The Star Spangled Banner (Whitney Houston recording)

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"The Star Spangled Banner"
Single by Whitney Houston
B-side"America the Beautiful"
Released
  • February 12, 1991 (original release)
  • September 26, 2001 (re-release)
  • January 27, 2021 (re-release, streaming)
RecordedJanuary 27, 1991
Genre
Length2:15
LabelArista
Composer(s)John Stafford Smith
Lyricist(s)Francis Scott Key
Producer(s)
  • John Clayton (music arrangement)
  • Rickey Minor (music coordinator)
Whitney Houston singles chronology
"All the Man That I Need"
(1990)
"The Star Spangled Banner"
(1991)
"Miracle"
(1991)

"Fine"
(2001)

"The Star Spangled Banner"
(2001)

"Whatchulookinat"
(2002)
Alternative cover
2001 re-release cover

"The Star Spangled Banner" is a

charity single recorded by American singer Whitney Houston to raise funds for soldiers and families of those involved in the Persian Gulf War. Written by Francis Scott Key and John Stafford Smith, "The Star-Spangled Banner" is the national anthem of the United States. The musical arrangement for Houston's rendition was by conductor John Clayton. The recording was produced by music coordinator Rickey Minor, along with Houston herself. The recording was included in the 2014 CD/DVD release, Whitney Houston Live: Her Greatest Performances[1] and the US edition of the 2000 release, Whitney: The Greatest Hits
.

Traditionally performed at sports games in the US, "The Star-Spangled Banner" was performed by Houston at the original Tampa Stadium for Super Bowl XXV in 1991. Although Houston was singing live, she was singing into a dead microphone, and television viewers were hearing a non-live pre-recorded version of the anthem due to her musical director making her aware of the risks of performing live, including the sound of the crowd, jets flying overhead, and other such distractions from pregame activities.[2]

After the

platinum by the RIAA
. This made Houston the first musical act to take the national anthem Top 10 in the US; she was also the first act to have it certified platinum. The 2001 re-release of the single was Houston's last Top Ten hit on the US Hot 100 during her lifetime.

The Super Bowl XXV performance

On January 27, 1991—ten days into the

Persian Gulf War—Whitney Houston took the field at Tampa Stadium and performed "The Star Spangled Banner", backed by the Florida Orchestra along with music director Jahja Ling, before 73,813 fans, 115 million viewers in the United States and a worldwide television audience of 750 million.[5][6] The pregame program including Houston's performance of the national anthem was produced by Bob Best for the National Football League and televised live on American Broadcasting Company (ABC) in the United States.[7]
Because of the Gulf War situation, this marked the first time the Super Bowl would be telecast in most countries around the world. Outside of North America and the United Kingdom, the Super Bowl was broadcast for the first time in such countries as Australia, Russia, and most other countries. Houston's performance was later used as a music video of the song.

Release and donation

The patriotic feeling of Houston's stirring cover resonated strongly with the public.[8] Due to overwhelming response to her rendition, Arista Records announced that it was released as a single and video of her performance, and all profits would be donated to a charity connected with the war effort, to be selected by Houston at a later date.[9] Afterward Houston said that "I went back up in the sky booth and watched the game. It wasn't until a day or two later that I realized the whole country was in an uproar."[5] According to Clive Davis, Arista Records' decision to release the record came after three days of being flooded with phone calls from all over the country from people asking to buy copies of the single. Hundreds of radio stations around the country aired the song from tapes they had recorded from the TV broadcast.[9][10] Eventually, the CDs, records and audio cassettes of the performance were released on February 12, and its video singles on February 17, 1991, in the United States by Arista Records, respectively. And the proceeds―$531,650, a combined contribution from the Whitney Houston Foundation for Children, Inc., Arista and Bertelsmann Music Group Distribution which donated all their royalties and profits from the sale of those―went to the American Red Cross Gulf Crisis Fund, which provided aid to US military personnel, their families and war victims in the region.[11] Houston was named to the American Red Cross Board of Governors.[12][13] The audio single was also released in some countries including the Netherlands but its shipments were very small.[14]

