The class the stars fell on

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Members of the West Point class of 1915

"The class the stars fell on" is an expression used to describe the class of 1915 at the United States Military Academy in West Point, New York.[1] In the United States Army, the insignia reserved for generals is one or more stars. Of the 164 graduates that year, 59 (36%) attained the rank of general, more than any other class in the history of the academy, hence the expression.[2] Two graduates reached the rank of five-star General of the Army, two were four-star generals, seven three-star lieutenant generals, 24 two-star major generals, and 24 one-star brigadier generals.[1][3] Dwight D. Eisenhower, one of the five-star generals, went on to become the 34th President of the United States. The other, Omar Bradley, became the first Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, under Presidents Harry S. Truman and Eisenhower.[2]

The term had previously been applied to the class of 1886, which produced a large number of general officers for World War I. Of this class, which includes John J. Pershing, Charles T. Menoher, and Mason Patrick, 25 out of 77 (32%) became generals.[4][5]

About the class

Ten baseball players, standing in size order with the tallest on the left. They are wearing baseball uniforms without their caps.
The 1914 West Point baseball team. Omar Bradley is second from left. Every member of the team who remained in the army became a general.[6]

Some 287 cadets entered the United States Military Academy at West Point, New York, in 1911, the largest plebe (entering or most junior) class up to that date.[7][8] That year, the United States Congress changed the rules regarding appointment to the Academy. Previously, Congressmen had been allowed to make one appointment every four years. This was now increased to one every three years. Fourteen more cadets received appointments to the class, which they joined six weeks late, in August 1911, thereby missing out on the infamous period of hazing known as Beast Barracks. They were known as the "Augustines" after the month on which they joined. Among their number was Omar Bradley.[7][9] Only 164 cadets graduated and were commissioned as second lieutenants on 12 June 1915, but that was still the largest graduating class up to that time,[10] and the US Army had only 105 positions available for them.[11]

The class First Captain (the cadet brigade commander) was Roscoe B. Woodruff.[8][12] The top 19 graduates all went into the United States Army Corps of Engineers.[13] Ranking first in the class was William E. R. Covell, who edged out Edwin R. Kimble by the narrowest of margins. Covell went on to become a general during World War II. Kimble served during World War I as a major in France, where he died on 9 April 1918 of sepsis after a surgical operation.[14][15] The youngest graduating member of the class was Clyde R. Eisenschmidt, who was born on 30 July 1894.[14] He retired as a lieutenant colonel on 30 June 1940.[16]

The oldest member of the class was Robert B. Lorch, who was born on 18 December 1888. After serving in France as a major during World War I, he was honorably discharged from the Army on 8 December 1922. Recalled during World War II, he reached the rank of lieutenant colonel in 1950.[17] In a class with many superb athletes, Thomas B. Larkin won the physical fitness contest and was designated "strong man" of the Corps.[14] The lowest ranking member of the class, known as the class "goat", was Charles C. Herrick. After service in France as a major, he was honorably discharged on 15 December 1922, and became an investment banker. Recalled to active duty during World War II, he reached the rank of colonel.[18][19] Also among the class was Luis R. Esteves, the first Puerto Rican to attend West Point, and the first to graduate.[20] He was the first member of the class to be made a general.[21]

Sixteen members of the class were sons of West Point graduates. Three were both sons and grandsons of graduates.

Alexander C. M. Pennington, Jr., of the class of 1860. Ranked 7th in the class, Cronkhite died in a mysterious shooting accident on 25 October 1918.[23] John F. Conklin was the son of Colonel John Conklin of the class of 1884. His maternal grandfather was Major General William H. French of the class of 1837.[24] Oscar Straub was the son of Colonel Oscar I. Straub of the class of 1887, and the grandson of Brigadier General E. Van A. Andruss, from the class of 1864. In addition, John R. Mendenhall's father John Ross Mendenhall had attended the Academy but dropped out in 1881 without graduating, and his grandfather, Colonel John Mendenhall, was a graduate of the class of 1851.[25] Pearson Menoher was the son of Major General Charles T. Menoher, who was a member of the class of 1886, and served as the first chief of the United States Army Air Service.[26]

Louis Merillat
is eighth from the left, in the A sweater; Omar Bradley is on the far right.

