Theodore H. White
Theodore Harold White (Chinese: 白修德, May 6, 1915 – May 15, 1986) was an American political journalist and historian, known for his reporting from China during World War II and the Making of the President series.
White started his career reporting for
After leaving Time, he reported on post-war Europe for popular magazines in the early 1950s, but lost these assignments because of his association with the "Loss of China". He regained national recognition with The Making of the President 1960, whose combination of interviews, on the ground reporting, and vivid writing were developed in best-selling accounts of the 1964, 1968, 1972, and 1980 presidential elections, and became a model for later journalists.
Early life
White was born May 6, 1915, in
China
Awarded a Harvard traveling fellowship for a round-the-world journey, White ended up in
White chafed at the restrictions put on his reporting by the
Although he maintained respect for Luce, White resigned and returned home to write freely, along with Annalee Jacoby, widow of fellow China reporter, Mel Jacoby. Their book about China at war and in crisis was the best-selling Thunder Out of China. The book described the incompetence and corruption of the Nationalist government and sketched the power of the rising Chinese Communist Party.
The introduction warned, "In Asia there are a billion people who are tired of the world as it is; they live such terrible bondage that they have nothing to lose but their chains.... Less than a thousand years ago Europe lived this way; then Europe revolted... The people of Asia are going through the same process." [5]
White also witnessed and reported on
He returned to his wartime experience in the novel The Mountain Road (1958), which dealt with the retreat of a team of American troops in China in the face of a Japanese offensive provoked by bombings by the
The McCarthy period made it difficult for any reporter or official who had had any contact with communists, however innocent, to escape suspicion of communist sympathies. White opted to turn from writing about China to take up reporting on the Marshall Plan in Europe and then ultimately to the American presidency.[citation needed]
Making of the President series
With experience in analyzing foreign cultures from his time abroad, White took up the challenge of analyzing American culture with the books The Making of the President 1960 (1961), The Making of the President 1964 (1965), The Making of the President 1968 (1969), and The Making of the President 1972 (1973), all analyzing United States presidential elections. The first of these was both a bestseller and a critical success, winning the 1962 Pulitzer Prize for general nonfiction.[7] It remains the most influential publication about the 1960 presidential election that made John F. Kennedy the President. The later presidential books sold well but failed to have as great an effect, partly because other authors were by then publishing about the same topics, and White's larger-than-life style of storytelling became less fashionable during the 1960s and '70s.
A week after the death of JFK, Jacqueline Kennedy summoned White to the Kennedy Compound in Hyannis Port, Massachusetts, to rescue her husband's legacy. She proposed that White prepare an article for Life magazine drawing a parallel between her husband and his administration to King Arthur and the mythical Camelot. At the time, a play of that name was being performed on Broadway and Jackie focused on the ending lyrics of an Alan Jay Lerner song, "Don't let it be forgot, that once there was a spot, for one brief shining moment that was known as Camelot." White, who had known the Kennedy family from his time as a classmate of the late President's brother, Joseph P. Kennedy, Jr., was happy to oblige. He heeded some of Jackie's suggestions while writing a 1,000-word essay that he dictated later that evening to his editors at Life. When they complained that the Camelot theme was overdone, Jackie objected to changes. By this telling, Kennedy's time in office was transformed into a modern-day Camelot that represented, "a magic moment in American history, when gallant men danced with beautiful women, when great deeds were done, when artists, writers, and poets met at the White House, and the barbarians beyond the walls held back." White later described his comparison of JFK to Camelot as the result of kindness to a distraught widow of a just-assassinated leader, and wrote that his essay was a "misreading of history. The magic Camelot of John F. Kennedy never existed."[8]
White also interviewed Kennedy's rival
TIME partnered with White to publish the 400 page The Making of the President 1984, which was to be a collaborative effort amongst multiple writers. White was expected to write the opening and closing chapters, and the chapter covering the 1984 Democratic National Convention. The remaining chapters were to be written by other Time magazine writers, principally Hays Gorey, Time's Washington correspondent. However, prior to the election, the partnership dissolved, as White was unhappy with the quality of work he was seeing from the Time reporters.[10] This final entry in the series was shortened and titled "The Shaping of the Presidency, 1984," a lengthy post-election analysis piece in Time, in its special Ronald Reagan issue of November 19, 1984.
Personal life and death
White's marriage to Nancy Bean ended in divorce.[2] They had a son and a daughter, Heyden White Rostow and David Fairbank White. His second marriage was to Beatrice Kevitt Hofstadter, the widow of historian Richard Hofstadter.
On May 15, 1986, nine days after his 71st birthday, White suffered a sudden stroke and died in New York City. He was survived by his children and his wife.[11]
Assessments
Both W. A. Swanberg in Luce and His Empire and David Halberstam in The Powers That Be discuss how White's China reporting for Time was extensively rewritten, frequently by Whittaker Chambers, to conform to publisher Henry Luce's admiration for Chiang Kai-shek. Chambers himself explained:
The fight in Foreign News was not a fight for control of a seven-page section of a newsmagazine. It was a struggle to decide whether a million Americans more or less were going to be given the facts about Soviet aggression, or whether those facts were going to be suppressed, distorted, sugared or perverted into the exact opposite of their true meaning. In retrospect, it can be seen that this critical struggle was, on a small scale, an opening round of the Hiss Case.[12]
Conservative author
In her book, Theodore H. White and Journalism As Illusion, Joyce Hoffman contends that White's "personal ideology undermined professional objectivity" (according to the review of her work in Library Journal). She states "conscious mythmaking" on behalf of his subjects, including Chiang Kai-shek, John F. Kennedy, and David Bruce. Hoffman concludes that White self-censored information embarrassing to his subjects to portray them as heroes.