On May 16, 2000, the song and its video were released on CD, VHS and DVD of her Whitney: The Greatest Hits.[15][16] The song was only included in the domestic version of the album.[17]

According to Arista, Houston, who had been in the process of picking songs for the upcoming album with then Arista CEO L.A. Reid before the September 11 attacks, shortly after the attack, decided to do her part to help the country recover by agreeing to have her 1991 rendition of "The Star Spangled Banner" re-released.[8] Therefore, it was reissued as a commercial CD single on September 26, 2001, by Arista Records, with proceeds going to the New York Firefighters 9/11 Disaster Relief Fund and the New York Fraternal Order of Police; the single also included her version of "America the Beautiful." With releasing of the single, Reid said that "In a time of tragedy, Whitney Houston's recording of our National Anthem has comforted and inspired our nation."[8][18]

Critical reception

Houston's rendition of "The Star Spangled Banner" has garnered unanimous acclaim since her performance and has been cited as a benchmark for the performances of its kind.

St. Petersburg Times lauded her performance, saying "Whitney Houston brought down the house as the lady with the super pipes sang the Super Bowl's most meaningful national anthem ever."[20] Liz Smith from Newsday called the performance "[a] magnificent rendition," commenting "Her [Houston's] powerhouse version [...] turned that often impossible-to-sing tune into a hit."[21] Entertainment Weekly's Jess Cagle noted the specific circumstances, particularly a patriotic mood at the time, rather than the performance itself, stating that "Her [Houston's] timing couldn't be better: patriotism, thanks to the Iraqi war, is high, and Francis Scott Key's 1814 ode to the flag is about to celebrate its 60th anniversary as our national anthem. The Gulf war fervor has turned Houston's performance into an unlikely, overnight pop hit."[22] Jon Pareles of The New York Times said that Houston's rendition represented the image which the war was recast as "sexy and exhilarating" in the 1990s, becoming a counterpart to Jimi Hendrix's at Woodstock in 1969. He was critical of the media which used Houston's performance as a means of allowing the public to forget the violence of war, and the public's unquestioning acceptance of that, stating "'The Star-Spangled Banner' memorializes 'bombs bursting in air,' and the quiver in Ms. Houston's voice finds seductiveness in the rockets' red glare. But so far, despite the gleaming high-tech weapons paraded on the nightly news, the pop public hasn't joined her. For the moment, it is keeping its distance and hoping the worst will be over soon."[23]

Deborah Wilker of

About.com expressed that "[Houston's] formidable power made her Super Bowl XXV 'Star Spangled Banner' performance a legendary moment," and on her biography by Lamb, also described it "as one of the most stunning televised performances ever."[34][35] Monica Herrera of Billboard called Houston's performance an "epic take", adding "[Houston] made it memorable."[36]

Rushelle O'Shea of

Tampa Bay Area, recalled the Super Bowl XXV as follows: "the game was about more than football. The United States was embroiled in the first Gulf War, and Whitney Houston, right, backed by the Florida Orchestra, produced goose bumps and tears with a powerful rendition of the Star-Spangled Banner. It is one of the great Super Bowl moments."[43]