Of the others:

Harmon was preceded by his two older brothers, Kenneth B. Harmon, of the class of 1910,[31] and Millard F. Harmon, Jr., of the class of 1912.[32] Hubert Harmon was ejected when it was discovered that he had two brothers at West Point, as it was felt that the taxpayers would not be getting their money's worth educating three sons of the same family. He was readmitted in June 1911 after his father lobbied numerous government officials. He now only had one brother at West Point, as Kenneth had graduated the year before. Both Millard Jr., and Hubert subsequently became three-star generals.[30]

Due to its origins as an engineering school, the West Point curriculum emphasized mathematics and other technical subjects of relevance to that specialty rather than education in military topics.

close order drill and equitation.[34] Of the top 25 graduates of the class of 1915, 24 were commissioned into the Corps of Engineers.[35] The exception, James A. Lester, who was ranked 23rd, chose to go into the field artillery instead. He would become a major general.[36][37]

Careers

Of the 164 graduates in the class, 102 (62 percent) served overseas during World War I before the armistice of 11 November 1918, although only 56 (34 percent) saw actual combat. This was not unusual; nearly 60 percent of the Army's regular officers did not serve overseas. A widespread belief that those who had served overseas would receive preferential treatment, including faster promotion, was not borne out by subsequent events.[38] Promotion was by seniority, and glacially slow. Officers commissioned between November 1916 and November 1918 made up 55.4 percent of the Army's officers in 1926. This "hump" constituted a major personnel problem that was solved only by the Army's rapid expansion after 1940 in response to World War II.[39] Much of the success of the class is attributable to being fortunate enough to be just ahead of the hump, but not too old to assume positions of great responsibility during World War II.[40]

Omar Bradley, for example, was promoted to first lieutenant on 1 July 1916, captain on 15 May 1917, and major on 17 June 1918.[41] He had been returned to the grade of captain on 22 January 1920, and promoted to major again on 1 July 1920, only to be returned to captain again on 4 November 1922. He was promoted to major a third time on 25 June 1924,[42] and remained one for twelve years before becoming a lieutenant colonel on 26 June 1936.[43] He was promoted to brigadier general in February 1941.[44]

In the inter-war period, officers led a "country club existence".

post exchanges sold many everyday goods tax-free. They invariably lived on-base in good housing, and in tight-knit and supportive communities. When posted overseas, they took their families with them. A secure and steady job was highly prized during the Great Depression years from 1929 to 1939, and resignations were rare.[46]

There were two levels of advanced schooling. The first was the

Army Industrial College. The Army War College taught the handling of higher formations.[48] The Army Industrial College taught industrial mobilization.[49]

The Army's training program attracted criticism, both at the time and subsequently. In 1937, Brigadier General George C. Marshall felt that in merging instruction on command and staff duties, the Command and General Staff School had neglected the former in favor of the latter, with officers being prepared for staff duties in peacetime rather than the chaos of command in wartime.[50] Brigadier General Lesley J. McNair conducted a survey of graduates in 1939 that found that most felt that there was too much emphasis on obsolete skills like equitation. For this reason, the staff rides were disliked. While most considered the map exercises the most valuable part of the curriculum, some noted that students spent time discovering for themselves things that they could have been told.[51]

Writing in 2011, Jörg Muth concluded that "At Fort Leavenworth, school solutions were always the norm. Ineffective courses were led by instructors who sometimes lacked knowledge of their fields and usually failed in didactics and pedagogics ... It seems in general not to have been a good idea to challenge the instructors at Leavenworth in any way if an officer student wanted to leave the school with a respectable grade."[52] While the education system undoubtedly failed in some key areas, it did create a body of competent division and corps commanders.[53]

The first member of the class to wear a star was Esteves, who was appointed adjutant general of Puerto Rico with the rank of brigadier general in February 1939.

