create a Ruthenian Cossack state failed.
- Ukraine was partitioned between Russia and Poland along the Dnieper.
- Poland lost the left bank, became weakened, and declined.
- Russia expanded to the south and somewhat to the southwest.
- There was a major shift of Ruthenian population from the devastated right bank to the left bank and Sloboda Ukraine, thereby increasing the area under peasant agriculture.
- Turkey briefly expanded its power into Ukraine (Doroshenko to about 1699).
List of treaties
For reference, this is a list of treaties and agreements during the period.
- 1648: Ukrainian Cossacks ally with the Khanate of Crimea
- 1648: Truce of Zamość: short-lived compromise
- 1649: Treaty of Zboriv: 40000 Registered Cossacks; no Polish soldiers or Jews in central Ukraine; not implemented
- 1651: Treaty of Bila Tserkva: 20000 Registered Cossacks; Jews and nobles to return; partly implemented
- 1654: Treaty of Pereyaslav: Cossack alliance with Russia; provokes Russo-Polish War (1654–1667)
- 1658: Treaty of Hadiach: Rejects 1654; Ukraine a third member of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth; 30000 registered Cossacks; never implemented
- 1659: Pereyaslav Articles: re-alliance with Russia
- 1660: Treaty of Chudnov: re-alliance with Poland
- 1667: Truce of Andrusovo: Ukraine divided along Dnieper; but Kyiv to Russia, Zaporozhia a condominium; Cossacks not consulted; ends Russo-Polish War; to expire in 13 years
- 1672: Treaty of Buchach: During Polish–Ottoman War (1672–1676); Podolia to Turkey; right bank to Doroshenko as Turkish vassal; not implemented
- 1676: Treaty of Żurawno: confirms 1672 but more favorable to Poland; ends Turkish war
- 1686: Treaty of Perpetual Peace (1686) confirms 1667; Zaporozhia to Russia
- 1699: Treaty of Karlowitz: Poland regains Podolia
Sources
- Orest Subtelny, 'Ukraine, A History', 2000: This article is largely a summary of Chapter 9.
- The Ruin (from Ukraine), Encyclopædia Britannica
- Encyclopedia of Ukraine