The Wall Street Journal
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The Wall Street Journal (WSJ) is an American business and economic-focused international daily newspaper based in New York City.[2] The Journal is published six days a week by Dow Jones & Company, a division of News Corp. The newspaper is published in broadsheet format and online. The Journal has been printed continuously since its inception on July 8, 1889,[3] and is regarded as a newspaper of record, particularly in terms of business and financial news.[4][5][6] The newspaper has won 39 Pulitzer Prizes, the most recent in 2023.[7][8][9]
The Wall Street Journal is the
History
This section appears to be slanted towards recent events. (July 2020) |
Founding and 19th century
The first products of Dow Jones & Company, the publisher of the Journal, were brief news bulletins, nicknamed flimsies, hand-delivered throughout the day to traders at the stock exchange in the early 1880s. They were later aggregated in a printed daily summary called the Customers' Afternoon Letter. Reporters Charles Dow, Edward Jones, and Charles Bergstresser converted this into The Wall Street Journal, which was published for the first time on July 8, 1889, and began delivery of the Dow Jones & Company News Service via telegraph.[15]
In 1896, the Dow Jones Industrial Average was launched. It was the first of several indices of stock and bond prices on the New York Stock Exchange. In 1899, the Journal's Review & Outlook column, which still runs today, appeared for the first time, initially written by Charles Dow.
20th century
Journalist
The Journal took its modern shape and prominence in the 1940s, a time of industrial expansion for the United States and its financial institutions in New York. Bernard Kilgore was named managing editor of the paper in 1941, and company CEO in 1945, eventually compiling a 25-year career as the head of the Journal. Kilgore was the architect of the paper's iconic front-page design, with its "What's News" digest, and its national distribution strategy, which brought the paper's circulation from 33,000 in 1941 to 1.1 million when Kilgore died in 1967. Under Kilgore, in 1947, the paper won its first Pulitzer Prize for William Henry Grimes's editorials.[16]
In 1967, Dow Jones Newswires began a major expansion outside of the United States ultimately placing its journalists in every major financial center in Europe, Asia, Latin America, Australia, and Africa. In 1970, Dow Jones bought the Ottaway newspaper chain, which at the time comprised nine dailies and three Sunday newspapers. Later, the name was changed to Dow Jones Local Media Group.[17]
The period from 1971 to 1997 brought about a series of launches, acquisitions, and joint ventures, including "
A complement to the print newspaper, The Wall Street Journal Online, was launched in 1996 and has allowed access only by subscription from the beginning.[19] A weekly (later daily) crossword edited by Mike Shenk was introduced in 1998.[20]
21st century
In 2003, Dow Jones began to integrate reporting of the Journal's print and online subscribers together in
On November 30, 2004, Oasys Mobile and The Wall Street Journal released an app that would allow users to access content from The Wall Street Journal Online via their mobile phones.[25]
In September 2005, the Journal launched a weekend edition, delivered to all subscribers, which marked a return to Saturday publication after a lapse of some 50 years. The move was designed in part to attract more consumer advertising.[16]
In 2005, the Journal reported a readership profile of about 60 percent top management, an average income of $191,000, an average household net worth of $2.1 million, and an average age of 55.[26]
In 2007, the Journal launched a worldwide expansion of its website to include major foreign-language editions. The paper had also shown an interest in buying the rival Financial Times.[27]
Design changes
The nameplate is unique in having a period at the end.[28]
Front-page advertising in the Journal was re-introduced on September 5, 2006. This followed similar introductions in the European and Asian editions in late 2005.[29]
After presenting nearly identical front-page layouts for half a century – always six columns, with the day's top stories in the first and sixth columns, "What's News" digest in the second and third, the "A-hed" feature story in the fourth (with 'hed' being jargon for headline) and themed weekly reports in the fifth column[30] – the paper in 2007 decreased its broadsheet width from 15 to 12 inches while keeping the length at 223⁄4 inches, to save newsprint costs. News design consultant Mario Garcia collaborated on the changes. Dow Jones said it would save US$18 million a year in newsprint costs across all The Wall Street Journal papers.[31] This move eliminated one column of print, pushing the "A-hed" out of its traditional location (though the paper now usually includes a quirky feature story on the right side of the front page, sandwiched among the lead stories).
