The Star Spangled Banner (Whitney Houston recording)
"The Star Spangled Banner" | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Single by Whitney Houston | ||||
B-side | "America the Beautiful" | |||
Released |
| |||
Recorded | January 27, 1991 | |||
Genre | ||||
Length | 2:15 | |||
Label | Arista | |||
Composer(s) | John Stafford Smith | |||
Lyricist(s) | Francis Scott Key | |||
Producer(s) |
| |||
Whitney Houston singles chronology | ||||
| ||||
| ||||
Alternative cover | ||||
"The Star Spangled Banner" is a
Traditionally performed at sports games in the US, "The Star-Spangled Banner" was performed by Houston at the original Tampa Stadium for Super Bowl XXV in 1991. Although Houston was singing live, she was singing into a dead microphone, and television viewers were hearing a non-live pre-recorded version of the anthem due to her musical director making her aware of the risks of performing live, including the sound of the crowd, jets flying overhead, and other such distractions from pregame activities.[2]
After the
The Super Bowl XXV performance
If you were there, you could feel the intensity. You know, we were in the Gulf War at the time. It was an intense time for a country. A lot of our daughters and sons were overseas fighting. I could see, in the stadium, I could see the fear, the hope, the intensity, the prayers going up, you know, and I just felt like this is the moment. And it was hope, we needed hope, you know, to bring our babies home and that's what it was about for me, that what I felt when I sang that song, and the overwhelming love coming out of the stands was incredible.
—Whitney Houston talking about how she felt at the moment she sang the national anthem at Super Bowl XXV.[4]
On January 27, 1991—ten days into the
Release and donation
The patriotic feeling of Houston's stirring cover resonated strongly with the public.[8] Due to overwhelming response to her rendition, Arista Records announced that it was released as a single and video of her performance, and all profits would be donated to a charity connected with the war effort, to be selected by Houston at a later date.[9] Afterward Houston said that "I went back up in the sky booth and watched the game. It wasn't until a day or two later that I realized the whole country was in an uproar."[5] According to Clive Davis, Arista Records' decision to release the record came after three days of being flooded with phone calls from all over the country from people asking to buy copies of the single. Hundreds of radio stations around the country aired the song from tapes they had recorded from the TV broadcast.[9][10] Eventually, the CDs, records and audio cassettes of the performance were released on February 12, and its video singles on February 17, 1991, in the United States by Arista Records, respectively. And the proceeds―$531,650, a combined contribution from the Whitney Houston Foundation for Children, Inc., Arista and Bertelsmann Music Group Distribution which donated all their royalties and profits from the sale of those―went to the American Red Cross Gulf Crisis Fund, which provided aid to US military personnel, their families and war victims in the region.[11] Houston was named to the American Red Cross Board of Governors.[12][13] The audio single was also released in some countries including the Netherlands but its shipments were very small.[14]
On May 16, 2000, the song and its video were released on CD, VHS and DVD of her Whitney: The Greatest Hits.[15][16] The song was only included in the domestic version of the album.[17]
According to Arista, Houston, who had been in the process of picking songs for the upcoming album with then Arista CEO L.A. Reid before the September 11 attacks, shortly after the attack, decided to do her part to help the country recover by agreeing to have her 1991 rendition of "The Star Spangled Banner" re-released.[8] Therefore, it was reissued as a commercial CD single on September 26, 2001, by Arista Records, with proceeds going to the New York Firefighters 9/11 Disaster Relief Fund and the New York Fraternal Order of Police; the single also included her version of "America the Beautiful." With releasing of the single, Reid said that "In a time of tragedy, Whitney Houston's recording of our National Anthem has comforted and inspired our nation."[8][18]
Critical reception
Houston's rendition of "The Star Spangled Banner" has garnered unanimous acclaim since her performance and has been cited as a benchmark for the performances of its kind.
