Thessaloniki

Economy of Thessaloniki
	GDP of the Thessaloniki regional unit 2000–2011
Statistics
GDP	€19.851 billion (PPP, 2011)
GDP rank	2nd in Greece
GDP growth	−7.8% (2011)
GDP per capita	€17,200 (PPP, 2011)
Labour force	534,800 (2010)
Unemployment	30.2% (2014)

Thessaloniki

Θεσσαλονίκη
Saloniki
Thessaloniki Θεσσαλονίκη Saloniki
City
	Clockwise from top: Aristotle Square, Church of Saint Demetrius, Science Centre and Technology Museum, Panoramic view of Thessaloniki's waterfront and the Thermaic Gulf, White Tower of Thessaloniki
	Saint Demetrius (26 October)
Gross regional domestic product (PPP 2015)	€18.77 billion ($20.83 billion)
• Per capita	€16,900
Website	www.thessaloniki.gr

Thessaloniki (

administrative region of Central Macedonia and the Decentralized Administration of Macedonia and Thrace.^[6]^[7] It is also known in Greek as "η Συμπρωτεύουσα" (i Symprotévousa), literally "the co-capital",^[8] a reference to its historical status as the Συμβασιλεύουσα (Symvasilévousa) or "co-reigning" city of the Byzantine Empire alongside Constantinople.^[9]

Thessaloniki is located on the

Aristotle University, is the largest in Greece and the Balkans.^[12]

The city was founded in 315 BC by

Sephardic Jewish

structures.

Thessaloniki is a popular tourist destination in Greece. In 2013,

National Geographic Magazine included Thessaloniki in its top tourist destinations worldwide,^[13] while in 2014 Financial Times FDI magazine (Foreign Direct Investments) declared Thessaloniki as the best mid-sized European city of the future for human capital and lifestyle.^[14]^[15]

Names and etymology

The original name of the city was Θεσσαλονίκη Thessaloníkē. It was named after the princess Thessalonike of Macedon, the half sister of Alexander the Great, whose name means "Thessalian victory", from Θεσσαλός Thessalos, and Νίκη 'victory' (Nike), honoring the Macedonian victory at the Battle of Crocus Field (353/352 BC).

Minor variants are also found, including Θετταλονίκη Thettaloníkē,^[16]^[17] Θεσσαλονίκεια Thessaloníkeia,^[18] Θεσσαλονείκη Thessaloneíkē, and Θεσσαλονικέων Thessalonikéon.^[19]^[20]

The name Σαλονίκη Saloníki is first attested in Greek in the

Ottoman Turkish and Selanik in modern Turkish, Salonicco in Italian, Solun or Солун in the local and neighboring South Slavic languages, Салоники (Saloníki) in Russian, Sãrunã in Aromanian^[23] and Săruna in Megleno-Romanian.^[24]

In English, the city can be called Thessaloniki, Salonika, Thessalonica, Salonica, Thessalonika, Saloniki, Thessalonike, or Thessalonice. In printed texts, the most common name and spelling until the early 20th century was Thessalonica, matching the Latin name; through most of rest of the 20th century, it was Salonika. By about 1985, the most common single name became Thessaloniki.[25]^[26] The forms with the Latin ending -a taken together remain more common than those with the phonetic Greek ending -i and much more common than the ancient transliteration -e.^[27]

Thessaloniki was revived as the city's official name in 1912, when it joined the

L, characteristic of the accent of the modern Macedonian dialect of Greek.^[29]^[30] The name is often abbreviated as Θεσ/νίκη.^[31]

History

From classical antiquity to the Roman Empire

Ancient coin depicting Cassander, son of Antipater, and founder of the city of Thessaloniki

The city was founded around 315 BC by the King Cassander of Macedon, on or near the site of the ancient town of Therma and 26 other local villages.^[32]^[33] He named it after his wife Thessalonike,^[34] a half-sister of Alexander the Great and princess of Macedonia as daughter of Philip II. Under the kingdom of Macedonia the city retained its own autonomy and parliament^[35] and evolved to become the most important city in Macedonia.^[34]

Twenty years after the fall of the

Dyrrhachium with Byzantium,^[39] which facilitated trade between Thessaloniki and great centres of commerce such as Rome and Byzantium.^[40] Thessaloniki also lies at the southern end of the main north–south route through the Balkans along the valleys of the Morava and Axios river valleys, thereby linking the Balkans with the rest of Greece.^[41] The city became the capital of one of the four Roman districts of Macedonia;.^[38]

At the time of the Roman Empire, about 50 AD, Thessaloniki was also one of the

early centres of Christianity; while on his second missionary journey, Paul the Apostle visited this city's chief synagogue on three Sabbaths and sowed the seeds for Thessaloniki's first Christian church. Later, Paul wrote letters to the new church at Thessaloniki, with two letters to the church under his name appearing in the Biblical canon as First and Second Thessalonians. Some scholars hold that the First Epistle to the Thessalonians is the first written book of the New Testament.^[42]

In 306 AD, Thessaloniki acquired a patron saint,

UNESCO World Heritage Site

.

When the Roman Empire was divided into the tetrarchy, Thessaloniki became the administrative capital of one of the four portions of the Empire under Galerius Maximianus Caesar,^[44]^[45] where Galerius commissioned an imperial palace, a new hippodrome, a triumphal arch and a mausoleum, among other structures.^[45]^[46]^[47]

In 379, when the Roman Prefecture of Illyricum was divided between the East and West Roman Empires, Thessaloniki became the capital of the new Prefecture of Illyricum.^[38] The following year, the Edict of Thessalonica made Christianity the state religion of the Roman Empire.^[48] In 390, troops under the Roman Emperor Theodosius I led a massacre against the inhabitants of Thessalonica, who had risen in revolt against the detention of a favorite charioteer. By the time of the Fall of Rome in 476, Thessaloniki was the second-largest city of the Eastern Roman Empire.^[40]

Byzantine era and Middle Ages

From the first years of the Byzantine Empire, Thessaloniki was considered the second city in the Empire after Constantinople,^[49]^[50]^[51] both in terms of wealth and size,^[49] with a population of 150,000 in the mid-12th century.^[52] The city held this status until its transfer to Venetian control in 1423. In the 14th century, the city's population exceeded 100,000 to 150,000,^[53]^[54]^[55] making it larger than London at the time.^[56]

During the sixth and seventh centuries, the area around Thessaloniki was invaded by Avars and Slavs, who unsuccessfully laid siege to the city several times, as narrated in the Miracles of Saint Demetrius.^[57] Traditional historiography stipulates that many Slavs settled in the hinterland of Thessaloniki;^[58] however, modern scholars consider this migration to have been on a much smaller scale than previously thought.^[58]^[59] In the ninth century, the Byzantine missionaries Cyril and Methodius, both natives of the city, created the first literary language of the Slavs, the Old Church Slavonic, most likely based on the Slavic dialect used in the hinterland of their hometown.^[60]^[61]^[62]^[63]^[64]

A naval attack led by Byzantine converts to Islam (including Leo of Tripoli) in 904 resulted in the sack of the city.^[65]

The economic expansion of the city continued through the 12th century as the rule of the

Nicaean Empire.^[68]

In 1342,[73] the city saw the rise of the Commune of the Zealots, an anti-aristocratic party formed of sailors and the poor,^[74] which is nowadays described as social-revolutionary.^[73] The city was practically independent of the rest of the Empire,^[73]^[74]^[75] as it had its own government, a form of republic.^[73] The zealot movement was overthrown in 1350 and the city was reunited with the rest of the Empire.^[73]