The paper uses ink dot drawings called
The daily was awarded by the Society for News Design World's Best Designed Newspaper award for 1994 and 1997.[35]
News Corporation and News Corp
On May 2, 2007, News Corporation made an unsolicited takeover bid for Dow Jones, offering US$60 a share for stock that had been selling for US$33 a share.[citation needed] The Bancroft family, which controlled more than 60% of the voting stock, at first rejected the offer, but later reconsidered its position.[36]
Three months later, on August 1, 2007, News Corporation and Dow Jones entered into a definitive merger agreement.
On December 13, 2007, shareholders representing more than 60 percent of Dow Jones's voting stock approved the company's acquisition by News Corporation.[39]
In an editorial page column, publisher L. Gordon Crovitz said the Bancrofts and News Corporation had agreed that the Journal's news and opinion sections would preserve their editorial independence from their new corporate parent.[40]
A special committee was established to oversee the paper's editorial integrity. When the managing editor Marcus Brauchli resigned on April 22, 2008, the committee said that News Corporation had violated its agreement by not notifying the committee earlier. However, Brauchli said he believed that new owners should appoint their own editor.[41]
A 2007 Journal article quoted charges that Murdoch had made and broken similar promises in the past. One large shareholder commented that Murdoch has long "expressed his personal, political and business biases through his newspapers and television stations". Former Times assistant editor Fred Emery remembers an incident when "Mr. Murdoch called him into his office in March 1982 and said he was considering firing Times editor Harold Evans. Mr. Emery says he reminded Mr. Murdoch of his promise that editors couldn't be fired without the independent directors' approval. 'God, you don't take all that seriously, do you?' Mr. Murdoch answered, according to Mr. Emery." Murdoch eventually forced out Evans.[42]
In 2011, The Guardian found evidence that the Journal had artificially inflated its European sales numbers, by paying Executive Learning Partnership for purchasing 16% of European sales. These inflated sales numbers then enabled the Journal to charge similarly inflated advertising rates, as the advertisers would think that they reached more readers than they actually did. In addition, the Journal agreed to run "articles" featuring Executive Learning Partnership, presented as news, but effectively advertising.[43] The case came to light after a Belgian Wall Street Journal employee, Gert Van Mol, informed Dow Jones CEO Les Hinton about the questionable practice.[44] As a result, the then Wall Street Journal Europe CEO and Publisher Andrew Langhoff was fired after it was found out he personally pressured journalists into covering one of the newspaper's business partners involved in the issue.[45][46] Since September 2011, all the online articles that resulted from the ethical wrongdoing carry a Wall Street Journal disclaimer informing the readers about the circumstances in which they were created.
The Journal, along with its parent Dow Jones & Company, was among the businesses News Corporation spun off in 2013 as the new News Corp.[citation needed]
In November 2016, in an effort to cut costs, the Journal's editor-in-chief, Gerard Baker, announced layoffs of staff and consolidation of its print sections. The new "Business & Finance" section combined the former "Business & Tech" and "Money & Investing" sections. The new "Life & Arts" section took the place of "Personal Journal" and "Arena". In addition, the Journal's "Greater New York" coverage was reduced and moved to the main section of paper.[47] The section was shuttered on July 9, 2021.[48]
In an October 2018
The Personal Journal section branding was brought back in July 2020.[50]
From 2019 through 2022, the Journal partnered with Facebook to provide content for the social-media site's "News Tab". Facebook paid the Journal in excess of $10 million during that period, terminating the relationship as part of a broader shift away from news content.[51]
On June 13, 2022, the Journal launched a product review website called Buy Side.[52] The website remains free and has a distinct team from the Journal newsroom.[52]
In February 2024, the Journal laid off about 20 employees, primarily economics reporters based in Washington, D.C. Moving forward, those beats will be covered by the newspaper's New York-based business team.[53]
Recent milestones
- WSJ Noted., a monthly digital magazine, launches on June 30, 2020, in a bid to attract younger readers.[54]
- Reaches 3 million subscribers in May 2020[55]
- WSJ Live became available on mobile devices in September 2011.[56]