Deborah Wilker of
Rushelle O'Shea of
Accolades
Date | Organization or publisher | List description | Result | Note(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
August 2, 2000 (Episode 33) |
VH1 | 100 Greatest Rock & Roll Moments on TV[44] | #59 |
|
January 16, 2003 (Episode 64) |
VH1 / TV Guide | 100 Moments That Rocked TV[45] | #12 |
|
September 4, 2003 (The issue date of Rolling Stone) |
National Football League (NFL) / Rolling Stone | 25 Most Memorable Music Moments in NFL History[46] | #1 |
|
November 10, 2005 | ESPN.com Page 2 | 100 Greatest Super Bowl Moments[47] | #18 |
|
August 16, 2006 (Episode 17) |
TV Land | Top Ten Musical Moments[48][49] | #7 |
|
January 24, 2007 | USA Today Sports Weekly
|
The Best National Anthem in 40 Years of Super Bowl History.[50] | #2 |
|
August 11, 2009 | Blender | The Top 5 Intriguing Artist Performances of The Star Spangled Banner.[51] | #2 |
|
Chart performance
Whitney Houston's rendition of "The Star Spangled Banner" at Super Bowl XXV was released as a single in the United States alone on February 12, 1991, during the Gulf War. The single debuted at number 32 on the Billboard Hot 100 Singles chart, the issue dated of March 9, 1991, becoming her highest first week chart entry at the time and the first rendition of the national anthem to appear on the chart since 1968, when José Feliciano's version during Game 5 pregame ceremonies of the 1968 World Series, climbed to number 50.[52][53] Her previous highest debut on the chart had been when "I Wanna Dance with Somebody (Who Loves Me)" entered the Hot 100 chart some six places lower at number 38 in May 1987. The following week it leaped to number 25, two weeks later peaked at number 20 on the chart in the March 30, 1991 issue, making Houston the first and only artist to hit the Top 20 with the national anthem since 1958, when the Billboard Hot 100 chart was published first, and spent a total of 11 weeks on the chart.[54][55][56] The single was certified Gold for shipments of 500,000 copies and the video single was 2× Platinum for shipping of 100,000 units, respectively, by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) on April 11, 1991.[57] "The Star Spangled Banner" became the fastest-selling single in Arista's history at the time, with 750,000 copies sold in the first eight days.[58]
Thanks to re-entering the
As the single was released in some countries in 1991, it failed to make the pop charts outside of the United States. In 2001, however, the single surprisingly debuted a peak of number five on the
Lip-sync controversy
In the days following Houston's performance of the national anthem at Super Bowl XXV, a controversy arose when it was reported that she lip-synced to her own pre-recorded version of the song.[71][dead link][72]
Accounts of the performance vary. Bob Best, an NFL pre-game entertainment official, stated that the NFL chose to air a pre-recorded version of the song because "we felt there were too many risks to do it live."[73] In an interview with the New York Post, Best said that what was played was "protection copy" (music recorded in advance to be used in the event of the singer's last-minute inability to sing) recorded by Houston several days before the game at an L.A. studio.[74] In a February 4, 1991, article, Mary Jo Melone wrote: "It was the Memorex. The singing and music you heard were prerecorded."[75]
Dan Klores, a spokesman for Houston, explained: "This is not a Milli Vanilli thing; she sang, but the microphone was turned off. It was a technical decision, partially based on the noise factor. This is standard procedure at these events."[76] In 2001, Kathryn Holm McManus, former executive director of the orchestra, told the St. Petersburg Times that "everyone was playing, and Whitney was singing, but there were no live microphones. Everyone was lip-synching or finger-synching".[77] Rickey Minor, who was Houston's musical director in 1991, confirmed in 2012 that while Houston had sung the anthem live, the audience had heard a pre-recorded version of the song.[78]
In slight contrast, Super Bowl engineer Larry Estrin told USA Today in 1991 that TV viewers actually heard the studio version of the song "plus her live voice, plus the audience reaction". Estrin added, "She sang the melody and words the same way (as the studio version), but she sang her heart out."[73]
However, Houston's personal publicist, Regina Brown, said, "Our understanding is Whitney sang live into a live microphone".[73]
Mary Jo Melone commented, "This was the nation's most precious piece of music sung by one of its best performers at a most precarious time. If we were going to make such a deal of the moment, for the troops in Saudi Arabia, we should have heard the real thing. Or at least we should have been told we weren't."
