Thelonious Monk
Thelonious Monk | |
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Background information | |
Birth name | Thelious Monk Jr.[1] |
Born | Rocky Mount, North Carolina, U.S. | October 10, 1917
Died | February 17, 1982 Englewood, New Jersey, U.S. | (aged 64)
Genres | |
Occupation(s) |
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Years active | 1933–1976[2] |
Labels | |
Website | theloniousmonkmusic.com |
Thelonious Sphere Monk
Monk's compositions and improvisations feature
Monk's distinct look included suits, hats, and sunglasses. He also had an idiosyncratic habit during performances: while other musicians continued playing, Monk would stop, stand up, and dance for a few moments before returning to the piano.[6]
Monk is one of five jazz musicians to have been featured on the cover of
Biography
1917–1933: Early life
Thelonious Sphere Monk was born on October 10, 1917, in
For two years, between about the ages 10 to 12, Monk's piano teacher was Austrian-born Simon Wolf, a pianist and violinist who studied under Alfred Megerlin, the concertmaster of the New York Philharmonic. Monk learned to play pieces by composers such as Bach, Beethoven, Liszt, and Mozart, but was particularly drawn to the works of Chopin and Rachmaninoff. The lessons were discontinued when it became clear that Monk's main focus was jazz music.[11]
1933–1946: Early performing career
Monk put his first band together at the age of 16, snagging a few restaurant and school gigs.
In March 1943, Monk reported for his Army Induction physical, but was labeled by the Army psychiatrist as "psychiatric reject" and not inducted into the Armed Forces during WWII.[15]
Mary Lou Williams, who mentored Monk and his contemporaries, spoke of Monk's rich inventiveness in this period, and how such invention was vital for musicians, since at the time it was common for fellow musicians to incorporate overheard musical ideas into their own works without giving due credit. "So, the boppers worked out a music that was hard to steal. I'll say this for the 'leeches,' though: they tried. I've seen them in Minton's busily writing on their shirt cuffs or scribbling on the tablecloth. And even our own guys, I'm afraid, did not give Monk the credit he had coming. Why, they even stole his idea of the beret and bop glasses."[14]
In 1944, Monk cut his first commercial recordings with the Coleman Hawkins Quartet. Hawkins was one of the earliest established jazz musicians to promote Monk, and the pianist later returned the favor by inviting Hawkins to join him on a 1957 session with John Coltrane.
1947–1952: Lorraine Gordon
In 1947,
Monk married Nellie Smith in 1947, and on December 27, 1949, the couple had a son, T. S. Monk (called Toot), who became a jazz drummer. A daughter, Barbara (affectionately known as Boo-Boo), was born on September 5, 1953, and died of cancer in 1984.
In her autobiography, Gordon spoke of the utter lack of interest in Monk's recordings, which translated to poor sales. "I went to Harlem and those record stores didn't want Monk or me. I'll never forget one particular owner, I can still see him and his store on Seventh Avenue and 125th Street. 'He can't play lady, what are you doing up here? The guy has two left hands.' 'You just wait,' I'd say. 'This man's a genius, you don't know anything.'"[16]
For
Due to Monk's reticence, Gordon became his mouthpiece to the public. In February 1948, she wrote to Ralph Ingersoll, the editor of the newspaper PM, and described Monk as "a genius living here in the heart of New York, whom nobody knows". As a result, one of PM's best writers visited Monk to do a feature on him, but Monk wouldn't speak to the reporter unless Gordon was in the room with him. In September of the same year, Lorraine approached Max Gordon, the owner and founder of the Village Vanguard and secured Monk his first gig there. Monk was showcased at the club for a week, but not a single person came.[16]
In August 1951, New York City police searched a parked car occupied by Monk and his friend Bud Powell. They found narcotics in the car, presumed to have belonged to Powell. Monk refused to testify against his friend, so the police confiscated his New York City Cabaret Card. Without this, Monk was nominally unable to play in any New York venue where liquor was served. Although this severely restricted his ability to perform for several years, a coterie of musicians led by Randy Weston introduced Monk to Black-owned bars and clubs in Brooklyn that flouted the law, enabling the pianist to play little-advertised, one-night engagements throughout the borough with a modicum of regularity. Monk spent most of the early and mid-1950s composing and performing at theaters, outer borough clubs and out-of-town venues.