- WSJ Weekend, the weekend newspaper, expanded September 2010, with two new sections: "Off Duty" and "Review".[57][58]
- "Greater New York", a stand-alone, full-color section dedicated to the New York metro area, ran from April 2010 until July 2021.[59][48]
- The Wall Street Journal's San Francisco Bay Area Edition, which focuses on local news and events, launched on November 5, 2009, appearing locally each Thursday in the print Journal and every day online at WSJ.com/SF.[60]
- WSJ Weekend, formerly called Saturday's Weekend Edition: September 2005.[61]
- Launch of Today's Journal, which included both the addition of Personal Journal and color capacity to the Journal: April 2002.[62]
- Launch of The Wall Street Journal Sunday: September 12, 1999. A four-page print supplement of original investing news, market reports and personal-finance advice that ran in the business sections of other U.S. newspapers. WSJ Sunday circulation peaked in 2005 with 84 newspapers reaching nearly 11 million homes. The publication ceased on February 7, 2015.[63]
- Friday Journal, formerly called First Weekend Journal: March 20, 1998.[64]
- WSJ.com launched in April 1996.[65]
- First three-section Journal: October 1988.[64]
- First two-section Journal: June 1980.[64]
Features and operations
Since 1980, the Journal has been published in multiple sections. At one time, the Journal's page count averaged as many as 96 pages an issue,[citation needed] but with the industry-wide decline in advertising, the Journal in 2009–10 more typically published about 50 to 60 pages per issue.
As of 2012[update], The Wall Street Journal had a global news staff of around 2,000 journalists in 85 news bureaus across 51 countries.[66][67] As of 2012[update], it had 26 printing plants.[66]
Regularly scheduled sections are:
- Section One: Every day; corporate news, as well as political and economic reporting and the opinion pages
- Marketplace: Monday through Friday; coverage of health, technology, media, and marketing industries (the second section was launched June 23, 1980)
- Money and Investing: Every day; covers and analyzes international financial markets (the third section was launched October 3, 1988)
- Personal Journal: Published Tuesday through Thursday; covers personal investments, careers and cultural pursuits (the section was introduced April 9, 2002)
- Off Duty: Published Saturdays in WSJ Weekend; focuses on fashion, food, design, travel and gear/tech. The section was launched September 25, 2010.
- Review: Published Saturdays in WSJ Weekend; focuses on essays, commentary, reviews and ideas. The section was launched September 25, 2010.
- Mansion: Published Fridays, focuses on high-end real estate. The section was launched October 5, 2012.
- WSJ Magazine: Launched in 2008 as a quarterly, this luxury magazine supplement distributed within the U.S., European and Asian editions of The Wall Street Journal grew to 12 issues per year in 2014.
In addition, several columnists contribute regular features to the Journal opinion page:
- Mondays: Americas by Mary O'Grady
- Wednesdays: Business World by Holman W. Jenkins Jr.
- Thursdays: Wonder Land by Daniel Henninger
- Fridays: Potomac Watch by Kimberley Strassel
- Weekend Edition: Rule of Law, The Weekend Interview (variety of authors), Declarations by Peggy Noonan
In addition to editorials and columns from the printed newspaper, wsj.com carries two daily web-only opinion columns:
- Best of the Web Today by James Taranto, the editor of the former OpinionJournal.com website (no subscription required).[68]
- Political Diary edited by Holman W. Jenkins Jr. and featuring John Fund (separate subscription required).
In addition to these regular opinion pieces, on Fridays the Journal publishes a religion-themed op-ed, titled "Houses of Worship", written by a different author each week. Authors range from the Dalai Lama to cardinals.
WSJ.
WSJ. is The Wall Street Journal's luxury lifestyle magazine. Its coverage spans art, fashion, entertainment, design, food, architecture, travel and more. Sarah Ball is Editor in Chief and Omblyne Pelier is Publisher.[69]
Launched as a quarterly in 2008, the magazine grew to 12 issues a year for 2014.[70] The magazine is inserted into the weekend U.S. edition of The Wall Street Journal and is available on WSJ.com and in the newspaper's iPad app.
Penélope Cruz, Carmelo Anthony, Woody Allen, Scarlett Johansson, Emilia Clarke, Daft Punk, and Gisele Bündchen have all been featured on the cover.
In 2012, the magazine launched its Innovator Awards program. An extension of the November Innovators issue, the awards ceremony, held in New York City at Museum of Modern Art, honors visionaries across the fields of design, fashion, architecture, humanitarianism, art and technology.