In later years, when controversies arose involving lip-syncing by performers, Houston's Super Bowl performance was sometimes mentioned. When
Royalty dispute
The Florida Orchestra's contribution to the performance was virtually ignored by the public and the media.[citation needed] That did not cause a problem until the performance was determined to release as a single and donate any proceeds to a war-related charity by Arista Records. Although Ashley Sanford, a representative of Arista in New York, said everyone associated with the performance had been consulted before announcing plans for the recording, the plan came as a surprise to the orchestra. Kathryn Holm, then acting executive director for the orchestra, told St. Petersburg Times that "We were informed indirectly. We had heard something about it. But we didn't know anything had been decided." Arranger John Clayton was surprised as well, saying "I had heard some talk something might happen." Unlike Clayton, who was paid for his work, the orchestra was paid only for its expenses. The musicians and music director Jahja Ling donated their services. According to Holm, their contract gave permission only for a single broadcast of the performance. Holm said "I'm not an expert in this, so I don't know whether the radio or television stations have permission to broadcast it or not." The orchestra's original contract with the NFL, signed December in 1990, didn't even mention subsequent releases. Holm demanded proper compensation from Arista for the contribution of the orchestra, then faced financial trouble and wanted a share of any profits from its Super Bowl performance, telling the Times that "Nobody anticipated the reaction, but part of the anthem's impact came from the arrangement behind it, so we believe our musicians deserve some restitution."[71][82] Eventually, the orchestra received royalty payments in 1991 and 1992 of about $100,000, the St. Petersburg Times reported.[83]
On December 14, 2001, the Florida Orchestra sued Arista Records for royalties from copies of the song re-released after Sept. 11 and placed on a Whitney Houston Greatest Hits album and videocassette. Leonard Stone, then orchestra executive director, said "It is a pity that we have to go to court on something so honorable and uplifting as the national anthem. [...] I suspect that Whitney Houston, if she knew, would be deeply hurt and offended as well. She was a friend of the orchestra," filing the lawsuit in Hillsborough Circuit Court asked a judge to enforce the terms of a 1991 agreement that requires Arista to pay the orchestra royalties on all sales worldwide of her rendition of "The Star-Spangled Banner." Under the agreement, the orchestra would get royalties of 5 percent on the suggested retail price of all copies of the song sold in the United States. The royalties would range from 2.5 to 4.25 percent in foreign countries. According to Stone, Arista was supposed to send the orchestra quarterly reports on the album's sales but the orchestra never received them, and no one at the orchestra knew that Houston's rendition of the song had been released in 2000 on her greatest hits album.[83][84] Stone added that "the orchestra learned of the alleged contract breach after the anthem was reissued following the Sept. 11 terrorist attacks and quickly became a hot-selling single." Following the song's release after Sept. 11, orchestra attorney Frank Jakes began looking into the issue. Jakes, who negotiated the agreement with Arista in 1991, said that he sent Arista's general counsel letters and faxes but got no response, recalling how unwilling Arista had been to pay the orchestra a decade ago.[85] However, thanks to both sides' efforts for resolution of the dispute, three days later (December 17, 2001), the suit was withdrawn by the orchestra voluntarily. The Arista spokesperson said "it was an administrative oversight from [Houston's] Greatest Hits album." An Arista representative assured Jakes who claimed that the non-profit organization had not received quarterly royalty statements since mid-1992, that the issue could be settled without legal action.[83][86]
Other live performances
Before her famous rendition of "The Star Spangled Banner" at Super Bowl XXV in 1991, Whitney Houston sang the national anthem several times in sports events, such as:
- 1988: New Jersey Nets game on December 14, 1988[87]
- 1990: Game 3 of the 1989-90
- 1991: Two months after the Super Bowl performance of the song, Houston opened Laserdisc of the same title only, released in the United States in October 1991.[93](the performance was not in even LD releases of the concert in foreign countries such Germany and Japan, as well as all of VHS and DVD releases since 1991.)
- 1999: Houston also gave a live performance of the national anthem at the New York, New York on July 14, 1999. George Willis of New York Post said that the performance was "nearly as stirring as when she sang before Super Bowl XXV in Tampa."[94]
Influence
Beyoncé, who performed "The Star-Spangled Banner" at Super Bowl XXXVIII in 2004, referred to Houston's Super Bowl anthem as a big influence on her. The musical arrangement of her performance, composed by Randy Waldman, incorporated several quotations of Houston's performance into the orchestral accompaniment. Speaking later about the experience on The Oprah Winfrey Show, originally aired on April 5, 2004:[95] "Even more so than the Grammys, singing The Star-Spangled Banner, the national anthem, has always been a dream. [As a child,] I watched Whitney Houston, and I literally was in tears. And I grew up saying, 'Mom, I'm going to do that.'...I actually did it! It was overwhelming. It was amazing, it really was."
Formats and track listings
|
|
Credits and personnel
Credits adapted from "The Star Spangled Banner" single liner notes.[7]
"The Star Spangled Banner"
|
"America the Beautiful"
|
Charts and certifications
Weekly charts
|
Year-end charts
Certifications
|
References
- ^ "Live: Her Greatest Performances - Whitney Houston | Songs, Reviews, Credits". AllMusic.
