The Stars and Stripes Forever

The Stars and Stripes Forever

National march of the United States
Lyrics	John Philip Sousa, May 1896 (1896-05)
Music	John Philip Sousa, December 1896; 127 years ago (1896-12)
Adopted	1987; 37 years ago (1987)
Audio sample
Performed by the United States Marine Band file help

"The Stars and Stripes Forever" is a patriotic American

In his 1928 autobiography, Marching Along, Sousa wrote that he composed the march on Christmas Day, 1896. Sousa was on board an ocean liner on his way home from a vacation with his wife in Europe and had just learned of the recent death of David Blakely, the manager of the Sousa Band. He composed the march in his head and committed the notes to paper on arrival in the United States.^[2] It was first performed at Willow Grove Park, just outside Philadelphia, on May 14, 1897, and was immediately greeted with enthusiasm.^[3] Following an Act of Congress in 1987, it was officially adopted as the national march of the United States of America.^[4]

Historically, in show business and particularly in theater and the circus, this piece is called "the Disaster March".^[5] In the early 20th century, when it was common for theaters and circuses to have house bands, this march was a traditional code signaling a life-threatening emergency.^[6] It subtly notified personnel of emergency situations and ideally allowed them to organize the audience's exit without causing the chaos and panic that an overt declaration might. Except for impending disaster, circus bands never played the tune under any circumstances.^{[citation needed]} One memorable example of its use was during the Hartford circus fire of July 6, 1944. At least 168 people were killed, though some estimates are much higher.^[7]

Music

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"The Stars and Stripes Forever"

1909

Sousa's Band in the form: Introduction, first strain, second strain, trio, breakstrain, trio with obbligato, repeat of breakstrain, grandioso, da capo

repeat of introduction, first strain, second strain, trio, breakstrain, and grandioso

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"The Stars and Stripes Forever"

military march form

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"The Stars and Stripes Forever"

The Stars and Stripes Forever for 1 Piano, 4 Hands. Arranged by American concert pianist Giorgi Latso, performed by The Latsos Piano Duo

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"The Stars and Stripes Forever" follows the standard U.S. military march form—of repeated phrasing of different melodies performed in sections called strains: a Sousa legacy. Performances vary according to the arrangements of individual band directors or orchestrators, especially regarding tempo and the number and sequence of strains employed.

Analysis

The march begins with a four-bar

Sousa explained to the press that the three themes of the final trio were intended to represent the three regions of the United States. The broad melody, or main theme, portrays the North. The South is represented by the famous piccolo obligato, and the West by the bold countermelody of the trombones. The three come together in the climax, representing the Union itself.^[8]

Instrumentation

The march is written for a standard full American concert band. On the page for The Stars and Stripes Forever on the official United States Marine Band website, under The Complete Marches of John Philip Sousa, additional parts are written in at the bottom of the downloadable score. These parts are from Sousa's Encore Book, and are handwritten for "Drums & Bells" and harp.

Lyrics

Sousa's lyrics

Sousa wrote the lyrics to the piece, although they are not as familiar as the music itself.^[9] A typical pairing of Sousa's lyrics with various sections of the march—here the First strain and the Grandioso strain—is noted in the colored bars.^[10]

Tidmarsh's additional lyrics

In 1942 the

There is a parody of the lyrics to "The Stars and Stripes Forever" that begins "Be kind to your web-footed friends". Its exact origin is unclear, but versions of it were being quoted as early as the 1930s on college campuses,[11] and during the 1940s, where it was sung for entertainment by soldiers at the USO.^[12] Some newspapers of that time referred to it as the "Duck Song."^[13] In 1954, Charles Grean and Joan Javits composed "Crazy Mixed Up Song", using these lyrics along with the march's theme. It was made somewhat popular by Peter Lind Hayes & Mary Healy in that year.^[14] In the early 1960s, it reached a wider audience as a part of Mitch Miller's nationally syndicated sing-along show, Sing Along with Mitch.^[15] This version has perhaps the best known lyrics,^[16] which were used to end every show:^[17][18]

The last two lines were later used for the theme song of the 1985 television series The Berenstain Bears, but with the lyrics changed to:

Later versions of "Be kind to your web-footed friends" extended the lyrics of the second verse. One popular version goes like this:

^[19][20]

And the song repeats itself ad infinitum, getting higher in tone each repeat until the singer is ready for the final as per Mitch Miller:

"Well, you're right!" may be substituted for "Well, it is!".

Another version goes like this:

^[21]

The blank may be filled with appropriate adjectives like "low", "high", "silly", "fast", etc., until ready for the finale, when the singer may end with "Well, it is!" as did Mitch Miller.