In 2013, Adweek named WSJ. the "Hottest Lifestyle Magazine of the Year" in its annual Hot List.[71]
OpinionJournal.com
Type of site | News and opinion |
---|---|
Available in | English |
Owner | The Wall Street Journal |
Created by | The Wall Street Journal |
Revenue | N/A |
URL | http://www.opinionjournal.com |
Commercial | Yes |
Registration | N/A |
Current status | Redirects to https://www.wsj.com/news/opinion |
OpinionJournal.com was a website featuring content from the editorial pages of The Wall Street Journal. It existed separately from the news content at wsj.com until January 2008, when it was merged into the main website.[72] The editorials (titled "Review & Outlook") reflected The Journal's conservative political editorial line, as did its regular columnists, who included Peggy Noonan, John Fund, and Daniel Henninger.
WSJ Noted.
On June 30, 2020, the Journal launched WSJ Noted., a monthly digital "news and culture" magazine for subscribers aged 18–34 in a bid to attract a younger audience to the Journal. The magazine has a group of some 7,000 young adults who are invited to preview content, provide feedback, and join Q&As with Noted staff.[54]
Editorial board
The Wall Street Journal editorial board members oversee the Journal's editorial page, dictating the tone and direction of the newspaper's opinion section. The Wall Street Journal does not provide details on the exact duties of board members.
Every Saturday and Sunday, three editorial page writers and host
Contrasts have been noted between the Journal's news reporting and its editorial pages.
In July 2020, more than 280 Journal journalists and Dow Jones staff members wrote a letter to new publisher Almar Latour to criticize the opinion pages' "lack of fact-checking and transparency, and its apparent disregard for evidence", adding that "opinion articles often make assertions that are contradicted by WSJ reporting."[78][79] The editorial board responded that its opinion pages "won't wilt under cancel-culture pressure" and that the objective of the editorial content is to be independent of the Journal's news content and offer alternative views to "the uniform progressive views that dominate nearly all of today's media."[80] The board's response did not address issues regarding fact-checking that had been raised in the letter.[81]
Editorial positions
This article is part of a series on |
Conservatism in the United States |
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Economic
During the Reagan administration, the newspaper's editorial page was particularly influential as the leading voice for
In the economic argument of
Political
The Journal's editorial pages and columns, run separately from the news pages, have a conservative bent and are highly influential in establishment conservative circles.[84] Despite this, the Journal refrains from endorsing candidates and has not endorsed a candidate since 1928.[85]
The editorial board has long argued for a pro-business immigration policy.[86]
The Journal's editorial page was seen as critical of many aspects of
On October 25, 2017, the editorial board called for Special Counsel Robert Mueller to resign from the investigation into Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections and accused Hillary Clinton's 2016 presidential campaign of colluding with Russia.[91] In December 2017, the editorial board repeated its calls for Mueller's resignation.[92][93] The editorials by the editorial board caused fractures within The Wall Street Journal, as reporters say that the editorials undermine the paper's credibility.[92][93][94]
In October 2021, the Journal published a letter from former President Donald Trump in the Letters to the Editor section of the editorial pages. Other news sources described the contents of the letter as false and debunked claims about the 2020 presidential election.[95][96][97] The next day, the editorial board published their own critique of Trump's letter.[98]
Scientific
The Journal editorial pages were described as a "forum for
In the 1980s and 1990s, the Journal published numerous columns opposing and misrepresenting the scientific consensus on the harms of second-hand smoke,[107][108][109] acid rain, and ozone depletion,[110] in addition to public policy efforts to curb pesticides and asbestos.[111][112][113][114][115] The Journal later recognized that efforts to curb acid rain through cap-and-trade had been successful, a decade after the Clean Air Act Amendments.[116]
Political views
Its reporting has been described as "
Bias in news pages
Pre-Murdoch ownership
The Journal's editors stress the independence and impartiality of their reporters.[40] According to CNN in 2007, the Journal's "newsroom staff has a reputation for non-partisan reporting."[118] Ben Smith of the New York Times described the Journal's news reporting as "small-c [conservative]", and noted that its readership leans further to the right than other major newspapers.[119]