Philippines campaign.[55][56]

A worse fate befell Major General Henry J. F. Miller, who leaked details of the invasion date at a dinner party in April 1944. He was reduced to his permanent rank of lieutenant colonel and sent home.[57] Eisenhower wrote a letter to him explaining that, "I know of nothing that causes me more real distress than to be faced with the necessity of sitting as a judge in cases involving military offences by officers of character and good record, particularly when they are old and warm friends."[58] Miller retired due to physical disability on 30 November 1944. In December 1948 he was promoted to brigadier general on the retired list. He died on 7 January 1949.[59]

Apart from those who became generals, the best known member of the class is Louis A. Merrilat, who played college football with the Army Black Knights alongside Bradley and Eisenhower, and was selected as a first-team All-American in both 1913 and 1914. He was wounded in battle while serving in France during World War I, and later played in the National Football League for the Canton Bulldogs in the 1925 NFL season. He became a soldier of fortune, training Iran's Persian Guard, working with the Chinese Army in the 1930s, and serving in the French Foreign Legion. During World War II, he returned to active duty with the US Army, reaching the rank of colonel.[60][61]

The last surviving general of the class was

U.S. Eighth Army in the Korean War.[62] Celebrations for his 100th birthday on 19 March 1992 included a parachute drop by the Army's Golden Knights. A West Point Cadet, James Ward, remarked that: "Everything we aspire to be, he's already done. He's the epitome of the Long Gray Line."[63] Van Fleet died on 23 September 1992, at the age of 100.[63]

The last surviving member of the class was Edmund De Treville Ellis. Commissioned in the cavalry, he later transferred to the

Berlin airlift. He retired from the Army as a colonel on 31 March 1950. He became the oldest living graduate of West Point in October 1990, and the last surviving member of the class of 1915 on the death of Van Fleet. He died at the age of 104 on 22 January 1995. Like Van Fleet, he was interred in Arlington National Cemetery.[63][64][65]