1952–1954: Prestige Records
After intermittent recording sessions for Blue Note from 1947 to 1952, Monk was under contract to Prestige Records for the following two years. With Prestige, he cut several highly significant, but at the time under-recognized, albums, including collaborations with the saxophonist Sonny Rollins and the drummers Art Blakey and Max Roach. In 1954, Monk participated in a Christmas Eve session, which produced most of the albums Bags' Groove and Miles Davis and the Modern Jazz Giants by Davis. In his autobiography, Miles, Davis claimed that the alleged anger and tension between them did not take place and that the claims of blows being exchanged were "rumors" and a "misunderstanding".[18]
In 1954, Monk paid his first visit to Paris. As well as performing at concerts, he recorded a solo piano session for French radio (later issued as an album by Disques Vogue). Backstage, Mary Lou Williams introduced him to Baroness Pannonica "Nica" de Koenigswarter, a member of the Rothschild family and a patroness of several New York City jazz musicians. She was a close friend for the rest of Monk's life: she "served as a surrogate wife right alongside Monk's equally devoted actual wife, Nellie"[19] and "paid Monk's bills, dragged him to an endless array of doctors, put him and his family up in her own home and, when necessary, helped Nellie institutionalize him. In 1958, Monk and the baroness were stopped by the police in Delaware. When a small amount of marijuana was discovered, she took the rap for her friend and even served a few nights in jail."[19]
1955–1961: Riverside Records
By the time of his signing to Riverside, Monk was highly regarded by his peers and by some critics, but his records remained poor sellers and his music was still regarded as too "difficult" for more mainstream acceptance. Indeed, with Monk's consent, Riverside had managed to buy out his previous Prestige contract for a mere $108.24. He willingly recorded two albums of jazz standards as a means of increasing his profile: Thelonious Monk Plays Duke Ellington (1955) and The Unique Thelonious Monk (1956).
On Brilliant Corners, recorded in late 1956, Monk mainly performed his own music. The complex title track, which featured Rollins, was so difficult to play that the final version had to be edited together from multiple takes. The album, however, was largely regarded as the first commercial success for Monk.
After having his
"Crepuscule with Nellie", recorded in 1957, was referred to by biographer
The Five Spot residency ended Christmas 1957; Coltrane left to rejoin Davis's group, and the band was effectively disbanded. Monk did not form another long-term band until June 1958 when he began a second residency at the Five Spot, again with a quartet, this time with Griffin (Charlie Rouse later) on tenor, Ahmed Abdul-Malik on bass, and Roy Haynes on drums.
On October 15, 1958, en route to a week-long engagement for the quartet at the Comedy Club in
1962–1970: Columbia Records
After extended negotiations, Monk signed in 1962 with Columbia Records, one of the big four American record labels of the day. Monk's relationship with Riverside had soured over disagreements concerning royalty payments and had concluded with two European live albums; he had not recorded an album for Riverside since April 1960.
Working with producer Teo Macero on his debut for Columbia,[22] the sessions in the first week of November had a lineup that had been with him for two years: tenor saxophonist Rouse (who worked regularly with Monk from 1959 to 1970), bassist John Ore, and drummer Frankie Dunlop. Monk's Dream, his first Columbia album, was released in 1963.
Columbia's resources allowed Monk to receive more promotion than earlier in his career. Monk's Dream became the best-selling LP of his lifetime,
Monk continued to record studio albums, including
4 time
As had been the case with Riverside, his period with Columbia contains multiple live albums, including
In 1968, Monk, Gales, Rouse, and Riley played a concert at Palo Alto High School in the San Francisco Bay Area, at the invitation of a 16 year old student charged with organizing school dances. This resulted in the quartet's final recording, Palo Alto (2020).[25]
1971–1982: Later life and death
Monk had disappeared from the scene by the mid-1970s for health reasons and made only a small number of appearances during the final decade of his life. His last studio recordings as a leader were made in November 1971 for the English
The documentary film
As his health declined, Monk's last six years were spent as a guest in the Weehawken, New Jersey, home of his long-standing patron and friend, Pannonica de Koenigswarter, who nursed Monk during his final illness. She proved to be a steadfast presence, as did his own wife Nellie, especially as his life descended into further isolation.[14] Monk did not play the piano during this time, even though one was present in his room, and he spoke to few visitors. He died of a stroke on February 17, 1982, and was buried in Ferncliff Cemetery (Grave 405, Hillcrest 1 section) at Hartsdale, New York.