In a 2004 study, Tim Groseclose and Jeffrey Milyo argue the Journal's news pages have a pro-liberal bias because they more often quote liberal think tanks. They calculated the ideological attitude of news reports in 20 media outlets by counting the frequency they cited particular think tanks and comparing that to the frequency that legislators cited the same think tanks. They found that the news reporting of the Journal was the most liberal (more liberal than NPR or The New York Times). The study did not factor in editorials.[120] Mark Liberman criticized the model used to calculate bias in the study and argued that the model unequally affected liberals and conservatives and that "the model starts with a very peculiar assumption about the relationship between political opinion and the choice of authorities to cite." The authors assume that "think tank ideology ... only matters to liberals."[121]
The company's planned and eventual acquisition by News Corp in 2007 led to significant media criticism and discussion about whether the news pages would exhibit a rightward slant under Rupert Murdoch.[122] An August 1, 2007 editorial responded to the questions by asserting that Murdoch intended to "maintain the values and integrity of the Journal".[123]
During Trump presidency
In 2016 and 2017, the Journal leadership under Baker came under fire from critics, both from the outside and from within the newsroom[
Also controversial was a January 2017 note from Baker to Journal editors, directing them to avoid using the phrase "seven majority-Muslim countries" when writing about Trump's executive order on travel and immigration; Baker later sent a follow-up note "clarifying that there was 'no ban'" on the phrase, "but that the publication should 'always be careful that this term is not offered as the only description of the countries covered under the ban.'"[124]
At a town-hall-style meeting with Journal staff in February 2017, Baker defended the paper's coverage, saying that it was objective and protected the paper from being "dragged into the political process" through a dispute with the Trump administration.[124]
A 2018 survey conducted by
On February 19, 2020, China announced the revoking of the press credentials of three Wall Street Journal reporters based in Beijing. China accused the paper of failing to apologize for publishing articles that criticized China's efforts to fight the COVID-19 pandemic, and failing to investigate and punish those responsible.[126]
In June 2020, following the murder of George Floyd and subsequent protests, journalists at the Journal sent a letter to editor in chief Matt Murray demanding changes to the way the paper covers race, policing and finance. The reporters stated that they "frequently meet resistance when trying to reflect the accounts and voices of workers, residents or customers, with some editors voicing heightened skepticism of those sources' credibility compared with executives, government officials or other entities".[127]
Notable stories and Pulitzer Prizes
The Journal has won 38 Pulitzer Prizes in its history. Staff journalists who led some of the newspaper's best-known coverage teams have later published books that summarized and extended their reporting.
1987: RJR Nabisco buyout
In 1987, a bidding war ensued between several financial firms for tobacco and food giant
1988: Insider trading
In the 1980s, then-Journal reporter James B. Stewart brought national attention to the illegal practice of insider trading. He was awarded the Pulitzer Prize in explanatory journalism in 1988, which he shared with Daniel Hertzberg,[129] who went on to serve as the paper's senior deputy managing editor before resigning in 2009. Stewart expanded on this theme in his 1991 book, Den of Thieves.[130]
1997: AIDS treatment
David Sanford, a Page One features editor who was infected with HIV in 1982 in a bathhouse, wrote a front-page personal account of how, with the assistance of improved treatments for HIV, he went from planning his death to planning his retirement.[131] He and six other reporters wrote about the new treatments, political and economic issues, and won the 1997 Pulitzer Prize for National Reporting about AIDS.[132]
2000: Enron
Jonathan Weil, a reporter at the Dallas bureau of The Wall Street Journal, is credited with first breaking the story of financial abuses at Enron in September 2000.[133] Rebecca Smith and John R. Emshwiller reported on the story regularly,[134] and wrote a book, 24 Days. In October 2021, the Journal released Bad Bets, a podcast that recounted the papers reporting on Enron.[135]
2001: 9/11
The Journal claims to have sent the first news report, on the Dow Jones wire, of a plane crashing into the
The Journal subsequently conducted a worldwide investigation of the causes and significance of 9/11, using contacts it had developed while covering business in the Arab world. In
2007: Stock option scandal
In 2007, the paper won the Pulitzer Prize for Public Service, with its iconic gold medal,[140] for exposing companies that illegally backdate stock options they awarded executives to increase their value.