Accolades

Date Organization or publisher List description Result Note(s)
August 2, 2000
(Episode 33)
VH1 100 Greatest Rock & Roll Moments on TV[44] #59
  • VH1's "100 Greatest" special that counted down the most memorable times when rock and the tube combined to make entertainment history, spanning five decades in five hours over five nights, premiered July 31 to August 4, 2000.
  • Chosen by VH1 with input from the editors of Entertainment Weekly Magazine, the list spotlights those instances that changed rock history: stunning live performances, television firsts, the rise of music videos, and some of the medium's strangest and most unpredictable events.
January 16, 2003
(Episode 64)
VH1 / TV Guide 100 Moments That Rocked TV[45] #12
  • Hosted by Molly Shannon, VH1 and TV Guide's "100 Moments That Rocked TV" counted down the unforgettable moments when rock music and television combined to make entertainment history in a five-hour, five-night special, premiering January 13 through January 17, 2003 each night.
  • The chosen 100 Moments also appeared in TV Guide's January 11, 2003 issue.
September 4, 2003
(The issue date of Rolling Stone)
National Football League (NFL) / Rolling Stone 25 Most Memorable Music Moments in NFL History[46] #1
  • Rolling Stone gave a very positive review, stating "With America entangled in the Persian Gulf War, the possibility of terrorists targeting the Super Bowl brings metal detectors, SWAT teams and shaky emotions to Tampa stadium. Then Whitney Houston takes the stage—and belts out a mind-blowing rendition of the 'Star Spangled Banner,' bringing fans to their feet and tears to the eyes of many watching at home. Her singing, perhaps even more memorable than the Giants 20-19 win over the Bills, stirs such strong patriotism that it's released as a single,[...]and goes gold in 1991. Ten years later, a week after the September 11 attacks, Houston and Arista Records re-release the still-resonant song.[...] Unforgettable."
November 10, 2005 ESPN.com Page 2 100 Greatest Super Bowl Moments[47] #18
  • Ranked eighteenth of the list, saying "Whitney Houston's stirring national anthem in Tampa―as the Gulf War goes on―brings tears to millions. Who cares if it was pre-recorded?"
August 16, 2006
(Episode 17)
TV Land Top Ten Musical Moments[48][49] #7
  • During the episode, Ian Ziering said "Whitney Houston's rendition of 'The Star Spangled Banner' was one of the most amazing presentation of the song that I've ever seen." Lorenzo Lamas commented on Houston's performance that "There's a standard now that we will have to measure, every single female artist sings the national anthem."
January 24, 2007
USA Today Sports Weekly
The Best National Anthem in 40 Years of Super Bowl History.[50] #2
  • Ranked second on the list, writing "Whitney Houston had a memorable rendition before Super Bowl XXV while the country was at war with Iraq during Desert Storm," following The US Air Force Academy Chorale's performance of the national anthem at Super Bowl VI.
August 11, 2009 Blender The Top 5 Intriguing Artist Performances of The Star Spangled Banner.[51] #2
  • Blender wrote that "The sporting event version that all others must measure up to. It was 1991, and Operation Desert Storm had begun nine days earlier, sending US troops into Kuwait. It was the first major US military action since Vietnam, so the NFL took no chances, bringing in Houston, whose fame and skill made her perfect for the role. Whitney begins her performance respectfully, placing the spotlight squarely on the melody. Once she hits the second half, however, all bets are off. The voice that made her famous takes over, belting out the crescendos and trills the American people needed to get through, well, a short, highly successful war."

Chart performance

Whitney Houston's rendition of "The Star Spangled Banner" at Super Bowl XXV was released as a single in the United States alone on February 12, 1991, during the Gulf War. The single debuted at number 32 on the Billboard Hot 100 Singles chart, the issue dated of March 9, 1991, becoming her highest first week chart entry at the time and the first rendition of the national anthem to appear on the chart since 1968, when José Feliciano's version during Game 5 pregame ceremonies of the 1968 World Series, climbed to number 50.[52][53] Her previous highest debut on the chart had been when "I Wanna Dance with Somebody (Who Loves Me)" entered the Hot 100 chart some six places lower at number 38 in May 1987. The following week it leaped to number 25, two weeks later peaked at number 20 on the chart in the March 30, 1991 issue, making Houston the first and only artist to hit the Top 20 with the national anthem since 1958, when the Billboard Hot 100 chart was published first, and spent a total of 11 weeks on the chart.[54][55][56] The single was certified Gold for shipments of 500,000 copies and the video single was 2× Platinum for shipping of 100,000 units, respectively, by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) on April 11, 1991.[57] "The Star Spangled Banner" became the fastest-selling single in Arista's history at the time, with 750,000 copies sold in the first eight days.[58]