Posthumous myth: Monk at Juilliard
There have been numerous published references since the 1980s in Monk biographies claiming that he attended the Juilliard School of Music,[31] an error that continues to be disseminated in online biographies of Monk.[32] At Monk's funeral service in 1982, it was mentioned in his eulogy that he took classes in harmony and arrangement at Juilliard.[33] In the 1988 documentary film Thelonious Monk: Straight No Chaser, Samuel E. Wright narrates that "Monk began playing piano without formal training. Later, he took lessons and studied music theory at the Juilliard School of Music."[34]
The complete lack of documented evidence connecting Monk with attending Juilliard was noted by Monk biographer Thomas Fitterling in the first German edition of his Monk biography published in 1987.[35] The Juilliard canard may have its early source in the fact that Monk's sister Marion thought that her piano teacher, a Mr. Wolfe (sic), who briefly taught Thelonious around 1930, may have been connected to Juilliard as a teacher or student.[36] In fact, the Monk family piano teacher had been trained by the concertmaster of the New York Philharmonic and has no known connection to Juilliard.[11] Monk biographer Laurent de Wilde believed that the apocryphal Juilliard story may have stemmed from Monk's late 1950s collaboration with Juilliard instructor Hall Overton.[35] The main source of the Juilliard misunderstanding is probably that Monk participated in a music contest c. 1942–1943 at the Columbus Hill Community Center in his neighborhood, which had a Juilliard scholarship as the first prize. Monk entered the contest but placed second and thus failed to get the scholarship. According to Monk's wife Nellie, when the prize winner later encountered Monk during a 1958 engagement and told him that Monk should rightfully have been awarded the Juilliard scholarship, Monk replied: "I'm glad I didn't go to the conservatory. Probably would've ruined me."[37]
Technique and playing style
Monk's music has profound humanity, disciplined economy, balanced virility, dramatic nobility, and innocently exuberant wit.
Monk once said, "The piano ain't got no wrong notes."[39] According to Bebop: The Music and Its Players author Thomas Owens, "Monk's usual piano touch was harsh and percussive, even in ballads. He often attacked the keyboard anew for each note, rather than striving for any semblance of legato. Often seemingly unintentional seconds embellish his melodic lines, giving the effect of someone playing while wearing work gloves. [...] He hit the keys with fingers held flat rather than in a natural curve, and held his free fingers high above the keys. [...] Sometimes he hit a single key with more than one finger, and divided single-line melodies between the two hands."[40] In contrast with this unorthodox approach to playing, he could play runs and arpeggios with great speed and accuracy.[40] He also had good finger independence, allowing him to play a melodic line and a trill simultaneously in his right hand.[40] Monk's style was not universally appreciated. For example, the poet and jazz critic Philip Larkin described him as "the elephant on the keyboard".[41]
Monk often used parts of
Tributes
- Music in Monk Time is a 1983 documentary film about Monk and his music that was widely praised by music and film critics.[45]
- Soprano saxophonist Steve Lacy performed as Monk's accompanist in 1960. Monk's tunes became a permanent part of his repertoire in concert and on albums. Lacy recorded many albums entirely focused on Monk's compositions.
- Gunther Schuller wrote the work "Variants on a Theme of Thelonious Monk (Criss-Cross)" in 1960. It first appeared on Schuller's album Jazz Abstractions (1961) and was later performed and recorded by other artists, including Ornette Coleman, Eric Dolphy, and Bill Evans.
- Round Midnight Variations is a collection of variations on the song "'Round Midnight" premiered in 2002. Composers contributing included Milton Babbitt, William Bolcom, David Crumb, George Crumb, Michael Daugherty, John Harbison, Joel Hoffman, Aaron Jay Kernis, Gerald Levinson, Tobias Picker, Frederic Rzewski, Augusta Read Thomas, and Michael Torke.[46]
- "Thelonious" Repertory Ensemble: Buell Neidlinger's tribute band (1981–1989).
- Edinburgh Festival in 2008, at the Riverside Studios in 2009,[47] and at a variety of venues in the following years.[48] In 2017, an Arts Council England-sponsored international Monk Misterioso Tour was launched at the British Library in October,[49] culminating with a new dramatised production of Misterioso: A Journey into the Silence of Thelonious Monk at Kings Place to close the London Jazz Festival's celebration of the centenary of Monk's birth, featuring Campus alongside Cleveland Watkiss, Pat Thomas, Rowland Sutherland, Orphy Robinson, Dudley Phillips and Mark Mondesir.[50][51][52]
- John Beasley founded the big band group MONK'estra, which celebrates Monk's and other classic compositions with a contemporary twist incorporating Afro-Cuban rhythms, modern jazz playing, hip hop and traditional big band instrumentation, along with originals by Beasley.[53]
- Jeff Beck's 1975 album Blow by Blow contains the track "Thelonious", a tribute to Monk written by Stevie Wonder.