Generals of West Point Class of 1915

head and shoulders portrait
General of the Army Dwight D. Eisenhower (as a general)
head and shoulders portrait
General of the Army Omar N. Bradley
head and shoulders portrait
General Joseph T. McNarney
head and shoulders portrait
General James A. Van Fleet
head and shoulders portrait
Lieutenant General Hubert R. Harmon
head and shoulders portrait
Lieutenant General Henry S. Aurand
head and shoulders portrait
Major General Vernon Prichard
head and shoulders portrait
Major General Henry B. Sayler
head and shoulders portrait
Major General Henry J. F. Miller
head and shoulders portrait
Major General Charles W. Ryder
head and shoulders portrait
Major General A. Arnim White
Rank Name Rank in class Notes Ref.
11Five star officer
General of the Army
Bradley, OmarOmar N. Bradley 44 Commanded (1949–1953) [1][66]
11Five star officer
General of the Army
Eisenhower, DwightDwight D. Eisenhower 61 Supreme Allied Commander,
North African Theater of Operations (1942–1943), Supreme Allied Commander Europe (1942, 1943–1945, 1949–1952), Chief of Staff of the United States Army (1945–1948), President of the United States
(1953–1961)
[1][67]
10Four star officer
General
McNarney, JosephJoseph T. McNarney 41 Deputy Chief of Staff, U.S. Army (1942–1944), Supreme Allied Commander,
Mediterranean Theater of Operations (1944–1945), commanded U.S. Forces in Europe (1945–1947), commanded Air Materiel Command
(1947-1949)
[66][68]
10Four star officer
General
Van Fleet, JamesJames Van Fleet 92 Commanded
U.S. Eighth Army in the Korean War
(1951–1953)
[69][70]
09Three star officer
Lieutenant General
Aurand, HenryHenry Aurand 20 Commanded
U.S. Army Pacific
(1949)
[36][71][72]
09Three star officer
Lieutenant General
Harmon, HubertHubert R. Harmon 103 Commanded
Superintendent of the United States Air Force Academy
(1954–1956)
[73][74]
09Three star officer
Lieutenant General
Irwin, StaffordStafford LeRoy Irwin 40 Commanded 5th Infantry Division, XII Corps, V Corps, U.S. Forces Austria (1950–1952) [66][75]
09Three star officer
Lieutenant General
Larkin, ThomasThomas B. Larkin 21 Chief of Staff, Services of Supply, U.S. Army Forces, British Isles (1942–1943); Commanded Services of Supply,
Quartermaster General
of the U.S. Army (1946–1949), Deputy Chief of Staff for Logistics (1949–1952)
[36][76]
09Three star officer
Lieutenant General
Leonard, JohnJohn W. Leonard 84 Commanded
XVIII Airborne Corps
(1951–1953)
[77][78]
09Three star officer
Lieutenant General
Stratemeyer, GeorgeGeorge E. Stratemeyer 147 Commanded Army Air Forces
Air Defense Command (1946–1948), Continental Air Command (1948–1949), Far East Air Forces
(1949–1952)
[79][80]
09Three star officer
Lieutenant General
Swing, Joseph
Joseph M. Swing
38 Commanded
Sixth Army
(1951–1954)
[81][82]
08Two star officer
Major General
Bragdon, John StewartJohn Stewart Bragdon 5 Assistant Chief of Military Construction (1945–1949); Deputy Chief of Engineers (1950–1951) [83][84]
08Two star officer
Major General
Cousins, Ralph P.Ralph P. Cousins 129 Commanded Army Air Force Western Flying Training Command (1942–1946) [85][86]
08Two star officer
Major General
Covell, William E. R.William E. R. Covell 1 Director of Fuels and Lubricants, Office of Quartermaster General (1943–1944); Commanded Services of Supply China-Burma-India Theater (1944–1945) [84][87]
08Two star officer
Major General
Esteves, Luis R.Luis R. Esteves 97 Adjutant General of Puerto Rico (1939–1957) [70][21]
08Two star officer
Major General
Evans, Vernon
Vernon Evans
55 Deputy Chief of Staff and Chief of Staff China-Burma-India Theater (1944–1945) [88][89]
08Two star officer
Major General
Hanley, Thomas J.Thomas J. Hanley Jr. 124 Commanded Air Service Command, Army Air Forces China-Burma-India Theater (1944–1945), Eleventh Air Force (1946–1948) [86][90]
08Two star officer
Major General
Hearn, Thomas G.Thomas G. Hearn 106 Chief of Staff China-Burma-India Theater (1944); Commanded Infantry Replacement Training Center (1944–1945) [74][91]