The

poll-tax. Following the death of Emperor John V Palaiologos in 1391, however, Manuel II escaped Ottoman custody and went to Constantinople, where he was crowned emperor, succeeding his father. This angered Sultan Bayezid I, who laid waste to the remaining Byzantine territories, and then turned on Chrysopolis, which was captured by storm and largely destroyed.^[78] Thessalonica too submitted again to Ottoman rule at this time, possibly after brief resistance, but was treated more leniently: although the city was brought under full Ottoman control, the Christian population and the Church retained most of their possessions, and the city retained its institutions.^[79]^[80]

Thessalonica remained in Ottoman hands until 1403, when Emperor Manuel II sided with Bayezid's eldest son

Demetrios Leontares until 1415. Thessalonica enjoyed a period of relative peace and prosperity after 1403, as the Turks were preoccupied with their own civil war, but was attacked by the rival Ottoman pretenders in 1412 (by Musa Çelebi^[83]) and 1416 (during the uprising of Mustafa Çelebi against Mehmed I^[84]).^[85]^[86] Once the Ottoman civil war ended, the Turkish pressure on the city began to increase again. Just as during the 1383–1387 siege, this led to a sharp division of opinion within the city between factions supporting resistance, if necessary with Western help, or submission to the Ottomans.^[87]

In 1423, Despot Andronikos Palaiologos ceded it to the Republic of Venice with the hope that it could be protected from the Ottomans who were besieging the city. The Venetians held Thessaloniki until it was captured by the Ottoman Sultan Murad II on 29 March 1430.^[88]

Ottoman period

When Sultan

Jewish.^[93]

During the Ottoman period, the city's population of

Ottoman Turkish: سلانیك), as the city came to be known in Ottoman Turkish, had 6,094 Christian Orthodox households, 4,320 Muslim ones, and some Catholic. No Jews were recorded in the census suggesting that the subsequent influx of Jewish population was not linked^[96] to the already existing Romaniots community.^[97] Soon after the turn of the 15th to 16th century, however, nearly 20,000 Sephardic Jews immigrated to Greece from the Iberian Peninsula following their expulsion from Spain by the 1492 Alhambra Decree.^[98] By c. 1500, the number of households had grown to 7,986 Christian ones, 8,575 Muslim ones, and 3,770 Jewish. By 1519, Sephardic Jewish households numbered 15,715, 54% of the city's population. Some historians consider the Ottoman regime's invitation to Jewish settlement was a strategy to prevent the Christian population from dominating the city.^[99] The city became both the largest Jewish city in the world and the only Jewish majority city in the world in the 16th century. As a result, Thessaloniki attracted persecuted Jews from all over the world.^[100]

Thessaloniki was the capital of the

Serres and Drama between 1826 and 1912.^[104]

With the break out of the Greek War of Independence in the spring of 1821, the governor Yusuf Bey imprisoned in his headquarters more than 400 hostages. On 18 May, when Yusuf learned of the insurrection to the villages of Chalkidiki, he ordered half of his hostages to be slaughtered before his eyes. The mulla of Thessaloniki, Hayrıülah, gives the following description of Yusuf's retaliations: "Every day and every night you hear nothing in the streets of Thessaloniki but shouting and moaning. It seems that Yusuf Bey, the Yeniceri Agasi, the Subaşı, the hocas and the ulemas have all gone raving mad."^[105] It would take until the end of the century for the city's Greek community to recover.^[106]

Thessaloniki was also a

The Auspicious Incident in Ottoman history.^[107] In 1870–1917, driven by economic growth, the city's population expanded by 70%, reaching 135,000 in 1917.^[108]

The last few decades of Ottoman control over the city were an era of revival, particularly in terms of the city's infrastructure. It was at that time that the Ottoman administration of the city acquired an "official" face with the creation of the

Thessaloniki–Istanbul Junction Railway connected it to Constantinople in 1896.^[112]

Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, founder of the modern republic of Turkey, was born in Thessaloniki (then known as Selânik in Ottoman Turkish) in 1881. His birthplace on İslahhane Caddesi (now 24 Apostolou Street) is now the Atatürk Museum and forms part of the Turkish consulate complex.^[115]

20th century and beyond

The seafront of Thessaloniki, as it was in 1917

In the early 20th century, Thessaloniki was in the centre of radical activities by various groups; the

Macedonian Committee, founded in 1903.^[117] In 1903, a Bulgarian anarchist group known as the Boatmen of Thessaloniki planted bombs in several buildings in Thessaloniki, including the Ottoman Bank, with some assistance from the IMRO. The Greek consulate in Ottoman Thessaloniki (now the Museum of the Macedonian Struggle

) served as the centre of operations for the Greek guerillas.

During this period, and since the 16th century, Thessaloniki's Jewish element was the most dominant; it was the only city in Europe where the Jews were a majority of the total population.[118] The city was ethnically diverse and cosmopolitan. In 1890, its population had risen to 118,000, 47% of which were Jews, followed by Turks (22%), Greeks (14%), Bulgarians (8%), Roma (2%), and others (7%).^[119] By 1913, the ethnic composition of the city had changed so that the population stood at 157,889, with Jews at 39%, followed again by Turks (29%), Greeks (25%), Bulgarians (4%), Roma (2%), and others at 1%.^[120] Many varied religions were practiced and many languages spoken, including Judeo-Spanish, a dialect of Spanish spoken by the city's Jews.

Constantine I of Greece with George I of Greece and the Greek army enter the city.

Thessaloniki was also the centre of activities of the Young Turks, a political reform movement, which goal was to replace the Ottoman Empire's absolute monarchy with a constitutional government. The Young Turks started out as an underground movement, until finally in 1908, they started the Young Turk Revolution from the city of Thessaloniki, which lead to of them gaining control over the Ottoman Empire and put an end to the Ottoman sultans power.^[121] Eleftherias (Liberty) Square, where the Young Turks gathered at the outbreak of the revolution, is named after the event.^[122] Turkey's first president Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, who was born and raised in Thessaloniki, was a member of the Young Turks in his soldier days and also partook in the Young Turk Revolution.

Army of National Defence marches on its way to the Macedonian front

.

As the

Saint Demetrius, the Greek Army accepted the surrender of the Ottoman garrison at Thessaloniki.^[125] The Bulgarian army arrived one day after the surrender of the city to Greece and Hasan Tahsin Pasha, commander of the city's defences, told the Bulgarian officials that "I have only one Thessaloniki, which I have surrendered".^[124] After the Second Balkan War, Thessaloniki and the rest of the Greek portion of Macedonia were officially annexed to Greece by the Treaty of Bucharest in 1913.^[126] On 18 March 1913 George I of Greece was assassinated in the city by Alexandros Schinas.^[127]

In 1915, during

abdication of King Constantine in 1917.^[129]^[134]

On 30 December 1915 an

vice-consuls and their families and dependents and put them on a battleship, and billeted troops in their consulate buildings in Thessaloniki.^[135]

Aerial photograph of the Great Fire of 1917

Most of the old centre of the city was destroyed by the

Thomas Mawson, and headed by French architect Ernest Hébrard.^[136] Property values fell from 6.5 million Greek drachmas to 750,000.^[137]

After the defeat of Greece in the

Asia Minor^[138] and East Thrace were resettled in the city,^[133] changing its demographics. Additionally many of the city's Muslims, including Ottoman Greek Muslims, were deported to Turkey, ranging at about 20,000 people.^[139] This made the Greek element dominant,^[140] while the Jewish population was reduced to a minority for the first time since the 16th century.^[141]

This was part of an overall process of modern Hellenization, which affected nearly all minorities within Greece, turning the region into a hotspot of ethnic nationalism.[142]

Stein mansion during the Axis occupation

During

gas chambers. Of the 45,000 Jews deported to Auschwitz, only 4% survived.^[149]^[150]

During a speech in

Hitler had planned to incorporate it directly into Nazi Germany^[151] and not have it controlled by a puppet state such as the Hellenic State or an ally of Germany (Thessaloniki had been promised to Yugoslavia as a reward for joining the Axis on 25 March 1941).^[152]