Tribute albums
The following
- Reflections (1958) by Steve Lacy
- Evidence (1962) by Steve Lacy and Don Cherry
- A Portrait of Thelonious (1965) by the Bud Powell Trio
- Bennie Wallace Plays Monk (1981) by saxophonist Bennie Wallace
- Four in One (1982) by Sphere: features former Monk sidemen Charlie Rouse (ten sax), Ben Riley (drums), Buster Williams (bass) and Kenny Barron (piano).
- Sings Thelonius Monk (1982) by singer Soesja Citroen, featuring the Cees Slinger Octet
- Thelonica (1983), by pianist Tommy Flanagan
- Light Blue: Arthur Blythe Plays Thelonious Monk (1983) by saxophonist Arthur Blythe
- That's The Way I Feel Now: A Tribute to Thelonious Monk (1984), an album featuring different groupings of rock and jazz musicians on each song including Steve Lacy, Was Not Was.
- Monk Suite: Kronos Quartet Plays Music of Thelonious Monk (1985) by Kronos Quartet with Ron Carter on bass.
- Six Monk's Compositions (1987) (1987) by Anthony Braxton
- Only Monk (1987) by Steve Lacy
- Carmen Sings Monk (1988) by Carmen McRae
- Jerry Gonzalez
- Monk in Motian (1989) by Paul Motian, featuring Joe Lovano, Bill Frisell, Geri Allen and Dewey Redman
- Thelonious Sphere Monk: Dreaming of the Masters Series Vol. 2, by Art Ensemble of Chicago with Cecil Taylor
- Epistrophy (1991) by pianist Ran Blake
- We See (1993) by Steve Lacy
- Monk's Modern Music[54] (1994) by pianist Rick Roe with Rodney Whitaker on bass and Greg Hutchinson on drums
- Ralph Peterson, Jr.
- e.s.t. Esbjörn Svensson Trio Plays Monk (1996) by e.s.t.
- T.S. Monk, featuring Herbie Hancock, Ron Carter, Wayne Shorter, Grover Washington Jr., Roy Hargrove, Clark Terry, Geri Allen and others
- Brilliant Corners: The Music of Thelonious Monk (1997) by Bill Holman
- Thelonious: Fred Hersch Plays Monk (1997) by Fred Hersch
- Interpretations of Monk Vol. 1 (1997) by Muhal Richard Abrams and Barry Harris
- Interpretations of Monk Vol. 2 (1998) by Anthony Davis and Mal Waldron
- Green Chimneys: The Music of Thelonious Monk (1999) by Andy Summers
- In the Key of Monk (1999) by Jessica Williams (musician)
- Standard Time, Vol. 4: Marsalis Plays Monk (1999) by Wynton Marsalis
- Dennis Charles
- Thelonious Moog (2003) by Steve Million and Joe "Guido" Welsh
- Monk's Casino (2005) by pianist Alexander von Schlippenbach; a triple CD set that includes every composition by Monk. According to the album's liner notes by critic John Corbett, this is the first comprehensive recording of all Monk's songs.
- An Open Letter to Thelonious (2008) by Ellis Marsalis
- In Monk's Mood (2009) by John Tchicai
- Friday the 13th: The Micros Play Monk (2010) by The Microscopic Septet
- Melodious Monk: A New Look at An Old Master (2011) by Kim Pensyl and Phil DeGreg
- The Monk Project (2012) by Jimmy Owens
- Baritone Monk (2012) by The Claire Daly Quartet
- Talk Thelonious (2015) by Terry Adams
- Joey. Monk. Live! (2017) by Joey Alexander
- John Beasley presents MONK'estra vol. 1 (2016), by John Beasley
- John Beasley presents MONK'estra vol. 2 (2017) by John Beasley
- Duck Baker Plays Monk (2017) by Duck Baker, featuring solo fingerstyle acoustic guitar arrangements of Monk's work
- The Monk: Live at Bimhuis (2018) by Miho Hazama and Metropole Orkest Big Band
- Work: the complete composition of Thelonious Monk, solo guitar (2018) by Miles Okazaki
- Thelonious Sphere Monk (2018) by MAST
- Monk's Dreams: The Complete Compositions of Thelonious Sphere Monk (2018) by Frank Kimbrough
- Monks (2019) by Borah Bergman,Wilber Morris, and Sunny Murray
- Monk: fifteen piano reflections (2020) by Stefano Travaglini
Other references to Monk
Comedian Felonious Munk and music producer Thelonious Martin both adopted stage names based on Monk's name. Other things named after Monk include punk rock band Thelonious Monster and the 2021 novel Felonious Monk by William Kotzwinkle.
