Thermotogae

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Thermotogae
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Bacteria
Phylum: Thermotogota
Reysenbach 2021[1]
Class: Thermotogae
Reysenbach 2002
Orders
Synonyms
  • Thermotogota:
    • "Synthermota"
      Cavalier-Smith
      2020
    • "Thermotogae" Reysenbach 2001
    • "Thermotogaeota" Oren et al. 2015
    • "Thermotogota" Whitman et al. 2018
  • Thermotogae:
    • "Thermotogia" Cavalier-Smith 2020
    • Togobacteria Cavalier-Smith 2002

The Thermotogota are a

hyperthermophilic bacteria.[2][3]

Characteristics

The name of this phylum is derived from the existence of many of these organisms at high temperatures along with the characteristic sheath structure, or "toga", surrounding the cells of these species.

monoderm bacteria.[3][6][7] Because of the ability of some Thermotogota species to thrive at high temperatures, they are considered attractive targets for use in industrial processes.[8] The metabolic ability of Thermotogota to utilize different complex-carbohydrates for production of hydrogen gas led to these species being cited as a possible biotechnological source for production of energy alternative to fossil fuels.[9]

Molecular signatures

Until recently, no biochemical or

TrpRS, and ribosomal proteins L4, L7/L12, S8, S9, etc. are uniquely present in different sequenced Thermotogota species providing novel molecular markers for this phylum. These studies also identified CSIs specific for each order and each family.[11] These indels are the premise for the current taxonomic organization of the Thermotogota, and are strongly supported by phylogenomic analyses.[3][10] Additional CSIs have also been found that are specific for Thermotoga, Pseudothermotoga, Fervidobacterium, and Thermosipho. These CSIs are specific for all species within each respective genus, and absent in all other bacteria, thus are specific markers.[3][10] A clade consisting of the deep-branching species Petrotoga mobilis, Kosmotoga olearia, and Thermotogales bacterium mesG1 was also supported by seven CSIs.[10] Additionally, some CSIs that provided evidence of LGT among the Thermotogota and other prokaryotic groups were also reported.[10]
The newly discovered molecular markers provide novel means for identification and circumscription of species from the phylum in molecular terms and for future revisions to its taxonomy.

Additionally, a 51 aa insertion CSI was identified to be specific for all Thermotogales as well as

lateral gene transfer, rather the CSI likely developed independently in these two groups of thermophiles due to selective pressure.[12] The insert is located on the surface of the protein in the ATPase domain, near the binding site of ADP/ATP. Molecular dynamic stimulations revealed a network of hydrogen bonds formed between water molecules, residues within the CSI and a ADP/ATP molecule. It is thought that this network helps to maintain ADP/ATP binding to the SecA protein at high temperatures, contributing to the overall thermostable phenotype some Thermotogales species.[12]

Phylogeny

16S rRNA based
LTP_12_2021[13][14][15]
 120 single copy marker proteins based GTDB 08-RS214[16][17][18]

Taxonomy

This phylum presently consists of a single class (Thermotogae), four orders (

Lateral gene transfer with Archaeal organisms.[28][29] However, recent studies based upon more robust methodologies suggest that incidence of LGT between Thermotogota and other groups including Archaea is not as high as suggested in earlier studies.[30][31][10][32]

The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN)[33] and National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI)[34]

References

  1. PMID 34694987
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  2. ^
    ISBN 978-0-387-25497-5
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  3. ^ a b c d e f g Gupta, RS (2014) The Phylum Thermotogae. The Prokaryotes 989-1015. Springer Berlin Heidelberg.
  4. ^ a b c Reysenbach, A.-L. (2001) Phylum BII. Thermotogae phy. nov. In: Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, pp. 369-387. Eds D. R. Boone, R. W. Castenholz. Springer-Verlag: Berlin.
  5. PMID 20495053
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  6. PMID 9841678
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  7. PMID 21717204
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  8. S2CID 35392547
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  9. PMID 17064285
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  10. ^
    S2CID 24995263
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  11. ^
    S2CID 6547323
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  12. ^
    PMID 31905784
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  13. ^ "The LTP". Retrieved 23 February 2021.
  14. ^ "LTP_all tree in newick format". Retrieved 23 February 2021.
  15. ^ "LTP_12_2021 Release Notes" (PDF). Retrieved 23 February 2021.
  16. ^ "GTDB release 08-RS214". Genome Taxonomy Database. Retrieved 10 May 2023.
  17. ^ "bac120_r214.sp_label". Genome Taxonomy Database. Retrieved 10 May 2023.
  18. ^ "Taxon History". Genome Taxonomy Database. Retrieved 10 May 2023.
  19. PMID 28056215
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  20. PMID 26651491
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  21. ^ Euzeby JP. List of prokaryotic names with standing in nomenclature. http://www.bacterio.cict.fr/t/thermotogales[permanent dead link].
  22. S2CID 224169
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  23. PMID 10978543
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  24. S2CID 1615592
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  25. PMID 12642117
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  26. PMID 22919687
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  27. PMID 15179606
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  28. S2CID 4420157
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  29. PMID 11230537
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  30. S2CID 85739173
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  31. PMID 19307556
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  32. S2CID 38697982
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  33. ^ J.P. Euzéby. "Thermotogota". List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN). Retrieved 2022-03-20.
  34. ^ Sayers; et al. "Thermotogae". National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) taxonomy database. Retrieved 2022-03-20.
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