As it was the first major city in Greece to fall to the occupying forces, the first

1946 monarchy referendum, the majority of the locals voted in favor of a republic, contrary to the rest of Greece.^[159]

After the war, Thessaloniki was rebuilt with large-scale development of new infrastructure and industry throughout the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s. Many of its architectural treasures still remain, adding value to the city as a tourist destination, while several early Christian and Byzantine monuments of Thessaloniki were added to the UNESCO World Heritage list in 1988.^[160] In 1997, Thessaloniki was celebrated as the European Capital of Culture,^[161] sponsoring events across the city and the region. Agency established to oversee the cultural activities of that year 1997 was still in existence by 2010.^[162] In 2004, the city hosted a number of the football events as part of the 2004 Summer Olympics.^[163]

Today, Thessaloniki has become one of the most important trade and business hubs in

Southeastern Europe, with its port, the Port of Thessaloniki being one of the largest in the Aegean and facilitating trade throughout the Balkan hinterland.^[10] On 26 October 2012 the city celebrated its centennial since its incorporation into Greece.^[164] The city also forms one of the largest student centers in Southeastern Europe, is host to the largest student population in Greece and was the European Youth Capital in 2014.^[165]^[166]

Geography

Thessaloniki is located 502 kilometres (312 mi) north of Athens.

Thessaloniki's urban area spreads over 30 kilometres (19 mi) from Oraiokastro in the north to Thermi in the south in the direction of Chalkidiki.

Geology

Thessaloniki lies on the northern fringe of the Thermaic Gulf on its eastern coast and is bound by Mount Chortiatis on its southeast. Its proximity to imposing mountain ranges, hills and fault lines, especially towards its southeast have historically made the city prone to geological changes.

Since medieval times, Thessaloniki has been hit by strong

Richter scale.^[168]^[169] The tremors caused considerable damage to a number of buildings and ancient monuments,^[168] but the city withstood the catastrophe without any major problems.^[169] One apartment building in central Thessaloniki collapsed during the second earthquake, killing many and raising the final death toll to 51.^[168]^[169]

Kedrinos Lofos with Mount Olympus

in the background

Climate

Thessaloniki's climate is transitional, lying on the periphery of multiple climate zones. According to the

cold semi-arid climate (BSk) with Mediterranean (Csa) and humid subtropical (Cfa) influences.^[170]^[171] The Pindus mountain range greatly contributes to the generally dry climate of the area by substantially drying the westerly winds.^[172]

Winters are somewhat dry, with occasional morning frost. Snowfalls occur more or less every winter, but the snow cover does not last for more than a few days. During the coldest winters, temperatures can drop to −10 °C (14 °F).[173] The record minimum temperature in Thessaloniki was −14 °C (7 °F).^[174] On average, Thessaloniki experiences frost (sub-zero temperature) 32 days a year,^[173] though that's less common near the city centre, owing to the urban heat island effect which characterizes the city and is more pronounced during the winter months.^[175] Foggy days occur sparsely, roughly 17 days a year, mainly in the autumn and winter months.^[176] The coldest month of the year in downtown Thessaloniki is January, with an average 24-hour temperature of 8 °C (46 °F).^[177] The city is also quite windy in the winter months, with January and February having an average wind speed of about 11 km/h (7 mph).^[173]

Thessaloniki's summers are hot and moderately dry.^[173] Maximum temperatures usually rise above 30 °C (86 °F),^[173] but they rarely exceed 40 °C (104 °F);^[173] while the average number of days the temperature is above 32 °C (90 °F) is 32.^[173] Generally, the sea breeze blowing from the Thermaic gulf helps moderate the city's temperatures.^[178] The maximum recorded temperature in the city was 44 °C (111 °F).^[173]^[174] Rain occasionally falls in the summer, mainly during thunderstorms, while heat waves occur sporadically, though few of them are intense.^[179] The hottest months of the year in downtown Thessaloniki are July and August, with an average 24-hour temperature of around 27.5 °C (82 °F).^[177]

In 2021, Greece was taken to task by the European Commission for failing to curb consistently high air pollution levels in Thessaloniki.^[180]

Climate data for Aristotle University of Thessaloniki 32 m asl, 1991 – 2020 normals (extremes 1930–present)
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Record high °C (°F)	22.5 (72.5)	25.1 (77.2)	30.1 (86.2)	32.2 (90.0)	37.8 (100.0)	41.2 (106.2)	43.3 (109.9)	41.6 (106.9)	40.3 (104.5)	33.4 (92.1)	28.1 (82.6)	24.4 (75.9)	43.3 (109.9)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)	10.6 (51.1)	12.4 (54.3)	15.6 (60.1)	19.7 (67.5)	25.2 (77.4)	30.0 (86.0)	32.3 (90.1)	32.3 (90.1)	27.8 (82.0)	22.1 (71.8)	16.6 (61.9)	11.8 (53.2)	21.4 (70.5)
Daily mean °C (°F)	7.0 (44.6)	8.4 (47.1)	11.2 (52.2)	14.9 (58.8)	20.0 (68.0)	24.7 (76.5)	27.0 (80.6)	27.1 (80.8)	22.7 (72.9)	17.7 (63.9)	12.8 (55.0)	8.3 (46.9)	16.8 (62.3)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)	3.4 (38.1)	4.4 (39.9)	6.8 (44.2)	10.1 (50.2)	14.9 (58.8)	19.4 (66.9)	21.8 (71.2)	21.9 (71.4)	17.6 (63.7)	13.4 (56.1)	9.0 (48.2)	4.9 (40.8)	12.3 (54.1)
Record low °C (°F)	−12.6 (9.3)	−8.9 (16.0)	−8.2 (17.2)	−0.4 (31.3)	5.2 (41.4)	8.6 (47.5)	12.0 (53.6)	10.3 (50.5)	7.7 (45.9)	1.4 (34.5)	−2.8 (27.0)	−8.2 (17.2)	−12.6 (9.3)
Average precipitation mm (inches)	34.1 (1.34)	33.6 (1.32)	39.5 (1.56)	37.5 (1.48)	51.0 (2.01)	31.6 (1.24)	27.0 (1.06)	25.1 (0.99)	37.4 (1.47)	43.7 (1.72)	40.9 (1.61)	48.2 (1.90)	449.6 (17.7)
Source: Aristotle University of Thessaloniki,^[181]^[182] World Meteorological Organization^[183]

Climate data for Downtown Thessaloniki (2005 – 2024 averages and extremes)
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Record high °C (°F)	20.9 (69.6)	26.3 (79.3)	25.5 (77.9)	29.7 (85.5)	33.2 (91.8)	40.5 (104.9)	40.8 (105.4)	40.4 (104.7)	35.7 (96.3)	30.8 (87.4)	26.2 (79.2)	24.7 (76.5)	40.8 (105.4)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)	11.0 (51.8)	12.7 (54.9)	15.4 (59.7)	19.3 (66.7)	24.3 (75.7)	28.9 (84.0)	31.5 (88.7)	31.4 (88.5)	26.9 (80.4)	21.4 (70.5)	17.0 (62.6)	12.5 (54.5)	21.0 (69.8)
Daily mean °C (°F)	8.2 (46.8)	9.7 (49.5)	12.2 (54.0)	15.9 (60.6)	20.8 (69.4)	25.2 (77.4)	27.8 (82.0)	27.9 (82.2)	23.6 (74.5)	18.5 (65.3)	14.3 (57.7)	9.9 (49.8)	17.8 (64.1)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)	5.4 (41.7)	6.6 (43.9)	8.9 (48.0)	12.5 (54.5)	17.2 (63.0)	21.5 (70.7)	24.2 (75.6)	24.3 (75.7)	20.2 (68.4)	15.6 (60.1)	11.6 (52.9)	7.3 (45.1)	14.6 (58.3)
Record low °C (°F)	−9.3 (15.3)	−4.2 (24.4)	−2.8 (27.0)	3.4 (38.1)	8.6 (47.5)	14.3 (57.7)	16.6 (61.9)	15.3 (59.5)	8.6 (47.5)	6.2 (43.2)	1.6 (34.9)	−2.0 (28.4)	−9.3 (15.3)
Average precipitation mm (inches)	31.7 (1.25)	28.2 (1.11)	40.5 (1.59)	30.4 (1.20)	41.4 (1.63)	46.3 (1.82)	22.7 (0.89)	22.1 (0.87)	36.0 (1.42)	38.9 (1.53)	29.5 (1.16)	38.2 (1.50)	405.9 (15.97)
Mean monthly sunshine hours	131.6	125.6	179.2	226.4	277.6	311.2	359.2	334.3	249.7	184.7	129.5	122.7	2,631.7
Source: Meteothes Historical Centre Station (Mar 2005 - Jan 2024)