Discography
Awards and accolades
In 1993, he was awarded the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award.[55] In 2006, he was awarded a special Pulitzer Prize for "a body of distinguished and innovative musical composition that has had a significant and enduring impact on the evolution of jazz".[56]
The
Monk was inducted into the North Carolina Music Hall of Fame in 2009.[57]
References
- ^ ISBN 9780520940963.
- ^ Kelley, Robin (2009), pp. 35, 442.
- ^ "Thelonious Monk (American musician)". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved March 31, 2012.
- ^ Kelley, Robin (2010). Thelonious Monk: The Life and Times of an American Original. London: JR Books. p. 1. The source identifies the date of Monk's fortieth birthday in 1957.
- ISBN 978-0-393-06861-0
- ^ Graham, David (October 18, 2017). "Thelonious Monk's Quiet, Slow Conquest of the World". The Atlantic. Retrieved July 4, 2022.
- ^ Lea, Nick (April 21, 2023). "Jazz on The Cover of TIME Magazine". Jazzfuel. Retrieved August 22, 2023.
- ISBN 9780857866172.
- ISBN 978-0-684-83190-9. Retrieved November 23, 2013.
thelonious monk stuyvesant.
- ^ Ku, Jaein. "In Memoriam: Thelonious Monk". stuyspec.com. Retrieved September 10, 2023.
- ^ a b Kelley, Robin (2009), p. 26.
- ^ Kelley, Robin (2009), p. 35.
- ^ a b c d Graham, David A. (October 18, 2017). "Thelonious Monk's Quiet, Slow Conquest of the World". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on May 18, 2018.
- ^ ISBN 9780199761470.
- ^ Thelonious Monk The Life and Times of an American Original p.244
- ^ ISBN 978-1-61774-916-2.
- ^ "Thelonious Monk: Expert insights and analysis of the artist & albums". Mosaic Records - Home for Jazz fans!. Retrieved July 21, 2021.
- ^ Davis, Miles, with Quincy Troupe, Miles: The Autobiography, 1989, p. 80.
- ^ a b Singer, Barry (October 17, 2008). "The Baroness of Jazz". NY Times. Retrieved October 12, 2020.
- ^ a b "Looking At The Life And Times Of Thelonious Monk", transcript of interview with Robin D. G. Kelley by Terry Gross on Fresh Air, NPR; conducted in 2009, replayed December 17, 2010. Retrieved December 22, 2010.
- ^ State v. De Koenigswarter, 177 A.2d 344 (Del. Super. 1962).
- ^ Marmorstein, Gary. The Label The Story of Columbia Records. New York: Thunder's Mouth, 2007, pp. 314–315.
- ^ Monk, Thelonious. Monk's Dream. Columbia reissue CK 63536, 2002. Liner notes, p. 8.
- ^ Gabbard, Krin (February 28, 1964). "The Loneliest Monk". Time. Vol. 83, no. 9. Archived from the original on November 22, 2007. Retrieved November 12, 2007.
- ^ Goldsby, John (November 11, 2020). "Jazz Concepts: High School Jazz". Bass Magazine - the Future of Bass. Retrieved March 31, 2022.
- ^ Voce, Steve (August 1, 2005). "Obituary: Al McKibbon". The Independent. Findarticles.com. Archived from the original on March 11, 2007. Retrieved November 12, 2007.
- ISBN 0-472-10161-7.
- ^ Litweiler, John B., "Art Blakey: Bu's Delights and Laments," DownBeat magazine, March 25, 1976.
- ^ JSTOR 779343.
- PMID 9784478.
- ^ Publications claiming Monk attended Juilliard include Alyn Shipland: Jazz Makers: Vanguards of Sound, Oxford University Press, 2002, p. 153; Douglas K. Ramsey: Jazz Matters: Reflections on the Music & Some of Its Makers, University of Arkansas Press, 1989, p. 154; Encyclopedia Americana, Volume 19, 1999, p. 370, et al.