08Two star officer
Major General
Hobbs, Leland S.
Leland S. Hobbs
46 Commanded 30th Infantry Division (1942–1945), 2nd Armored Division (1946–1947), IX Corps (1949–1950) [92][93][94]
08Two star officer
Major General
Lester, James A.James A. Lester 23 Commanded 24th Division Artillery, XIV Corps Artillery, 24th Infantry Division [36][37]
08Two star officer
Major General
Lyon, Edwin B.Edwin B. Lyon 48 Commanded VI Bomber Command (1941–1943), Antilles Air Command (1943); Deputy Commander, Army Air Force Flying Training Command (1944–1945); Commanded Air Forces Mid Pacific (1945–1946) [93][95]
08Two star officer
Major General
Miller, Henry J. F.Henry J. F. Miller 110 Commanded Air Material Command European Theater of Operations (1943–1944). Reduced in rank to lieutenant colonel in May 1944 as the result of a security breach. Retired for disability in November 1944. Promoted to brigadier general on the retired list in 1948. [57][96][97]
08Two star officer
Major General
Mueller, Paul J.Paul J. Mueller 45 Commanded 81st Infantry Division (1942–1946) [93][98]
08Two star officer
Major General
Prichard, Vernon E.Vernon Prichard 134 Commanded 14th Armored Division (1942–1944), 1st Armored Division (1944–1945) [99][100]
08Two star officer
Major General
Richards, George J.George J. Richards 6 War Department General Staff (1943–1947) [84][101]
08Two star officer
Major General
Ryder, Charles W.Charles W. Ryder 39 Commanded 34th Infantry Division (1942–1944), IX Corps (1944–1948) [82][102]
08Two star officer
Major General
Sayler, Henry B.Henry B. Sayler 37 Chief Ordnance Officer, European Theater of Operations (1942–1945) [82][103][104]
08Two star officer
Major General
Tompkins, William F.
William F. Tompkins
16 War Department General Staff (1943–1945) [105][106]
08Two star officer
Major General
Waldron, Albert W.Albert W. Waldron 32 Field Artillery Representative, Army Ground Forces (1943–1946) [107][108]
08Two star officer
Major General
Walton, Leo A.Leo A. Walton 128 Air Inspector Army Air Force China Theater (1945–1946); Commanded Fourteenth Air Force (1946–1948) [86][109]
08Two star officer
Major General
Watson, Leroy H.Leroy H. Watson 151 Commanded
Sixth United States Army; Fort Lewis; Chief of Civil Affairs, U. S. Far East Command
; and U.S. Defense Advisory Group, Japan.
[80][110]
08Two star officer
Major General
Weart, Douglas L.Douglas L. Weart 10 Chief of Staff, Caribbean Defense Command (1943–1944); Deputy commander China Theater (1945) [106][111]
08Two star officer
Major General
White, A. ArnimA. Arnim White 158 Chief of Staff,
75th Infantry Division and 71st Infantry Division
(1945–1946)
[112][113]
08Two star officer
Major General
Wogan, John B.John B. Wogan 75 Commanded 13th Armored Division (1942–1945) [114][115]
08Two star officer
Major General
Woodruff, Roscoe B.Roscoe B. Woodruff 56 Commanded
77th Infantry Division (1942–1943), VII Corps (1943–1944), 24th Infantry Division (1944–1945), I Corps (1945–1948), XV Corps
(1951–1953)
[89][116]
07One star officer
Brigadier General
Beukema, HermanHerman Beukema 26 Director of Army Specialized Training Program [117][118]
07One star officer
Brigadier General
Bank, Carl C.Carl C. Bank 53 Artillery Officer Allied Forces Headquarters, North African Theater of Operations (1942–44); Commanded 13th Field Artillery Brigade (1944–1945) [89][119]
07One star officer
Brigadier General
Boye, Frederic W.Frederic W. Boye 150 Served in China (1944–1945) [80][120]
07One star officer
Brigadier General
Busbee, Charles M.Charles M. Busbee 31 Commanded 102nd Division Artillery (1942–1946) [108][121]
07One star officer
Brigadier General
Conklin, John F.John F. Conklin 13 Engineer with Third Army (1942–1945) [106][122]
07One star officer
Brigadier General
Davis, John F.John F. Davis 99 Chief of Staff 6th Service Command (1942–1944); Director of Information and Education, War Department (1944–1945) [123][124]