Climate data for Thessaloniki Airport 2 m asl, 1991-2020 normals (precipitation 1971-2000), (extremes 1961–present)
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Record high °C (°F)	23.0 (73.4)	24.0 (75.2)	31.6 (88.9)	31.2 (88.2)	36.0 (96.8)	41.4 (106.5)	44.0 (111.2)	40.5 (104.9)	37.3 (99.1)	32.2 (90.0)	27.0 (80.6)	24.0 (75.2)	44.0 (111.2)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)	9.4 (48.9)	11.1 (52.0)	14.7 (58.5)	19.3 (66.7)	24.8 (76.6)	29.9 (85.8)	32.2 (90.0)	32.1 (89.8)	27.2 (81.0)	21.4 (70.5)	15.6 (60.1)	10.7 (51.3)	20.7 (69.3)
Daily mean °C (°F)	5.8 (42.4)	7.1 (44.8)	10.1 (50.2)	14.1 (57.4)	19.3 (66.7)	24.2 (75.6)	26.6 (79.9)	26.5 (79.7)	22.0 (71.6)	16.9 (62.4)	11.8 (53.2)	7.2 (45.0)	16.0 (60.7)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)	2.2 (36.0)	3.3 (37.9)	5.6 (42.1)	8.8 (47.8)	13.8 (56.8)	18.6 (65.5)	20.9 (69.6)	20.8 (69.4)	16.8 (62.2)	12.6 (54.7)	8.2 (46.8)	3.9 (39.0)	11.3 (52.3)
Record low °C (°F)	−14.2 (6.4)	−12.8 (9.0)	−7.2 (19.0)	−2.0 (28.4)	2.8 (37.0)	6.8 (44.2)	9.6 (49.3)	8.2 (46.8)	2.8 (37.0)	−1.4 (29.5)	−6.2 (20.8)	−9.8 (14.4)	−14.2 (6.4)
Average precipitation mm (inches)	32.5 (1.28)	38.8 (1.53)	37.6 (1.48)	38.4 (1.51)	40.3 (1.59)	27.5 (1.08)	22.3 (0.88)	22.4 (0.88)	25.2 (0.99)	43.8 (1.72)	60.2 (2.37)	46.5 (1.83)	435.5 (17.14)
Average precipitation days	11.5	10.7	12.1	11.1	11.0	7.9	6.7	5.1	7.0	9.3	11.8	12.7	116.9
Average relative humidity (%)	75.7	72.0	71	67.3	63.0	55.4	52.7	55.0	61.9	70.4	76.3	77.9	66.5
Mean monthly sunshine hours	98.7	102.6	147.2	202.6	252.7	296.4	325.7	295.8	229.9	165.5	117.8	102.6	2,337.5
Source: Info Climat climate normals & extremes,^{NOAA Sunshine hours & extremes ^[186]}

Climate data for Kalamaria 2009–2019
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)	9.7 (49.5)	12.6 (54.7)	15.5 (59.9)	20.4 (68.7)	25.7 (78.3)	30.2 (86.4)	32.3 (90.1)	32.3 (90.1)	27.7 (81.9)	21.9 (71.4)	16.9 (62.4)	11.3 (52.3)	21.4 (70.5)
Daily mean °C (°F)	6.5 (43.7)	9.1 (48.4)	11.3 (52.3)	15.4 (59.7)	20.4 (68.7)	24.9 (76.8)	27.2 (81.0)	27.3 (81.1)	23.0 (73.4)	17.8 (64.0)	13.6 (56.5)	8.1 (46.6)	17.1 (62.7)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)	3.8 (38.8)	6.2 (43.2)	8.0 (46.4)	11.3 (52.3)	16.1 (61.0)	20.5 (68.9)	22.8 (73.0)	22.9 (73.2)	19.1 (66.4)	14.6 (58.3)	11.0 (51.8)	5.3 (41.5)	13.5 (56.2)
Average precipitation mm (inches)	30 (1.2)	39 (1.5)	49 (1.9)	28 (1.1)	32 (1.3)	36 (1.4)	32 (1.3)	17 (0.7)	37 (1.5)	33 (1.3)	38 (1.5)	37 (1.5)	408 (16.2)
Source: National Observatory of Athens^[187]

Government

urban and metropolitan areas as of 2011

According to the

Thessaloniki Urban Area was made up of twice as many municipalities, considerably smaller in size, which created bureaucratic problems.^[188]

Thessaloniki Municipality

The

Thessaloniki Urban Area, with its central district (the city centre), referred to as the Kentro, meaning 'centre' or 'downtown'.^[189]

The city's first mayor, Osman Sait Bey, was appointed when the institution of mayor was inaugurated under the Ottoman Empire in 1912. The incumbent mayor is Stelios Angeloudis. In 2011, the municipality of Thessaloniki had a budget of €464.33 million^[190] while the budget of 2012 stands at €409.00 million.^[191]

Other

Ministry for Macedonia and Thrace, designed by Vitaliano Poselli

in 1891

Thessaloniki is the second largest city in Greece. It is an influential city for the northern parts of the country and is the capital of the region of Central Macedonia and the Thessaloniki regional unit. The Ministry of Macedonia and Thrace is also based in Thessaloniki, since the city is the de facto capital of the Greek region of Macedonia.^{[citation needed]}

It is customary every year for the Prime Minister of Greece to announce his administration's policies on a number of issues, such as the economy, at the opening night of the Thessaloniki International Fair. In 2010, during the first months of the 2010 Greek debt crisis, the entire cabinet of Greece met in Thessaloniki to discuss the country's future.^[192]

In the Hellenic Parliament, the Thessaloniki urban area constitutes a 17-seat constituency. As of the June 2023 Greek legislative election the largest party in Thessaloniki is the New Democracy with 35.28% of the vote, followed by Syriza (17.52%).^[193] The table below summarizes the results of the latest elections.

**June 2023 election results for Thessaloniki A**
Party	Votes	%	Shift	MPs (17)	Change
New Democracy	102,449	35.28%	1.13%	8 / 17 (47%)	1
Syriza	50,877	17.52%	2.18%	3 / 17 (18%)	1
Communist Party of Greece	23,732	8.17%	0.73%	1 / 17 (6%)	0
PASOK – KINAL	23,638	8.14%	0.20%	1 / 16 (6%)	0
Greek Solution	23,143	7.97%	0.38%	1 / 16 (6%)	1
Victory	15,567	5.36%	0.78%	1 / 16 (6%)	1
Spartans	14,592	5.03%	5.03%	1 / 16 (6%)	1
Course of Freedom	12,893	4.44%	0.08%	1 / 16 (6%)	1

Other parties (unrepresented)	23,493	8.09%	14.33%		0

Cityscape

Plan for central Thessaloniki by Ernest Hébrard. Much of the plan can be seen in today's city centre.

