Theodoros Pangalos

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Theodoros Pangalos (general)
)
For his grandson, see Theodoros Pangalos (politician).
Theodoros Pangalos
Θεόδωρος Πάγκαλος
Pangalos, c. early 1920s
President of Greece
In office
19 July 1926 – 22 August 1926
Prime MinisterAthanasios Eftaxias
Preceded byPavlos Kountouriotis
Succeeded byPavlos Kountouriotis
Prime Minister of Greece
In office
26 June 1925 – 19 July 1926
PresidentPavlos Kountouriotis
Preceded byAndreas Michalakopoulos
Succeeded byAthanasios Eftaxias
Personal details
Born(1878-01-11)11 January 1878
Venizelist
)
Spouse
Arianna Slias-Sachtouris
​
​
(m. 1901)​
Relations
  • Hellenic Army Academy
Occupation
  • Politician
  • soldier
Awards
Military service
Allegiance
Branch/serviceHellenic Army
Years of service1900–1926
RankLieutenant general
CommandsArmy of the Evros
Battles/wars

September 1922 revolt that deposed King Constantine I and in the establishment of the Second Hellenic Republic. In June 1925 Pangalos staged a bloodless coup, and his assumption of power was recognized by the National Assembly which named him prime minister. As a "constitutional dictator" he ruled the country until his overthrow in August 1926. From April 1926 until his deposition, he also occupied the office of President of the Republic
.

Pangalos withdrew from public life for a while, but remained active in the Venizelist military circles. During the Axis occupation of Greece, Pangalos and military officers close to him played a role in the establishment of the Security Battalions. He was widely suspected of collaboration with the Germans.[1] Cleared by a postwar court, he ran unsuccessfully for political office and died in 1952.

Early career

Pangalos with Konstantinos Nider, commander of the 1st Infantry Division, at the Macedonian front during World War I.

Pangalos was born on the island of

Greek Revolution, Giannakis Meletis (Hatzimeletis), while his paternal side came from an aristocratic family of Kea
island.

He graduated from the

France
.

During the Balkan Wars of 1912–13 he served as a staff officer in the 6th Infantry Division.[2] He was head of the forces that entered Sidirokastro (Demir Hisar) during the second Balkan war.

In 1916 he joined

Strymon sector of the Macedonian front. In late 1918 he was appointed chief of staff of the General Headquarters, holding the post until the electoral victory of the pro-royalist and anti-Venizelist United Opposition in November 1920, when he was dismissed from the army.[2]

In 1922, Pangalos supported the

Army of Evros", which he commanded from mid-December, was so successful that the Greek High Command prepared for a possible advance into Eastern Thrace in the face of the Turkish demands in the Lausanne peace talks. The military threat posed by Pangalos' army helped the Turks back down, and the Treaty of Lausanne was signed.[2]

A staunch nationalist, Pangalos objected to the terms of the treaty, and declared that his troops would attack Turkey nonetheless in order to block the deal. He was forced to resign, but his stance made him popular with the many segments of Greek society that objected to the treaty. During the period of political instability that followed, Pangalos jumped into the fray, gaining and losing a number of ministerial positions as governments came and went.

He assisted in the suppression of the failed

Leonardopoulos–Gargalidis coup d'état attempt in October 1923, and was elected to Parliament for Thessaloniki in December.[2] He was appointed Minister for Public Order in the cabinet of Alexandros Papanastasiou on 31 March 1924, holding the post until 18 June, when he became once more Minister for Military Affairs, retaining the post until the cabinet's resignation on 25 July 1924.[3]

In power

Soldiers on the streets of Athens during Pangalos' 1925 coup d'état.
Pangalos shortly after his successful coup.

On June 24, 1925, officers loyal to Pangalos, fearing that the political instability was putting the country at risk, overthrew the government in a coup and forced President Pavlos Kountouriotis to appoint Pangalos as Prime Minister. Pangalos immediately abolished the young republic and began to prosecute anyone who could possibly challenge his authority, including his old chief, Plastiras. Freedom of the press was abolished, and a number of repressive laws were enacted (including a law dictating the length of women's skirts - no more than 30 cm above the ground), while Pangalos awarded himself the Grand Cross of the Order of the Redeemer. Pangalos declared a state of emergency on 3 January 1926 and assumed dictatorial powers.[4] In April 1926, he had himself elected president as well in a rigged election. On the economic front Pangalos attempted to devalue the currency by ordering paper notes cut in half.

His political and diplomatic inability however became soon apparent. He conceded too many rights to Yugoslav commerce in

War of the Stray Dog
, harming Greece's already strained international relations. Soon, many of the officers that had helped him come to power decided that he had to be removed. Regarding relations with Turkey, he still was not agreed with the treaty of Lausanne and tried to form an alliance with fascist Italy in a war against Turkey, with no success.

On 29 August 1926, a counter-coup led by General Georgios Kondylis deposed him, and Kountouriotis returned as president, while Pangalos was imprisoned for two years in the Izzeddin Fortress.[2]

After his rule

In 1930, Pangalos was sent to prison for a building scandal. He remained in prison for two years and was released during a period when a number of amnesties were given by Venizélos. He never regained the popular support he had before the coup, and never again played a role in Greek politics. After Greece fell to the Germans in 1941, Pangalos and other Venizelist officers moved to support the new

royal government from exile.[1] Ambitious, tough and able, Pangalos was also widely distrusted for his rashness, megalomania and for being generally "half mad".[1] Through Pangalos did not formally take a position with the Security Battalions, but he ensured his followers were given key positions in the Security Battalions.[1] Pangalos was especially close to SS-Standartenführer Walter Blume, who was regarded as the most extreme and violent of all the SS leaders in Greece.[5] Blume intrigued in the summer of 1944 to have Pangalos appointed prime minister of the puppet Hellenic State to replace Ioannis Rallis, who was very close to a nervous breakdown by that point.[5] After liberation, Pangalos was arrested and put in Averof prison in Athens waiting trial for collaboration, but was cleared of all charges in September 1945. He unsuccessfully ran for parliament in 1950 and died in Kifissia
two years later.

His grandson, also named

PASOK
socialist party.

In popular culture

Theodoros Pangalos is mentioned in the song Stin epohi tou Pangalou (In the times of Pangalos, Greek: Στην εποχή του Πάγκαλου) by Giorgos Mitsakis, originally sung by George Dalaras.

References

  1. ^ a b c d e Mazower 1995, p. 324.
  2. ^
    OCLC 31255024
    .
  3. ^ "Κυβέρνησις ΑΛΕΞΑΝΔΡΟΥ ΠΑΠΑΝΑΣΤΑΣΙΟΥ - Από 12.3.1924 έως 25.7.1924" (in Greek). General Secretariat of the Government. Retrieved 22 February 2015.
  4. ISBN 9780275965440
    .
  5. ^ a b Mazower 1995, p. 232.

Works cited

External links
Political offices
Preceded by Prime Minister of Greece
1925 - 1926 		Succeeded by
Preceded by President of Greece
March 15, 1926 – August 24, 1926 		Succeeded by
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