2008: Bear Stearns fall
Kate Kelly wrote a three-part series that detailed events that led to the collapse of Bear Stearns.[141][142][143]
2010: McDonald's health care
A report
2015: Malaysia Prime Minister Najib Razak and 1MDB
In 2015, a report
The report prompted some governmental agencies in Malaysia to conduct an investigation into the allegation. On July 28, 2020, Najib Razak was found guilty on seven charges in the 1MDB scandal. He was sentenced to 12 years in prison.[151]
2015–present: Theranos investigation
In 2015, a report written by the Journal's
Rupert Murdoch—at the time a major investor in Theranos and owner of the Journal—lost approximately $100 million in his investments in Theranos.[160]
2018–present: Investigation into Stormy Daniels payment
On January 12, 2018, Michael Rothfeld and Joe Palazzolo reported in The Wall Street Journal that during the 2016 presidential campaign, then-candidate Donald Trump's personal lawyer, Michael Cohen coordinated a $130,000 payment to Stormy Daniels for her silence regarding an alleged affair. In subsequent reports, the method of payment and many other details were extensively covered. In April of that year, FBI agents stormed Cohen's home, seizing records related to the transaction.[161] On August 21, 2018, Cohen pleaded guilty to eight counts including campaign finance violations in connection with the Daniels payment.[162] The coverage earned the Journal the 2019 Pulitzer Prize for National Reporting.[163]
2021: Facebook company files leak
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See also
- William Peter Hamilton
- The Economic Times
- Far Eastern Economic Review
- Index of Economic Freedom – an annual report published by the Journal together with The Heritage Foundation
- Lucky duckies
- Media in New York City
- On the Money (2013 TV series)– the current title of a CNBC-produced program known as The Wall Street Journal Report from 1970 until the CNBC/Dow Jones split in January 2013.
- The Wall Street Journal Special Editions
- Wall Street Journal Radio Network
- Worth Bingham Prize
- Billion dollar whale
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One of our clearest and starkest findings is the near disappearance of center-right media. There is the Wall Street Journal, with its conservative editorial page but continued commitment to journalistic standards in its reporting; and to some extent The Hill plays a center-right role. Both sites appear in the center of the partisan landscape according to our data because readers on the right did not pay attention to these sites any more than readers on the left did.
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One of the tactics successfully used to discredit climate science is typified by Frederick Seitz's 1996 commentary in The Wall Street Journal in which he argued that the IPCC did not follow its own rules for peer review. Subsequent analysis showed that the IPCC did not transgress any of its rules of peer review, which in fact are more rigorous than the standards of peer review that academic journals typically try to uphold
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Further reading
- Dealy, Francis X. (1 June 1993). The Power and the Money: Inside the Wall Street Journal (1st ed.). OL 1731385M – via Internet Archive.
- Douai, Aziz, and Terry Wu. "News as business: the global financial crisis and Occupy movement in the Wall Street Journal". Journal of International Communication 20.2 (2014): 148–167.
- Merrill, John C., and Harold A. Fisher. The world's great dailies: profiles of fifty newspapers (1980), pp. 338–41.
- Rosenberg, Jerry M. Inside The Wall Street Journal: The History and the Power of Dow Jones & Company and America's Most Influential Newspaper (1982) online
- Sakurai, Takuya. "Framing a Trade Policy: An Analysis of The Wall Street Journal Coverage of Super 301". Intercultural Communication Studies 24.3 (2015). online
- Steinbock, Dan. "Building dynamic capabilities: The Wall Street Journal interactive edition: A successful online subscription model (1993–2000)". International Journal on Media Management 2.3-4 (2000): 178–194.
- Yarrow, Andrew L. "The big postwar story: Abundance and the rise of economic journalism". Journalism History 32.2 (2006): 58+ online Archived November 13, 2018, at Archive-It
External links
- Official website
- The Wall Street Journal blogs Archived February 21, 2018, at the Wayback Machine
- OpinionJournal website (redirector)
- Opinion & Commentary section of the WSJ website
- Political Diary (paid subscription required)
- Money Rates including Prime Rate
- The Wall Street Journal editorial board Archived October 18, 2014, at the Wayback Machine
- "It all began in the basement of a candy story", by Cynthia Crossen, The Wall Street Journal, July 31, 2007
- The Pioneer of Wall Street: John J. Kiernan at Irish America