Architecture

Architecture in Thessaloniki is the direct result of the city's position at the centre of all historical developments in the Balkans. Aside from its commercial importance, Thessaloniki was also for many centuries the military and administrative hub of the region, and beyond this the transportation link between Europe and

the Levant. Merchants, traders and refugees from all over Europe settled in the city. The need for commercial and public buildings in this new era of prosperity led to the construction of large edifices in the city centre. During this time, the city saw the building of banks, large hotels, theatres, warehouses, and factories. Architects who designed some of the most notable buildings of the city, in the late 19th and early 20th century, include Vitaliano Poselli, Pietro Arrigoni, Xenophon Paionidis, Salvatore Poselli, Leonardo Gennari, Eli Modiano, Moshé Jacques, Joseph Pleyber, Frederic Charnot, Ernst Ziller, Max Rubens, Filimon Paionidis, Dimitris Andronikos, Levi Ernst, Angelos Siagas, Alexandros Tzonis and more, using mainly the styles of Eclecticism, Art Nouveau and Neobaroque

.

The city layout changed after 1870, when the seaside fortifications gave way to extensive piers, and many of the oldest walls of the city were demolished, including those surrounding the White Tower, which today stands as the main landmark of the city. As parts of the early Byzantine walls were demolished, this allowed the city to expand east and west along the coast.^[194]

The expansion of Eleftherias Square towards the sea completed the new commercial hub of the city and at the time was considered one of the most vibrant squares of the city. As the city grew, workers moved to the western districts, because of their proximity to factories and industrial activities; while the middle and upper classes gradually moved from the city-centre to the eastern suburbs, leaving mainly businesses. In 1917, a devastating fire swept through the city and burned uncontrollably for 32 hours.^[108] It destroyed the city's historic centre and a large part of its architectural heritage, but paved the way for modern development featuring wider diagonal avenues and monumental squares.^[108]^[195]

Panoramic view of Aristotelous Square, one of Thessaloniki's most recognizable areas, which was designed by Ernest Hébrard

City centre

beaux-arts architecture

of the post-fire architecture boom

After the Great Thessaloniki Fire of 1917, a team of architects and urban planners including

Ernest Hebrard, a French architect, chose the Byzantine era as the basis of their (re)building designs for Thessaloniki's city centre. The new city plan included axes, diagonal streets and monumental squares, with a street grid that would channel traffic smoothly. The plan of 1917 included provisions for future population expansions and a street and road network that would be, and still is sufficient today.^[108]

It contained sites for public buildings and provided for the restoration of Byzantine churches and Ottoman mosques.

Also called the historic centre, it is divided into several districts, including Dimokratias Square (Democracy Sq. known also as Vardaris) Ladadika (where many entertainment venues and tavernas are located), Kapani (where the city's central Modiano market is located), Diagonios, Navarinou, Rotonda, Agia Sofia and Hippodromio, which are all located around Thessaloniki's most central point, Aristotelous Square.

Various commercial stoas around Aristotelous are named from the city's past and historic personalities of the city, like stoa Hirsch, stoa Carasso/Ermou, Pelosov, Colombou, Levi, Modiano, Morpurgo, Mordoch, Simcha, Kastoria, Malakopi, Olympios, Emboron, Rogoti, Vyzantio, Tatti, Agiou Mina, Karipi etc.^[196]

The western portion of the city centre is home to Thessaloniki's law courts, its

central international railway station and the port, while its eastern side hosts the city's two universities, the Thessaloniki International Exhibition Centre, the city's main stadium

, its archaeological and Byzantine museums, the new city hall and its central parks and gardens, namely those of the ΧΑΝΘ and Pedion tou Areos.

Ano Poli

Ano Poli (also called Old Town and literally the Upper Town) is the heritage listed district north of Thessaloniki's city centre that was not engulfed by the

Greek and Ottoman architecture

. It is the favourite area of Thessaloniki's poets, intellectuals and bohemians.

Panorama of the city from Ano Poli

Ano Poli is also the highest point in Thessaloniki and as such, is the location of the city's acropolis, its Byzantine fort, the Heptapyrgion, a large portion of the city's remaining walls, and with many of its additional Ottoman and Byzantine structures still standing. With the capture of Thessaloniki by the Ottomans in 1430, after a lengthy siege of the city from 1422 to 1430, the Ottomans settled in Ano Poli. This geographical choice was attributed to the higher level of Ano Poli, which was convenient to control the rest of the population remotely, and the microclimate of the area, which favoured better living conditions in terms of hygiene compared to the areas of the centre.

Today, the area provides access to the

Seich Sou Forest National Park^[197] and features panoramic views of the whole city and the Thermaic Gulf. On clear days Mount Olympus

, at about 100 km (62 mi) away across the gulf, can also be seen towering the horizon.

Other districts of Thessaloniki Municipality

In the Municipality of Thessaloniki, in addition to the historic centre and the Upper Town, are included the following districts: Xirokrini, Dikastiria (Courts), Ichthioskala, Palaios Stathmos, Lachanokipoi, Behtsinari, Panagia Faneromeni, Doxa, Saranta Ekklisies, Evangelistria, Triandria, Agia Triada-Faliro, Ippokrateio, Charilaou, Analipsi, Depot and Toumba.

In the area of the Old Railway Station (Palaios Stathmos) began the construction of the Holocaust Museum of Greece.^[198]^[199] In this area are located the Railway Museum of Thessaloniki, the Water Supply Museum and large entertainment venues of the city, such as Milos, Fix, Vilka (which are housed in converted old factories). The Thessaloniki railway station is located on Monastiriou street.

Other extended and densely built-up residential areas are Charilaou and Toumba, which is divided into "Ano Toumpa" and "Kato Toumpa". Toumba was named after the homonymous hill of Toumba, where extensive archaeological research takes place. It was created by refugees after the 1922 Asia Minor disaster and the population exchange (1923–24). On Exochon avenue (Rue des Campagnes, today Vasilissis Olgas and Vasileos Georgiou Avenues), was up until the 1920s home to the city's most affluent residents and formed the outermost suburbs of the city at the time, with the area close to the Thermaic Gulf, from the 19th-century holiday villas which defined the area.^[200]^[201]

Thessaloniki urban area

The cultural centre (including MOMus–Museum of Modern Art–Costakis Collection and two theatres of the National Theatre of Northern Greece), former Catholic Lazarist Monastery (Moni Lazariston)

Other districts of the wider urban area of Thessaloniki are Ampelokipi, Eleftherio – Kordelio, Menemeni, Evosmos, Ilioupoli, Stavroupoli, Nikopoli, Neapoli, Polichni, Paeglos, Meteora, Agios Pavlos, Kalamaria, Pylaia and the Sykies. Northwestern Thessaloniki is home to Moni Lazariston, located in Stavroupoli, which today forms one of the most important cultural centres for the city, including MOMus–Museum of Modern Art–Costakis Collection and two theatres of the National Theatre of Northern Greece.^[202]^[203]

In northwestern Thessaloniki many cultural premises exist, such as the open-air Theater Manos Katrakis in Sykies, the Museum of Refugee Hellenism in Neapolis, the municipal theatre and the open-air theatre in Neapoli and the New Cultural Centre of Menemeni (Ellis Alexiou Street).^[204] The Stavroupolis Botanical Garden on Perikleous Street includes 1,000 species of plants and is a 5-acre (2.0 ha) oasis of greenery. The Environmental Education Centre in Kordelio was designed in 1997 and is one of a few public buildings of bioclimatic design in Thessaloniki.^[205]

Northwest Thessaloniki forms the main entry point into the city of Thessaloniki with the avenues of Monastiriou, Lagkada and 26is Octovriou passing through it, as well as the extension of the A1 motorway, feeding into Thessaloniki's city centre. The area is home to the

military cemetery

.