07One star officer
Brigadier General
Davis, Michael F.Michael F. Davis 96 Commanded 78th Flying Training Wing (1944–1945), Army Air Force Central Flying Training Command (1945–1946) [70][125]
07One star officer
Brigadier General
Davison, Donald A.Donald A. Davison 19 Aviation Engineers (1942–1944). Died
Bangalore, India 6 May 1944. Davison Army Airfield
is named after him.
[36][126]
07One star officer
Brigadier General
Ferris, Benjamin G.Benjamin G. Ferris 104 Deputy Chief of Staff, China-Burma-India Theater (1943–1944) [74][127]
07One star officer
Brigadier General
Gilkeson, Adlai H.Adlai H. Gilkeson 137 Commanded Air Defenses, Panama Canal Zone (1942),
312th Fighter Wing
(1944–1945)
[100][128]
07One star officer
Brigadier General
Hess, Walter W.Walter W. Hess 95 Commanded 1st Antiaircraft Command (1941–1942), 45th Coast Artillery Brigade (1942), commanding officer of artillery, 36th Infantry Division (1943–1945), Anti-aircraft Replacement Training Center (1944–1945) [70][129]
07One star officer
Brigadier General
Howard, Clinton W.Clinton Wilbur Howard 30 Chief of Staff Third Air Force (1941–1942), Army Air Force Technical Training Command (1942–1943), Sacramento Air Service Command (1943–1945) [108][130][131]
07One star officer
Brigadier General
Howell, Reese M.Reese M. Howell 109 Commanded 4th, 17th, and 13th Field Artillery Brigades (1940–1944); Assistant Division Commander 82nd Airborne Division (1944); Commanded 9th Infantry Division Artillery (1944–1946) [97][132]
07One star officer
Brigadier General
Keliher, JohnJohn Keliher 159 Deputy Chief of Staff (G-3) U.S. Army Forces Mid Pacific (1942–1944); Deputy Chief of Staff (G-5) U.S. Army Forces Mid Pacific (1944–1945) [113][133]
07One star officer
Brigadier General
Menoher, PearsonPearson Menoher 42 Chief of Staff XV Corps and Seventh Army (1943–1945); Commanded 24th Infantry Division in the Korean War (1949–1950) [66][134]
07One star officer
Brigadier General
Miller, Lehman W.Lehman W. Miller 9 Chief of Military Mission to Brazil (1940–1942); Commanded Engineer Replacement Training Center, Fort Belvoir (1942–1944) [106][135]
07One star officer
Brigadier General
Naiden, Earl L.Earl L. Naiden 68 Chief of Staff, Ferry Command, China-Burma-India Theater of Operations (1942); Chief of Staff Tenth Air Force (1942) [136][137]
07One star officer
Brigadier General
Peabody, HumeHume Peabody 63 Commandant
Army Air Forces School of Applied Tactics (1942–1944); Commanded III Tactical Air Command
(1942–1944)
[138][139]
07One star officer
Brigadier General
Randolph, NormanNorman Randolph 145 Chief of Staff Second Army (1942–1943); Chief of Staff 3rd Service Command (1943–1944); Commanded 3rd Service Command (1944–1945) [80][140]
07One star officer
Brigadier General
Robinson, John N.John N. Robinson 120 Commanded
89th Infantry Division
(1944–1945)
[97][141]
07One star officer
Brigadier General
Strong, Robert W.
Robert W. Strong
73 Chief of Staff, U.S. Army Forces in Africa (1942–1943); Commanded Cavalry Replacement Training Center (1943–1945); Chief of U.S. Army Mission to Peru (1945–1946) [115][142]
07One star officer
Brigadier General
Taylor, Victor V.Victor V. Taylor 122 War Department General Staff (1941–1943); Munitions Assignment Board (1943–1944) [86][143]
07One star officer
Brigadier General
Tenney, Cleson H.Clesen H. Tenney 77 Harbor Defense Commander, Central Pacific Area (1942–1943); Commanded 55th Coast Artillery Regiment (1944); 70th Antiaircraft Artillery Brigade (1945) [115][143]
07One star officer
Brigadier General
Wallington, Edward C.Edward C. Wallington 82 Chemical Officer, Third Army (1942–1945); Deputy Chief Chemical Officer (1949–1951) [144][145]
07One star officer
Brigadier General
Zundel, Edwin A.Edwin A. Zundel 29 Artillery Officer, II Corps (1942), XI Corps (1943–1944),
Sixth Army (1944–1945), 41st Infantry Division (1945–1946), Fourth Army
(1946–1947)
[108][146][147]