- ^ References of Monk attending Juilliard on the English Wikipedia page were discredited and removed years ago, but they are still present on Wikipedia in (referenced September 16, 2021) on Catalan, French, and Italian. A fragmentary list of websites claiming Monk attended Juilliard includes encyclopedia.com, BlackPast, et al.
- ^ Fitterling, Thomas: Thelonious Monk: His Life and Music, Berkeley Hills Books, 1997, p. 25.
- ^ See film Thelonious Monk: Straight No Chaser, from 03:20.
- ^ a b Fitterling (1997), p. 26.
- ^ Gourse, Leslie: Straight no Chaser: The Life and Genius of Thelonius Monk, London: Books with Attitude, 1997, p. 7.
- ^ Kelley, Robin (2010), p. 30.
- ISBN 9780822388586.
- ^ Thelonious Monk quotes at Goodreads.
- ^ a b c d Owens 1996, p. 141.
- ISBN 978-0-571-13476-2
- ^ Owens 1996, p. 142.
- ^ a b c Owens 1996, p. 143.
- ^ Kelley (2009). Thelonious Monk: The Life and Times of an American Original. The Free Press. p. 574.
- Newspapers.com.
- ^ "Matthew Quayle: Introduction to the Round Midnight Variations". Archived from the original on July 14, 2011. Retrieved July 9, 2017.
- ^ Yardley, Erminia (October 28, 2017), "Filomena Campus – Expect the Unexpected!", Jazz in Europe.
- ^ Quinn, Peter (November 27, 2015), "Filomena Campus’ spellbinding Monk homage at Theatralia Jazz Fest", Jazzwise.
- ^ "Thelonious Monk", Blackhistorymonth.org.uk
- ^ "Monk Misterioso". Monkmisterioso.com. Retrieved June 23, 2022.
- ^ "MONK MISTERIOSO – a journey into the silence of Thelonious Monk" Archived December 1, 2017, at the Wayback Machine at Serious.
- ^ macfarlane, Zara, John Cumming, John Fordham, "London jazz festival: this year's must-see gigs", The Guardian, November 9, 2017.
- ^ "MONK'estra – my new BIG BAND ‹ John Beasley". Johnbeasleymusic.com. 2020. Retrieved January 12, 2020.
- ^ "Monk's Modern Music". Amazon. 2004.
- National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences. Archived from the originalon February 7, 2006. Retrieved November 12, 2007.
- The Pulitzer Prize. Retrieved November 12, 2007.
- ^ "2009 Inductees". North Carolina Music Hall of Fame. Retrieved September 10, 2012.
Bibliography
- Bliek, Rob (2010). The Thelonious Monk Reader. Oxford University. ISBN 978-0190283964.
- Daoudi, Youssef (2018). Monk: Thelonious, Pannonica, and the Friendship Behind a Musical Revolution. First Second. ISBN 978-1626724341.
- Fitterling, Thomas (1997). Thelonious Monk: His Life and Music. Berkeley Hills Books. ISBN 9780965377416.
- Giddins, Gary (2018). Rhythm-a-ning: Jazz Tradition and Innovation. Hachette. ISBN 978-0306809873.
- Gordon, Lorraine (2006). Alive at the Village Vanguard: My Life in and Out of Jazz Time. Hal Leonard Corporation. ISBN 978-1-61774-916-2.
- Gourse, Leslie (1997). Straight no Chaser: The Life and Genius of Thelonius Monk. Books with Attitude. ISBN 978-0028646565.
- Kelley, Robin D. G. (2010). Thelonious Monk: The Life and Times of an American Original. Free Press. ISBN 978-1439190463.
- Mathieson, Kenny (2012). Giant Steps: Bebop and the Creators of Modern Jazz, 1945–65. Canongate Books. ISBN 9780857866172.
- Owens, Thomas (1996). Bebop – The Music and Its Players. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-510651-0.
- Porter, Lewis (1998). John Coltrane: His Life and Music. University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0-472-10161-7.
- Solis, Gabriel (2007). Monk's Music: Thelonious Monk and Jazz History in the Making. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520940963.
External links
- Official site
- Thelonious Monk's birth certificate
- Thelonious Monk at All About Jazz
- Not So Misterioso: Robert Christgau on Monk
- Thelonious Monk discography at Discogs
- Thelonious Monk at IMDb