- ^ "How Whitney Houston's iconic National Anthem set-off a pointless controversy, Credits". USA TODAY SPORTS. February 2, 2017.
- ^ "Whitney Houston Chart History". Billboard.
- Sony BMG Music Entertainment. Retrieved March 28, 2011.
- ^ Time Warner). May 30, 1991. Retrieved March 22, 2011.
- The Florida Orchestra. Archived from the originalon February 19, 2011. Retrieved March 31, 2011.
- ^ a b "The Star Spangled Banner single notes". The Star Spangled Banner (CD). Whitney Houston. United States: Arista Records. 2001. 07822-15054-2.
{{cite AV media notes}}
: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link) - ^ Viacom). Retrieved March 18, 2011.
- ^ ISSN 0021-5996. Retrieved March 22, 2011.
- ^ "Country loves Houston's ' Star Spangled Banner'". Bangor Daily News. Bangor Publishing Company. January 31, 1991. p. 22. Retrieved March 22, 2011.
- ISSN 0021-5996. Retrieved March 18, 2011.
- ^ "Whitney Houston Gives $500,000". The Mount Airy News. Heartland Publications, LLC. May 23, 1991. p. 9A. Retrieved January 18, 2016.
- ^ "Houston Raises $500,000 for Red Cross; Named Its to Its Board of Governors". Jet. 80 (9). Johnson Publishing Company: 37. June 17, 1991. Retrieved January 18, 2016.
- ^ Kooijman 2008, p. 76
- ^ "Whitney Houston - The Greatest Hits (Audio CD)". Amazon. May 16, 2000. Retrieved March 22, 2011.
- ^ "Whitney Houston - The Greatest Hits (DVD)". Amazon. May 16, 2000. Retrieved March 22, 2011.
- ^ Whitney: The Greatest Hits#North American release.2F The Essential Whitney Houston .28Canadian release.29
- ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved March 17, 2011.
- News World Media Development. February 2, 2009. Retrieved March 27, 2011.
- ^ Mizell, Hubert (January 28, 1991). "Thanks, guys, we needed this". St. Petersburg Times. Times Publishing Company.
- ^ The Blade. Block Communications. Retrieved March 17, 2011.
- ^ a b Cagle, Jess (February 15, 1991). "Oh Say, Can You Sing?: The Star-Spangled Banner is a pop hit—A look at the history of our national anthem". Entertainment Weekly. Time Inc. Archived from the original on October 21, 2012. Retrieved March 17, 2011.
- ^ Jon Pareles (February 24, 1991). "Pop View; Caution: Now Entering The War Zone". The New York Times. Retrieved March 22, 2011.
- Tribune Company. Retrieved March 20, 2011.
- Tribune Company. Retrieved March 17, 2011.[permanent dead link]
- ^ Anderson, Dave (January 22, 2001). "Sports of The Times; When Two Super Voices Inspired Giants". The New York Times. Retrieved April 21, 2011.
- J.A. Adande (October 3, 2001). "Getting Vocal About Anthems". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved March 18, 2011.
- ISSN 1070-4701.[permanent dead link]
- Tribune Company. Retrieved March 17, 2011.
- Time Warner). Retrieved March 25, 2011.
- MTV Networks. Retrieved March 17, 2011.
- ^ Luchina Fisher and Sheila Marikar (February 3, 2009). "Hudson's Super Bowl Lip-Sync No Surprise to Insiders". ABC News. The Walt Disney Company. Retrieved March 19, 2011.
- News World Media Development. Retrieved March 17, 2011.
- About.com. The New York Times Company. Archived from the originalon September 14, 2011. Retrieved March 17, 2011.
- ^ Lamb, Bill. "Whitney Houston biography". About.com. The New York Times Company. Archived from the original on October 7, 2011. Retrieved March 17, 2011.
- ^ Herrera, Monica (July 1, 2010). "10 Worst National Anthem Performances Ever". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved March 19, 2011.
- ^ Rushelle O'Shea (December 1, 2010). "Pump Up Your Day with the Top 10 Sports Songs of All Time". Yahoo! Sports. Yahoo!. Archived from the original on October 25, 2012. Retrieved March 23, 2011.
- ^ Grier, Peter (February 7, 2011). "Christina Aguilera national anthem: why she flubbed it". The Christian Science Monitor. Christian Science Publishing Society. Retrieved March 17, 2011.