Monuments have also been erected in honour of the fighters of the

Greek Resistance, as in these areas the Resistance was very active: the monument of Greek National Resistance in Sykies, the monument of Greek National Resistance in Stavroupolis, the Statue of the struggling Mother in Eptalofos Square and the monument of the young Greeks who were executed by the Nazis on 11 May 1944 in Xirokrini. In Eptalofos, on 15 May 1941, one month after the occupation of the country, the first resistance organization in Greece, "Eleftheria", was founded, with its newspaper and the first illegal printing house in the city of Thessaloniki.^[206]^[207]

Today southeastern Thessaloniki has in some way become an extension of the city centre, with the avenues of Megalou Alexandrou, Georgiou Papandreou (Antheon), Vasileos Georgiou, Vasilissis Olgas, Delfon, Konstantinou Karamanli (Nea Egnatia) and Papanastasiou passing through it, enclosing an area traditionally called Ντεπώ (Depó, lit. Dépôt), from the name of the old tram station, owned by a French company.

The municipality of

Asia Minor and East Thrace after 1922.^[208] There are built the Northern Greece Naval Command and the old royal palace (called Palataki), located on the most westerly point of Mikro Emvolo

cape.

Paleochristian and Byzantine monuments (UNESCO)

Saint Demetrius

, patron saint of the city, built in the fourth century, is the largest basilica in Greece and one of the city's most prominent Paleochristian monuments.

Panagia Chalkeon

church in Thessaloniki (1028 AD), one of the 15 UNESCO World Heritage Sites in the city

Because of Thessaloniki's importance during the

Hagios Demetrios.^[160]

By the eighth century, the city had become an important administrative centre of the

mosques,^[160] but have survived to this day. Travellers such as Paul Lucas and Abdulmejid I^[160] document the city's wealth in Christian monuments during the years of Ottoman

control of the city.

The church of Hagios Demetrios burned down during the Great Thessaloniki Fire of 1917, as did many other city monuments, but it was rebuilt. During World War II, the city was extensively bombed and as such many of Thessaloniki's paleochristian and Byzantine monuments were heavily damaged.^[209] Some of the sites were not restored until the 1980s. Thessaloniki has more monuments listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site than any other city in Greece, a total of 15 monuments.^[160] They have been listed since 1988.^[160]

Urban sculpture

There are around 150 statues or busts in the city.^[210] Probably the most famous one is the equestrian statue of Alexander the Great on the promenade, placed in 1973 and created by sculptor Evangelos Moustakas. An equestrian statue of Constantine I, by sculptor Georgios Dimitriades, is located in Demokratias Square. Other notable statues include that of Eleftherios Venizelos by sculptor Giannis Pappas, Pavlos Melas by Natalia Mela, the statue of Emmanouel Pappas by Memos Makris, Chrysostomos of Smyrna by Athanasios Apartis, Aristotle on Aristotelous Square and such as various creations by George Zongolopoulos.

Thessaloniki 2012 Programme

With the 100th anniversary of the 1912 incorporation of Thessaloniki into Greece, the government announced a large-scale redevelopment programme for the city of Thessaloniki, which aims in addressing the current environmental and spatial problems^[211] that the city faces. More specifically, the programme will drastically change the physiognomy of the city^[211] by relocating the Thessaloniki International Exhibition Centre and grounds of the Thessaloniki International Fair outside the city centre and turning the current location into a large metropolitan park,^[212] redeveloping the coastal front of the city,^[212] relocating the city's numerous military camps and using the grounds and facilities to create large parklands and cultural centres;^[212] and the complete redevelopment of the harbour and the Lachanokipoi and Dendropotamos districts (behind and near the Port of Thessaloniki) into a commercial business district,^[212] with possible highrise developments.^[213]

The plan also envisions the creation of new wide avenues in the outskirts of the city^[212] and the creation of pedestrian-only zones in the city centre.^[212] Furthermore, the program includes plans to expand the jurisdiction of Seich Sou Forest National Park^[211] and the improvement of accessibility to and from the Old Town.^[211] The ministry has said that the project will take an estimated 15 years to be completed, in 2025.^[212]

Part of the plan has been implemented with extensive pedestrianisations within the city centre by the municipality of Thessaloniki and the revitalisation the eastern urban waterfront/promenade, Νέα Παραλία (Néa Paralía, lit. new promenade), with a modern and vibrant design. Its first section opened in 2008, having been awarded as the best public project in Greece of the last five years by the Hellenic Institute of Architecture.^[214]

The municipality of Thessaloniki's budget for the reconstruction of important areas of the city and the completion of the waterfront, opened in January 2014, was estimated at €28.2 million (US$39.9 million) for the year 2011 alone.^[215]

Economy

Thessaloniki rose to economic prominence as a major economic hub in the

Jewish community was also an important factor in the trade sector.^{[citation needed}

]

Historically important industries for the economy of Thessaloniki included tobacco (in 1946 35% of all tobacco companies in Greece were headquartered in the city, and 44% in 1979)^[221] and banking (in Ottoman years Thessaloniki was a major centre for investment from western Europe, with the Banque de Salonique having a capital of 20 million French francs in 1909).^[93]

Services

The service sector accounts for nearly two-thirds of the total labour force of Thessaloniki.^[222] Of those working in services, 20% were employed in trade; 13% in education and healthcare; 7.1% in real estate; 6.3% in transport, communications and storage; 6.1% in the finance industry and service-providing organizations; 5.7% in public administration and insurance services; and 5.4% in hotels and restaurants.^[222]

The city's port, the

Aghioi Theodoroi, surpassing Piraeus. At 273,282 TEUs, it is also Greece's second-largest container port after Piraeus.^[225] As a result, the city is a major transportation hub for the whole of south-eastern Europe,^[226] carrying, among other things, trade to and from the neighbouring countries.^{[citation needed}

]

In recent years Thessaloniki has begun to turn into a major port for

Mediterranean.^[223] The Greek ministry of tourism considers Thessaloniki to be Greece's second most important commercial port,^[227] and companies such as Royal Caribbean International have expressed interest in adding the Port of Thessaloniki to their destinations.^[227] A total of 30 cruise ships are expected to arrive at Thessaloniki in 2011.^[227]

Companies

Recent history

After

WWII and the Greek Civil War, heavy industrialization of the city's suburbs began in the mid-1950s.^[228]

During the 1980s, a spate of factory shutdowns occurred, mostly of automobile manufacturers, such as Agricola, AutoDiana, EBIAM, Motoemil, Pantelemidis-TITAN and C.AR. Since the 1990s, companies took advantage of cheaper labour markets and more lax regulations in other countries, and among the largest companies to shut down factories were Goodyear,^[229] AVEZ pasta industry (one of the first industrial factories in northern Greece, built in 1926),^[230] Philkeram Johnson, AGNO dairy and VIAMIL.

However, Thessaloniki still remains a major business hub in the Balkans and Greece, with a number of important Greek companies headquartered in the city, such as the

MLS Multimedia, which introduced the first Greek-built smartphone in 2012.^[231]

Industry

In early 1960s, with the collaboration of Standard Oil and ESSO-Pappas, a large industrial zone was created, containing refineries, oil refinery and steel production (owned by Hellenic Steel Co.). The zone attracted also a series of different factories during the next decades.

Alumil SA

.

Multinational companies such as Air Liquide, Cyanamid, Nestlé, Pfizer, Coca-Cola Hellenic Bottling Company and Vivartia have also industrial facilities in the suburbs of the city.^[233]

Foodstuff

Foodstuff or drink companies headquartered in the city include the

Mythos Brewery, Malamatina, while the Goody's chain started from the city.^{[citation needed}

]

The American Farm School also has important contribution in food production.^[234]

Macroeconomic indicators

In 2011, the

PPP^[216] – this is comparable to the German state of Brandenburg.^[216] Overall, Thessaloniki accounts for 8.9% of the total economy of Greece.^[216] Between 1995 and 2008 Thessaloniki's GDP saw an average growth rate of 4.1% per annum (ranging from +14.5% in 1996 to −11.1% in 2005) while in 2011 the economy contracted by −7.8%.^[216]

Demographics

Historical ethnic statistics

The tables below show the ethnic statistics of Thessaloniki during the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century.