Others note that White and Jacoby reported on but did not endorse Chinese Communist strength, [15] and cite such passages as:
Will the Communists, if they govern large and complex industrial cities, permit an opposition press and opposition party to challenge them by a combination of patronage and ideology? .... But if the Communists are wrong in their calculations and are outvoted, will they yield to a peaceful vote? Will they champion civil liberties as ardently as they do now? This is a question that cannot be answered until we have had the opportunity of seeing how a transitional coalition regime works in peace time practice. [16]
They also note that the book's influence was ephemeral.[17] Henry Luce, however, refused to even tip his hat to White when they passed on the street, and bitterly criticized "that book by that ugly little Jewish son of a bitch."[18]
Contemporary critics on the left have strongly criticized a 1967 made-for-TV
Portrayal
His reporting role in Henan is portrayed by actor Adrien Brody in the 2012 film Back to 1942. Billy Crudup portrayed "the Journalist", an unnamed representation of White, in Pablo Larraín's Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis biopic Jackie.
Selected publications
- White, Theodore H.; Jacoby, Annalee (1946). Thunder Out of China. New York: Sloane. Reprinted: Da Capo, 1980, ISBN 0306801280.
- The Stilwell Papers (1948) by Joseph W. Stilwell, Theodore H. White (ed.)
- Fire in the Ashes: Europe in Mid Century (1953)
- The Mountain Road (1958), novel, reprinted with an introduction by Parks Coble, Eastbridge, 2006, .
- The View from the Fortieth Floor (1960). Novel, depicted his experience at Colliers.
- The Making of the President 1960 (1961)
- The Making of the President 1964 (1965)
- The Making of the President 1968 (1969)
- Caesar at the Rubicon: A Play About Politics (1968)
- The Making of the President 1972 (1973)
- Breach of Faith: The Fall of Richard Nixon. Atheneum Publishers, 1975; Dell, 1986, Watergate Scandal, Richard Nixon, and key players of the events.
- ——— (1978). In Search of History: A Personal Adventure. New York: Harper & Row. ISBN 0060145994.. Memoir of White's early years, training at Harvard under John K. Fairbank, experiences in wartime China, relations with Time publisher Henry Luce, and later tribulations and success as originator of the Making of the President series.
- America in Search of Itself: The Making of the President 1956–1980 (Harper & Row, 1982) ISBN 978-0-06-039007-5
- Theodore H. White at Large: The Best of His Magazine Writing, 1939–1986, Theodore Harold White, ed. Edward T. Thompson, Pantheon Books, 1992, ISBN 978-0-679-41635-7
Notes
- ^ https://encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/white-theodore-harold-teddy
- ^ a b White (1978).
- ISBN 0-674-01288-7. Retrieved January 4, 2018.
- ^ Hayford (2009), pp. 304–306.
- ^ WhiteJacoby (1946), p. 20.
- ^ White, Theodore Harold.(1943). Until the Harvest Is Reaped,Time, March 22, 1943, pg. 19
- ^ "The Making of the President 1960, by Theodore H. White (Atheneum)". Pulitzer. Retrieved September 8, 2014.
- ^ White (1978), p. 524.
- OCLC 1176325912.
- ^ "Theodore White-Time Book Project Dissolves", The New York Times, October 4, 1984
- ^ Obituary of Beatrice Kevitt Hofstadter, New York Times, November 1, 2012.
- ^
Chambers, Whittaker (1952). Witness. New York: Random House. p. 498. ISBN 978-0-89526-571-5.
- ^ Buckley, William F. Jr. (May 22, 1986), National Review
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(help) - ISBN 978-1-59403-379-7
- ^ Hayford (2009), p. 306.
- ^ Theodore White, Annalee Jacoby,Thunder Out of China, pp 236-237
- ^ Hayford (2009), p. 307.
- ^ White, In Search of History, p. 254-57
- ^ "China: The Roots of Madness, 1967: Movies & TV", Amazon.com, Retrieved March 25, 2011
- ^ "The Bootleg Files: China: The Roots Of Madness", Film Threat, June 11, 2010. Retrieved March 25, 2011
References and further reading
- JSTOR 23044826
- Ferling, John E. "History as Journalism: An Assessment of Theodore White." Journalism Quarterly 54.2 (1977): 320-326.
- French, Paul. Through the Looking Glass: Foreign Journalists in China, from the Opium Wars to Mao. Hong Kong University Press, 2009.
- Griffith, Thomas. Harry and Teddy: The Turbulent Friendship of Press Lord Henry R. Luce and His Favorite Reporter, Theodore H. White. New York: Random House, 1995.
- Hayford, Charles W. (2009). "China by the Book: China Hands and China Stories, 1848-1948". Journal of American-East Asian Relations. 16 (4): 285–311. .
- Hoffmann, Joyce. Theodore H. White and journalism as illusion (U of Missouri Press, 1995).
- Rand, Peter. China Hands. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1995.
- Sullivan, Walter. ". . . The Crucial 1940s Nieman Reports." The Nieman Foundation for Journalism at Harvard University (Spring 1983) [1]
External links
- Papers of T. H. White: an inventory (Harvard University Archives). Includes a biographical notice.
- Theodore H. White
- Theodore White - JFK Presidential Library & Museum
- Theodore H. White at IMDb