- OSSL. Retrieved March 17, 2011.
- ^ Willman, Chris (February 4, 2011). "The 10 Best & Worst National Anthems Ever, From Roseanne To Whitney". Yahoo! Music. Yahoo!. Retrieved March 19, 2011.
- News Corporation. Retrieved March 19, 2011.
- ^ Jack Yacks, Gary Mills (March 3, 2011). "Jack Yacks The latest in entertainment news: On anniversary of national anthem, a look back at best, worst performances". The Florida Times-Union. Morris Communications. Retrieved March 17, 2011.
- ^ Jones, Tom (March 26, 2011). "The top sporting events the Tampa Bay region has shown off". St. Petersburg Times. Times Publishing Company. Archived from the original on July 22, 2011. Retrieved April 5, 2011.
- ^ "VH1 Salutes The '100 Greatest Rock & Roll Moments on TV' In Five-Hour, Five-Night Special, Premiering July 31-August 4 at 10:00 p.m. (ET/PT)". PR Newswire. PR Newswire Association, LLC. August 24, 2000. Archived from the original on December 8, 2014. Retrieved March 23, 2011.
- United Business Media company. January 9, 2003. Retrieved March 19, 2011.
- ISSN 0035-791X.
- ^ Kevin Jackson, Jeff Merron & David Schoenfield (November 10, 2005). "100 Greatest Super Bowl Moments". ESPN.com Page 2. ESPN, Inc. Retrieved March 27, 2011.
- Internet Movie Database. August 16, 2006. Retrieved March 29, 2011.
- New York, NY. Event occurs at 5:48 - 7:40. TV Land. Retrieved March 23, 2011.)
{{cite episode}}
: Missing or empty|series=
(help - Gannett Company, Inc.Retrieved March 18, 2011.
- ^ admin (August 11, 2009). "The Top 5 Intriguing Artist Performances of "The Star Spangled Banner"". Blender. Alpha Media Group. Archived from the original on July 21, 2012. Retrieved March 19, 2011.
- ^ "Billboard Hot 100 – Week of March 9, 1991". Billboard. March 9, 1991. Retrieved March 17, 2011.
- Journal Communications. Retrieved March 19, 2011.[permanent dead link]
- ^ a b "Billboard Hot 100 – Week of March 30, 1991". Billboard. Retrieved December 19, 2022.
- ^ "Billboard Hot 100 – Week of May 18, 1991". Billboard. Retrieved December 20, 2022.
- Tribune Company. Retrieved March 19, 2011.
- ^ a b c d e "Gold & Platinum >> Search Results for "The Star Spangled Banner" single and its video single". Recording Industry Association of America. Archived from the original on July 25, 2013. Retrieved November 14, 2013.
from April 11, 1991 / October 3, 2001
- Journal Communications. March 5, 1991. Retrieved March 17, 2011.[permanent dead link]
- ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved March 20, 2011.
- ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved March 20, 2011.
- ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved March 20, 2011.
- ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved March 20, 2011.
- ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved March 20, 2011.
- ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved March 20, 2011.
- ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved March 20, 2011.
- ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved March 20, 2011.
- ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved March 20, 2011.
- ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved March 20, 2011.
- Gannett Company, Inc.July 4, 2007. Retrieved March 18, 2011.
- ^ ISSN 0006-2510.
- ^ a b Stamets, Russell (February 2, 1991). "A 'Banner' Day, But Not For Some" (Payment needed to view the whole article). St. Petersburg Times. Times Publishing Company. p. 1D. Retrieved March 30, 2011.[permanent dead link]
- ^ Henderson, Cinque (January 27, 2016). "Anthem of Freedom: How Whitney Houston Remade "The Star-Spangled Banner"". The New Yorker – via www.newyorker.com.
- ^ ISSN 0021-5996. Retrieved March 18, 2011.
- ^ "Anthem was prerecorded for Super Bowl". Spokane Chronicle. William Stacey Cowles. March 1, 1991. Retrieved March 30, 2011.
- ^ a b Mary Jo Melone (February 4, 1991). "A Fitting Wartime Rendition Series: Around Tampa". St. Petersburg Times. Times Publishing Company. Archived from the original (Payment needed to view the whole article) on February 1, 2013. Retrieved March 31, 2011.
- The Associated Press. The Daily Gazette Co. March 5, 1991. p. A6. Retrieved March 31, 2011.