Thanks to re-entering the

Nielsen SoundScan, as of 2007, it sold 1,200,000 copies in the US alone.[69]

As the single was released in some countries in 1991, it failed to make the pop charts outside of the United States. In 2001, however, the single surprisingly debuted a peak of number five on the

Canadian SoundScan Singles chart for the week dated November 11, 2001.[70]

Lip-sync controversy

In the days following Houston's performance of the national anthem at Super Bowl XXV, a controversy arose when it was reported that she lip-synced to her own pre-recorded version of the song.[71][dead link][72]

Accounts of the performance vary. Bob Best, an NFL pre-game entertainment official, stated that the NFL chose to air a pre-recorded version of the song because "we felt there were too many risks to do it live."[73] In an interview with the New York Post, Best said that what was played was "protection copy" (music recorded in advance to be used in the event of the singer's last-minute inability to sing) recorded by Houston several days before the game at an L.A. studio.[74] In a February 4, 1991, article, Mary Jo Melone wrote: "It was the Memorex. The singing and music you heard were prerecorded."[75]

Dan Klores, a spokesman for Houston, explained: "This is not a Milli Vanilli thing; she sang, but the microphone was turned off. It was a technical decision, partially based on the noise factor. This is standard procedure at these events."[76] In 2001, Kathryn Holm McManus, former executive director of the orchestra, told the St. Petersburg Times that "everyone was playing, and Whitney was singing, but there were no live microphones. Everyone was lip-synching or finger-synching".[77] Rickey Minor, who was Houston's musical director in 1991, confirmed in 2012 that while Houston had sung the anthem live, the audience had heard a pre-recorded version of the song.[78]

In slight contrast, Super Bowl engineer Larry Estrin told USA Today in 1991 that TV viewers actually heard the studio version of the song "plus her live voice, plus the audience reaction". Estrin added, "She sang the melody and words the same way (as the studio version), but she sang her heart out."[73]

However, Houston's personal publicist, Regina Brown, said, "Our understanding is Whitney sang live into a live microphone".[73]

Mary Jo Melone commented, "This was the nation's most precious piece of music sung by one of its best performers at a most precarious time. If we were going to make such a deal of the moment, for the troops in Saudi Arabia, we should have heard the real thing. Or at least we should have been told we weren't."

Jimmy Jam, in a 2004 interview with the Associated Press, said: "Whitney, when she did the national anthem, which was the greatest national anthem that we ever heard, what we heard over the air was prerecorded. The reason it was prerecorded was, that was a moment that no one wanted any mistakes. They didn't want any feedback, they didn't want any technical difficulties ... and it was great."[80]

In later years, when controversies arose involving lip-syncing by performers, Houston's Super Bowl performance was sometimes mentioned. When

New York Daily News remarked: "The national anthem is different. Yes, it's a musical performance and yes, we're interested in how a Jennifer Hudson will interpret the song. That's why we remember the Whitney Houston and Marvin Gaye versions so well. Because the Super Bowl is primarily a television spectacle with a thousand moving parts, the producers years ago started asking to hear the anthem tracks a week before airtime, just so they would have one less potential variable. That's why [Jennifer Hudson] was lip-syncing."[81]

Royalty dispute

The Florida Orchestra's contribution to the performance was virtually ignored by the public and the media.[citation needed] That did not cause a problem until the performance was determined to release as a single and donate any proceeds to a war-related charity by Arista Records. Although Ashley Sanford, a representative of Arista in New York, said everyone associated with the performance had been consulted before announcing plans for the recording, the plan came as a surprise to the orchestra. Kathryn Holm, then acting executive director for the orchestra, told St. Petersburg Times that "We were informed indirectly. We had heard something about it. But we didn't know anything had been decided." Arranger John Clayton was surprised as well, saying "I had heard some talk something might happen." Unlike Clayton, who was paid for his work, the orchestra was paid only for its expenses. The musicians and music director Jahja Ling donated their services. According to Holm, their contract gave permission only for a single broadcast of the performance. Holm said "I'm not an expert in this, so I don't know whether the radio or television stations have permission to broadcast it or not." The orchestra's original contract with the NFL, signed December in 1990, didn't even mention subsequent releases. Holm demanded proper compensation from Arista for the contribution of the orchestra, then faced financial trouble and wanted a share of any profits from its Super Bowl performance, telling the Times that "Nobody anticipated the reaction, but part of the anthem's impact came from the arrangement behind it, so we believe our musicians deserve some restitution."[71][82] Eventually, the orchestra received royalty payments in 1991 and 1992 of about $100,000, the St. Petersburg Times reported.[83]