Notes

  1. ^ a b c d "The Class the Stars Fell On". National Museum of American History. Retrieved 23 December 2007.
  2. ^ a b "West Point Fact Sheet". United States Military Academy. Archived from the original on 20 March 2012. Retrieved 19 December 2010.
  3. ^ "Did You Know?". United States Military Academy. Archived from the original on 6 January 2012. Retrieved 23 December 2007.
  4. ^ Cullum 1920, pp. 410–451.
  5. ^ Davis 1998, p. 69.
  6. ^ Ossad 2017, p. 43.
  7. ^ a b Haskew 2014, p. 18.
  8. ^ a b "Glossary of Terms". United States Military Academy. Retrieved 17 November 2015.
  9. ^ Bradley & Blair 1983, pp. 27–30.
  10. ^ Haskew 2014, p. 23.
  11. ^ Haskew 2014, p. 69.
  12. ^ Haskew 2014, p. 158.
  13. ^ Cullum 1920, pp. 1723–1732.
  14. ^ a b c Haskew 2014, pp. 70–72.
  15. ^ Cullum 1920, pp. 1723–1724.
  16. ^ Cullum 1950, p. 199.
  17. ^ Cullum 1950, p. 204.
  18. ^ Cullum 1920, p. 1804.
  19. ^ Cullum 1950, p. 207.
  20. ^ Haskew 2014, p. 37.
  21. ^ a b c Ancell & Miller 1996, p. 469
  22. ^ Haskew 2014, p. 27.
  23. ^ Cullum 1920, p. 1726.
  24. ^ a b Haskew 2014, pp. 32–33.
  25. ^ Haskew 2014, p. 36.
  26. ^ Miller, Lehman W. (1958). "Memorial, Pearson Menoher, 1915". Graduate Memorials. West Point, NY: West Point Association of Graduates.
  27. ^ Cullum 1920, p. 1731.
  28. ^ a b c d e Haskew 2014, pp. 34–36.
  29. ^ Cullum 1920, p. 1758.
  30. ^ a b Haskew 2014, pp. 31–32.
  31. ^ Cullum 1920, p. 1481.
  32. ^ Cullum 1920, p. 1606.
  33. ^ Muth 2011, p. 44.
  34. ^ Muth 2011, p. 77.
  35. ^ Cullum 1920, pp. 1723–1734.
  36. ^ a b c d e Cullum 1950, p. 190
  37. ^ a b Ancell & Miller 1996, pp. 188–189
  38. ^ Schifferle 2010, p. 24.
  39. ^ Schifferle 2010, pp. 22–23.
  40. ^ Haskew 2014, pp. 117, 207–208.
  41. ^ Cullum 1920, p. 1745.
  42. ^ Cullum 1930, pp. 1068–1069.
  43. ^ Cullum 1950, p. 193.
  44. ^ a b Bradley & Blair 1983, p. 94.
  45. ^ Coumbe 2014, p. 57.
  46. ^ Coumbe 2014, pp. 56–57.
  47. ^ Schifferle 2010, pp. 132–133.
  48. ^ Schifferle 2010, p. 34.
  49. ^ Coumbe 2014, p. 126.
  50. ^ Schifferle 2010, pp. 83–84.
  51. ^ Schifferle 2010, pp. 116–120.
  52. ^ Muth 2011, p. 190.
  53. ^ Schifferle 2010, pp. 194–195.
  54. ^ Williams, Rudi (16 September 2002). "Myers: Terrorists Not Interested in the Diversity That Makes U.S. Great". American Forces Press Service. U.S. Department of Defense. Archived from the original on 16 January 2009. Retrieved 6 November 2007.
  55. ^ "15th Corps Chief Retires After 41 Years' Service". The New York Times. 1 February 1953. p. 32. Retrieved 3 October 2015.
  56. ^ Haskew 2014, pp. 158–159.
  57. ^ a b "Army & Navy: Silence is Golden". Time. 19 June 1944. Retrieved 3 October 2015.
  58. ^ Haskew 2014, p. 157.
  59. ^ Haskew 2014, pp. 157–158.
  60. ^ Serratore, Angela (4 September 2013). "The Football Star and the Wrath of his Would-Be Bride". Smithsonian. Retrieved 3 October 2015.
  61. ^ Haskew 2014, pp. 13–14, 65–66, 84–85.
  62. ^ Ancell & Miller 1996, p. 330.
  63. ^ a b c Haskew 2014, pp. 206–207.
  64. ^ Cullum 1920, p. 1759.
  65. ^ Cullum 1950, p. 197.
  66. ^ a b c d Cullum 1950, p. 193
  67. ^ Cullum 1950, p. 196
  68. ^ Ancell & Miller 1996, p. 424
  69. ^ Ancell & Miller 1996, p. 330
  70. ^ a b c d Cullum 1950, p. 200
  71. ^ Ancell & Miller 1996, p. 10
  72. Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library
    . Retrieved 28 March 2010.
  73. ^ Ancell & Miller 1996, p. 400
  74. ^ a b c Cullum 1950, p. 201
  75. ^ Ancell & Miller 1996, pp. 163–164
  76. ^ "Papers of Thomas B. Larkin". Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library. Retrieved 28 March 2010.
  77. ^ Ancell & Miller 1996, p. 188
  78. ^ Cullum 1950, p. 199
  79. ^ Ancell & Miller 1996, p. 446
  80. ^ a b c d Cullum 1950, p. 205
  81. ^ Ancell & Miller 1996, p. 315
  82. ^ a b c Cullum 1950, p. 192
  83. ^ Ancell & Miller 1996, p. 31
  84. ^ a b c Cullum 1950, p. 188
  85. ^ Ancell & Miller 1996, p. 378
  86. ^ a b c d Cullum 1950, p. 203
  87. ^ Ancell & Miller 1996, p. 66
  88. ^ Ancell & Miller 1996, p. 99
  89. ^ a b c Cullum 1950, p. 195
  90. ^ Ancell & Miller 1996, p. 399
  91. ^ Ancell & Miller 1996, pp. 141–142
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References