Soccer chants

"

Variations and notable uses

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"The Stars and Stripes Forever" is featured in many U.S. musical performances and instances of pop culture:

• There are several orchestral transcriptions of "The Stars and Stripes Forever", including one by conductor Leopold Stokowski and one by Keith Brion and Loras Schissel. There was also an orchestral arrangement of the march by Carl Davis and David Cullen for the album Carl Conducts...Classical Festival Favourites. Orchestral versions are typically transposed one-half step lower than the original band version, to put the march in a key that is more familiar to string players.^[23]
• The tune is widely used by soccer fans, with the trio/grandioso section sung with the words "
  underdog has ended its opponent's cup campaign. Finally, certain clubs such as Forest Green or Sunderland use the chant just using the club name; this only works if the name has three syllables. A nickname can instead be used for the chant, such as Gateshead
  fans chanting "Tynesiders".
• In the 1933 film Duck Soup, Harpo Marx, playing Pinky, a spy infiltrating a house in the middle of the night, attempts to open what he believes to be a safe, but turns out to be a large radio, which loudly begins playing "The Stars and Stripes Forever" when he turns the knob. Pinky spends the next several moments futilely (and loudly) trying to quell the noise before throwing the radio out a nearby window.
• The march was used in the 1939 cartoon Officer Duck, after Donald Duck successfully subdues Tiny Tom, played by Pete. It is played by a marching band of police officers who further advance Tom's arrest. On the highest note of the brass, Donald kicks Tom on his rear end.
• Classic Popeye the Sailor cartoons
  by Fleischer Studios make frequent use of the tune in the music score accompanying the climactic fight between Popeye and the villain starting with the moment Popeye gets a spinach power boost.
• Parts of the tune feature in two Laurel and Hardy short films, The Chimp and Come Clean.
• In show business, as said before, particularly
  Hartford Circus Fire in July 1944, in which at least 160 people were killed.^[24][25][26]
• A 1952 biographical film, Stars and Stripes Forever, gives an account of the composer's life and music.
• Russian-American pianist Vladimir Horowitz wrote a famous transcription of "The Stars and Stripes Forever" for solo piano to celebrate his becoming an American citizen. In an interview, Horowitz opined that the march, being a military march, is meant to be played at a walking tempo. He complained that many conductors played the piece too fast, resulting in music that is "hackneyed".
• Timmy Mallett was fond of chanting "Wacaday, Wacaday, Wacaday" to the tune in children's TV show Wacaday, often getting child guests to do the same.
• In "
  third season of the television series Star Trek: The Next Generation
  , a malfunction in the ship's systems causes the main computer to play Sousa's march on all channels throughout the ship. The episode was first aired on September 25, 1989.
• The song is usually played for the President of the United States after he gives a speech at a public forum, event, or ceremony, whereas "Hail to the Chief" is played when the President is introduced.
• The tune of the song appears in the 1970 animated TV special adaptation of Horton Hears a Who! by Dr. Seuss, used as the melody for the song Be Kind To Your Small Person Friends.
• In 1981, fingerstyle guitarist Guy Van Duser made an arrangement of the march for guitar. It was later performed by guitarists such as Chet Atkins, Rick Foster and Doug Smith.^[27]
• The march was used during the Opening Ceremonies of the
  Rice-Eccles Olympic Stadium
  ).
• The march was adapted for the theme song to The Berenstain Bears 1985 cartoon.
• An 8-bit version of the song is used in the MS-DOS and Commodore 64 versions of Wheel of Fortune when solving a puzzle correctly.
• The student band
  Guinness Book of Records.^{[citation needed}
  ]
• The march in a specific rendition is in the soundtrack of the video game Postal 2, where it's performed by the marching band.
• American composer Robert W. Smith parodied Stars and Stripes Forever along with "Jingle Bells" with his composition "Jingle Bells Forever", published by Alfred Publishing Co.^[28]
• In 2008, the
  Crazy Harry
  .
• The video game Fallout 3 has the Stars and Stripes Forever as one of the songs on the Enclave Radio.
• In 2009, Fetch! with Ruff Ruffman used this tune as a jingle in advertising character Ruff Ruffman's "RuffMeal" in the episode "The RuffMeal Needs More Roughage".
• At the conclusion of WWE's
  death of Osama Bin Laden.^[29] It was also played during the January 5, 2015 episode of WWE Raw from Corpus Christi, Texas, also involving Cena, during the main event segment called John Cena Appreciation Night, where The Authority (Triple H and Stephanie McMahon) thanked Cena for (kayfabe) re-hiring them following the previous year's Survivor Series event's main event match, only to slander him and then (kayfabe) fire his teammates from that night, Dolph Ziggler, Ryback and Erick Rowan. The Big Show, who was also Cena's teammate during the aforementioned match, was not fired since he turned his back on Cena during the match and then joined The Authority. Balloons and confetti then fell from the rafters as Cena and his teammates stood in the ring, dejected, as the song played.^[30][31][32]
• In Argentina, a sensationalist news channel, Crónica TV, always uses the first 22 seconds of this march as a background music on reporting breaking news stories.
• The Grateful Dead finished their 50th reunion concert on July 4, 2015 with fireworks accompanied by a recording of "The Stars and Stripes Forever", in front of 70,000 people in Soldier Field in Chicago.^[33]
• In 2022, a March Madness-themed commercial from Capital One featured the opening notes of "The Stars and Stripes Forever" being played by a marching band led by Charles Barkley, who claimed to represent a fictional university named "Chuck U". Samuel L. Jackson and Spike Lee are also featured in the commercial.^[34]

See also

• List of marches by John Philip Sousa
• "You're a Grand Old Flag"
• List of best-selling sheet music

References

Further reading

• Bierley, Paul E., John Philip Sousa: American Phenomenon. Miami, Florida: Warner Bros. Publications, 2001.

External links

Wikisource has original text related to this article:

Stars and Stripes Forever

• Media related to The Stars and Stripes Forever at Wikimedia Commons
• Sousa Band (Gramofono)
• Complete Score (Score in the Public Domain)
• Performance by the "Presidents Own" Marine Band on
  YouTube