On December 14, 2001, the Florida Orchestra sued Arista Records for royalties from copies of the song re-released after Sept. 11 and placed on a Whitney Houston Greatest Hits album and videocassette. Leonard Stone, then orchestra executive director, said "It is a pity that we have to go to court on something so honorable and uplifting as the national anthem. [...] I suspect that Whitney Houston, if she knew, would be deeply hurt and offended as well. She was a friend of the orchestra," filing the lawsuit in Hillsborough Circuit Court asked a judge to enforce the terms of a 1991 agreement that requires Arista to pay the orchestra royalties on all sales worldwide of her rendition of "The Star-Spangled Banner." Under the agreement, the orchestra would get royalties of 5 percent on the suggested retail price of all copies of the song sold in the United States. The royalties would range from 2.5 to 4.25 percent in foreign countries. According to Stone, Arista was supposed to send the orchestra quarterly reports on the album's sales but the orchestra never received them, and no one at the orchestra knew that Houston's rendition of the song had been released in 2000 on her greatest hits album.[83][84] Stone added that "the orchestra learned of the alleged contract breach after the anthem was reissued following the Sept. 11 terrorist attacks and quickly became a hot-selling single." Following the song's release after Sept. 11, orchestra attorney Frank Jakes began looking into the issue. Jakes, who negotiated the agreement with Arista in 1991, said that he sent Arista's general counsel letters and faxes but got no response, recalling how unwilling Arista had been to pay the orchestra a decade ago.[85] However, thanks to both sides' efforts for resolution of the dispute, three days later (December 17, 2001), the suit was withdrawn by the orchestra voluntarily. The Arista spokesperson said "it was an administrative oversight from [Houston's] Greatest Hits album." An Arista representative assured Jakes who claimed that the non-profit organization had not received quarterly royalty statements since mid-1992, that the issue could be settled without legal action.[83][86]

Other live performances

Houston opening the Welcome Home Heroes concert with "The Star Spangled Banner" on March 31, 1991.

Before her famous rendition of "The Star Spangled Banner" at Super Bowl XXV in 1991, Whitney Houston sang the national anthem several times in sports events, such as:

Influence

Beyoncé, who performed "The Star-Spangled Banner" at Super Bowl XXXVIII in 2004, referred to Houston's Super Bowl anthem as a big influence on her. The musical arrangement of her performance, composed by Randy Waldman, incorporated several quotations of Houston's performance into the orchestral accompaniment. Speaking later about the experience on The Oprah Winfrey Show, originally aired on April 5, 2004:[95] "Even more so than the Grammys, singing The Star-Spangled Banner, the national anthem, has always been a dream. [As a child,] I watched Whitney Houston, and I literally was in tears. And I grew up saying, 'Mom, I'm going to do that.'...I actually did it! It was overwhelming. It was amazing, it really was."

CNN-IBN, answered the question about her mention of Houston's name in her Grammy award acceptance speech in 2011 that "Whitney was my major vocal inspiration when I was young. We used to listen to her rendition of 'The Star Spangled Banner' over and over again. She has an angel in her throat, and I promised myself that the first time I win a Grammy that I would thank Whitney on TV. I did that last year too, but that was not on TV. So this year I had to thank her again."[96]

Formats and track listings

Credits and personnel

Credits adapted from "The Star Spangled Banner" single liner notes.[7]

Charts and certifications

References

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Further reading

External links