- St. Petersburg Times. Times Publishing Company. Retrieved March 18, 2011.
- ^ "Whitney Houston's Star-Spangled Secret". ABC News.
- ^ PhD, Michael Vetter (October 5, 2018). "Mariah Carey's Lip-Syncing Fiasco: A Theoretical Consideration". Medium.
- Hearst Seattle Media, LLC. Retrieved March 18, 2011.
- New York Daily News. Retrieved March 17, 2011.
- Time Warner. Archived from the originalon October 21, 2012. Retrieved March 29, 2011.
- ^ a b c Billy Johnson Jr. (December 20, 2001). "Whitney Houston's 'The Star-Spangled Banner' Suit Dropped". Yahoo! Music. Yahoo!. Retrieved March 30, 2011.
- ^ "Florida Orchestra Sues Arista Over Anthem". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. December 17, 2001. Retrieved March 29, 2011.
- ^ Karp, David (December 15, 2001). "Orchestra sues over anthem's re-release: The Florida Orchestra seeks royalties on Whitney Houston's Super Bowl rendition". St. Petersburg Times. Times Publishing Company. Retrieved March 30, 2011.
- ^ "People in the News: Whitney Houston, Florida Orchestra Drops Lawsuit Over Anthem". The Ledger. Lakeland Ledger Publishing Company. December 19, 2001. p. D2. Retrieved March 30, 2011.
- ^ Olivier, Bobby (February 5, 2016). "The unlikely N.J. tale behind Whitney Houston's iconic Super Bowl performance". NJ Advance Media. Advance Publications. Retrieved January 12, 2020.
- The McClatchy Company. December 18, 1988. p. 3C. Retrieved April 4, 2011.
- ^ Conklin, Mike (May 28, 1990). "Seventh heaven? Can the Bulls come back from their 2-0..." Chicago Tribune. Tribune Company. p. 9. Retrieved April 4, 2011.
- ^ "Houston wows crowded at Norfolk naval base". The Free Lance–Star. Free Lance–Star Publishing Company. April 1, 1991. p. 20. Retrieved April 4, 2011.
- ^ Kennedy, Dana (March 29, 1991). "TV/Entertainment: Houston welcomes troops from Gulf". Kentucky New Era. p. 4B. Retrieved April 4, 2011.
- ^ Weinstein, Steve (March 30, 1991). "WEEKEND TV : Houston to Sing 'Welcome Home'". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved April 4, 2011.
- ISSN 0006-2510.
- News Corporation. Retrieved March 19, 2011.
- Internet Movie Database. Retrieved April 4, 2011.
- Global Broadcast News. Archived from the originalon February 17, 2011. Retrieved April 4, 2011.
- ^ The Star Spangled Banner (US CD Single). Whitney Houston. United States: Arista. 1991. ASCD-2207.
{{cite AV media notes}}
: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link) - ^ The Star Spangled Banner (US Cassette Single). Whitney Houston. United States: Arista Records. 1991. CAS-2207.
{{cite AV media notes}}
: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link) - ^ The Star Spangled Banner (US 7" Vinyl Single). Whitney Houston. United States: Arista Records. 1991. AS-2207.
{{cite AV media notes}}
: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link) - ^ The Star Spangled Banner (US CD Single). Whitney Houston. United States: Arista Records. 2001. 07822-15054-2.
{{cite AV media notes}}
: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link) - ^ The Star Spangled Banner (EU CD Single). Whitney Houston. Europe: Arista Records. 2001. 07822 15054 2.
{{cite AV media notes}}
: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link) - ^ The Star Spangled Banner (Video Single). Whitney Houston. United States: 6 West Home Video. 1991. 07822-15054-2.
{{cite AV media notes}}
: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link) - ^ The Star Spangled Banner (Video Single). Whitney Houston. United States: Arista Records. 1991. 07822 15054 2.
{{cite AV media notes}}
: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link) - ^ "Whitney Houston Chart History (Hot 100)". Billboard.
- ^ "Whitney Houston Chart History (Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs)". Billboard.
- ^ "Canada's Top 200 Singles of 2001". Jam!. Archived from the original on July 26, 2002. Retrieved March 28, 2022.
- ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved March 20, 2011.
- ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved March 20, 2011.
Further reading
- Kooijman, Jaap (2008). Fabricating the Absolute Fake: America in Contemporary Pop Culture. ISBN 978-90-5356-492-9.
External links
- "The Star Spangled Banner" at Discogs (list of releases)