Year	Total Population		Jewish		Turkish		Greek		Bulgarians		Roma		Other
1890^[120]	118,000	100%	55,000	47%	39,000	22%	28,000	14%	14,000	8%	5,500	2%	8,500	7%
Around 1913^[119]	157,889	100%	61,439	39%	45,889	29%	39,956	25%	6,263	4%	2,721	2%	1,621	1%

Population growth

Population
Year	Pop.
100	200,000
1348	150,000
1453	40,000
1679	36,000
1842	70,000
1870	90,000
1882	85,000
1890	118,000
1902	126,000
1913	157,000
1917	230,000
1951	297,164
1961	377,026
1981	406,413
2001	954,027
2011	1,030,338
2021	1,091,424
From 2001 on, data on the city's metropolitan area. References:^[55]^[108]^[235]^[236]^[237]^[238]^[239]

The municipality of Thessaloniki is the most populous in the Thessaloniki Urban Area. Its population has increased in the latest census and the metropolitan area's population rose to over one million. The city forms the base of the Thessaloniki metropolitan area, with latest census in 2021 giving it a population of 1,091,424.^[235]

**Population of the Municipality and Metropolitan areas of Thessaloniki**
Year	Municipality	Metropolitan area	rank
2001	363,987^[238]	954,027^[238]	2nd
2011	325,182^[235]	1,030,338^[235]
2021	317,778^[4]	1,091,424^{[citation needed]}	2nd

Jews of Thessaloniki

The Jewish population in Greece is the oldest in mainland Europe (see Romaniotes). When Paul the Apostle came to Thessaloniki, he taught in the area of what today is called Upper City. Later, during the Ottoman period, with the coming of Sephardic Jews from Spain, the community of Thessaloniki became mostly Sephardic. Thessaloniki became the largest centre in Europe of the Sephardic Jews, who nicknamed the city la madre de Israel (Israel's mother)^[147] and "Jerusalem of the Balkans".^[240] It also included the historically significant and ancient Greek-speaking Romaniote community. During the Ottoman era, Thessaloniki's Sephardic community was half of the population according to the Ottoman Census of 1902 and almost 40% the city's population of 157,000 about 1913; Jewish merchants were prominent in commerce until the ethnic Greek population increased after Thessaloniki was incorporated into the Kingdom of Greece in 1913. By the 1680s, about 300 families of Sephardic Jews, followers of Sabbatai Zevi, had converted to Islam, becoming a sect known as the Dönmeh (convert), and migrated to Salonika, whose population was majority Jewish. They established an active community that thrived for about 250 years. Many of their descendants later became prominent in trade.^[241] Many Jewish inhabitants of Thessaloniki spoke Judeo-Spanish, the Romance language of the Sephardic Jews.^[242]

From the second half of the 19th century with the Ottoman reforms, the Jewish community had a new revival. Many French and especially Italian Jews (from Livorno and other cities), influential in introducing new methods of education and developing new schools and intellectual environment for the Jewish population, were established in Thessaloniki. Such modernists introduced also new techniques and ideas from the industrialised Western Europe and from the 1880s the city began to industrialize. The Italian Jews Allatini brothers led Jewish entrepreneurship, establishing milling and other food industries, brickmaking and processing plants for tobacco. Several traders supported the introduction of a large textile-production industry, superseding the weaving of cloth in a system of artisanal production. Notable names of the era include among others the Italo-Jewish Modiano family and the Allatini. Benrubis founded also in 1880 one of the first retail companies in the Balkans.

After the Balkan Wars, Thessaloniki was incorporated into the Kingdom of Greece in 1913. At first the community feared that the annexation would lead to difficulties and during the first years its political stance was, in general, anti-Venizelist and pro-royalist/conservative. The Great Thessaloniki Fire of 1917 during World War I burned much of the centre of the city and left 50,000 Jews homeless of the total of 72,000 residents who were burned out.^[137] Having lost homes and their businesses, many Jews emigrated: to the United States, Palestine, and Paris. They could not wait for the government to create a new urban plan for rebuilding, which was eventually done.^[243]

After the

Metaxas regime

, the stance towards Jews became even better.

Axis occupation

World War II brought a disaster for the Jewish Greeks, since in 1941 the Germans occupied Greece and began actions against the Jewish population. Greeks of the Resistance helped save some of the Jewish residents.^[147] By the 1940s, the great majority of the Jewish Greek community firmly identified as both Greek and Jewish. According to Misha Glenny, such Greek Jews had largely not encountered "anti-Semitism as in its North European form."^[244]

In 1943, the Nazis began brutal actions against the historic Jewish population in Thessaloniki, forcing them into a

Holocaust memorial in Eleftherias ("Freedom") Square was built in 1997 in memory of all the Jewish people from Thessaloniki murdered in the Holocaust. The site was chosen because it was the place where Jewish residents were rounded up before embarking to trains for concentration camps.^[246]^[247] Today, a community of around 1200 remains in the city.^[147] Communities of descendants of Thessaloniki Jews – both Sephardic and Romaniote – live in other areas, mainly the United States and Israel.^[245] Israeli singer Yehuda Poliker

recorded a song about the Jewish people of Thessaloniki, called "Wait for me, Thessaloniki".

Year	Total population	Jewish population	Jewish percentage	Source^[137]
1842	70,000	36,000	51%	Jakob Philipp Fallmerayer
1870	90,000	50,000	56%	Greek schoolbook (G.K. Moraitopoulos, 1882)
1882/84	85,000	48,000	56%	Ottoman government census
1902	126,000	62,000	49%	Ottoman government census
1913	157,889	61,439	39%	Greek government census
1917	271,157	52,000	19%	^[248]
1943		50,000
2000	363,987^[238]	1,000	0.27%

Others

Since the late 19th century, many merchants from Western Europe (mainly from France and Italy) were established in the city. They had an important role in the social and economic life of the city and introduced new industrial techniques. Their main district was what is known today as the "Frankish district" (near

Nazis

.

The Bulgarian community of the city increased during the late 19th century.^[251] The community had a Men's High School, a Girl's High School, a trade union and a gymnastics society. A large part of them were Catholics, as a result of actions by the Lazarists society, which had its base in the city.

Another group is the

Greco-Turkish War (1919–22), many fled to Greece including Thessaloniki. There is also an Armenian cemetery and an Armenian church at the centre of the city.^[252]

Culture

Leisure and entertainment

Thessaloniki is regarded not only as the cultural and entertainment capital of northern Greece^[209]^[253] but also the cultural capital of the country as a whole.^[11] The city's main theaters, run by the National Theatre of Northern Greece (Greek: Κρατικό Θέατρο Βορείου Ελλάδος) which was established in 1961,^[254] include the Theater of the Society of Macedonian Studies, where the National Theater is based, the Royal Theater (Βασιλικό Θέατρο)-the first base of the National Theater-, Moni Lazariston, and the Earth Theater and Forest Theater, both amphitheatrical open-air theatres overlooking the city.^[254]

The title of the European Capital of Culture in 1997 saw the birth of the city's first opera^[255] and today forms an independent section of the National Theatre of Northern Greece.^[256] The opera is based at the Thessaloniki Concert Hall, one of the largest concert halls in Greece. Recently a second building was also constructed and designed by Japanese architect Arata Isozaki. Thessaloniki is also the seat of two symphony orchestras, the Thessaloniki State Symphony Orchestra and the Symphony Orchestra of the Municipality of Thessaloniki. Olympion Theater, the site of the Thessaloniki International Film Festival and the Plateia Assos Odeon multiplex are the two major cinemas in downtown Thessaloniki. The city also has a number of multiplex cinemas in major shopping malls in the suburbs, most notably in Mediterranean Cosmos, the largest retail and entertainment development in the Balkans.

Thessaloniki is renowned for its major shopping streets and lively laneways. Tsimiski Street, Mitropoleos and Proxenou Koromila avenue are the city's most famous shopping streets and are among Greece's most expensive and exclusive high streets. The city is also home to one of Greece's most famous and prestigious hotels, Makedonia Palace hotel, the Hyatt Regency Casino and hotel (the biggest casino in Greece and one of the biggest in Europe) and Waterland, the largest water park in southeastern Europe.

The city has long been known in Greece for its vibrant city culture, including having the most cafes and bars per capita of any city in Europe; and as having some of the best nightlife and entertainment in the country, thanks to its large young population and multicultural feel. Lonely Planet listed Thessaloniki among the world's "ultimate party cities".^[257]

Parks and recreation

Although Thessaloniki is not renowned for its parks and greenery throughout its urban area, where green spaces are few, it has several large open spaces around its waterfront, namely the central city gardens of Palios Zoologikos Kipos (which is recently being redeveloped to also include rock climbing facilities, a new skatepark and paintball range),^[258] the park of Pedion tou Areos, which also holds the city's annual floral expo; and the parks of the Nea Paralia (waterfront) that span for 3 km (2 mi) along the coast, from the White Tower to the concert hall.

The Nea Paralia parks are used throughout the year for a variety of events, while they open up to the Thessaloniki waterfront, which is lined up with several cafés and bars; and during summer is full of Thessalonians enjoying their long evening walks (referred to as "the volta" and is embedded into the culture of the city). Having undergone an extensive revitalization, the city's waterfront today features a total of 12 thematic gardens/parks.^[259]

Thessaloniki's proximity to places such as the national parks of Pieria and beaches of Chalkidiki often allow its residents to easily have access to some of the best outdoor recreation in Europe; however, the city is also right next to the Seich Sou forest national park, just 3.5 km (2 mi) away from Thessaloniki's city centre; and offers residents and visitors alike, quiet viewpoints towards the city, mountain bike trails and landscaped hiking paths.^[260] The city's zoo, which is operated by the municipality of Thessaloniki, is also located nearby the national park.^[261]

Other recreation spaces throughout the Thessaloniki metropolitan area include the Fragma Thermis, a landscaped parkland near Thermi and the Delta wetlands west of the city centre; while urban beaches that have continuously been awarded the blue flags,^[262] are located along the 10 km (6 mi) coastline of Thessaloniki's southeastern suburbs of Thermaikos, about 20 km (12 mi) away from the city centre.

Museums and galleries

View of the Thessaloniki Science Centre and Technology Museum (also known as NOESIS) on the road to Thermi

Because of the city's rich and diverse history, Thessaloniki houses many museums dealing with many different eras in history. Two of the city's most famous museums include the Archaeological Museum of Thessaloniki and the Museum of Byzantine Culture.

The

Prehistoric Antiquities Museum of Thessaloniki

has exhibits from those periods as well.

The Museum of Byzantine Culture is one of the city's most famous museums, showcasing the city's glorious Byzantine past.^[266] The museum was also awarded Council of Europe's museum prize in 2005.^[267] The museum of the White Tower of Thessaloniki houses a series of galleries relating to the city's past, from the creation of the White Tower until recent years.^[268]

One of the most modern museums in the city is the

amphitheater, a motion simulator with 3D projection and 6-axis movement and exhibition spaces.^[269] Other industrial and technological museums in the city include the Railway Museum of Thessaloniki, which houses an original Orient Express train, the War Museum of Thessaloniki and others. The city also has a number of educational and sports museums, including the Thessaloniki History Centre and the Thessaloniki Olympic Museum

.

The

Historical Museum of the Balkan Wars, the Jewish Museum of Thessaloniki and the Museum of the Macedonian Struggle, containing information about the anti-Ottoman rebellions of the late 19th and early 20th centuries.^[271] Construction on the Holocaust Museum of Greece began in the city in 2018.^[199]

The city also has a number of important art galleries. Such include the

Thessaloniki Museum of Photography also houses a number of important exhibitions, and is located within the old port of Thessaloniki.^[274]

Archaeological sites

Thessaloniki is home to a number of prominent archaeological sites. Apart from its recognized UNESCO World Heritage Sites, Thessaloniki features a large two-terraced

gladiatorial games.^[276] Although the initial complex was not built in Roman times, it was largely refurbished in the second century.^[277] It is believed that the forum and the theater continued to be used until at least the sixth century.^[278]

Another important archaeological site is the imperial palace complex which Roman emperor Galerius, located at Navarinou Square, commissioned when he made Thessaloniki the capital of his portion of the Roman Empire.^[44]^[45] The large octagonal portion of the complex, most of which survives to this day, is believed to have been an imperial throne room.^[276] Various mosaics from the palatial complex have also survived.^[279] Some historians believe that the complex must have been in use as an imperial residence until the 11th century.^[278]

Not far from the palace itself is the

Persians.^[276]^[279] The original structure featured three arches;^[276] however, only two full arches and part of the third survive to this day. Many of the arches' marble parts survive as well,^[276]

although it is mostly the brick interior that can be seen today.

Other monuments of the city's past, such as Las Incantadas, a Caryatid portico from the ancient forum, have been removed or destroyed over the years. Las Incantadas in particular are on display at the Louvre.^[275]^[280] Thanks to a private donation of €180,000, it was announced on 6 December 2011 that a replica of Las Incantadas would be commissioned and later put on display in Thessaloniki.^[280]

The construction of the

Decumanus Maximus was also found and 75 metres (246 ft) of the marble-paved and column-lined road were unearthed along with shops, other buildings, and plumbing, prompting one scholar to describe the discovery as "the Byzantine Pompeii".^[283] Some of the artefacts will be put on display inside the metro stations, while Venizelou will feature the world's first open archaeological site located within a metro station.^[284]^[285]

Festivals

Thessaloniki is home of a number of festivals and events.^[286] The Thessaloniki International Fair is the most important event to be hosted in the city annually, by means of economic development. It was first established in 1926^[287] and takes place every year at the 180,000 m² (1,900,000 sq ft) Thessaloniki International Exhibition Centre. The event attracts major political attention and it is customary for the Prime Minister of Greece to outline his administration's policies for the next year, during event. Over 250,000 visitors attended the exposition in 2010.^[288] The new Art Thessaloniki, is starting first time 29.10. – 1 November 2015 as an international contemporary art fair. The

FIPRESCI and Audience Awards.^[291]

The Dimitria festival, founded in 1966 and named after the city's

St. Demetrius, has focused on a wide range of events including music, theatre, dance, local happenings, and exhibitions.^[292] The "DMC DJ Championship" has been hosted at the International Trade Fair of Thessaloniki, has become a worldwide event for aspiring DJs and turntablists. The "International Festival of Photography" has taken place every February to mid-April.^[293] Exhibitions for the event are sited in museums, heritage landmarks, galleries, bookshops and cafés. Thessaloniki also holds an annual International Book Fair.^[294]

Between 1962–1997 and 2005–2008, the city also hosted the

Alexandreio Melathron.^[296]

In 2012, the city hosted its first pride parade, Thessaloniki Pride, which took place between 22 and 23 June.^[297] It has been held every year ever since, however in 2013 transgender people participating in the parade became victims of police brutality. The issue was soon settled by the government.^[298] The city's Greek Orthodox Church leadership has consistently rallied against the event, but mayor Boutaris sided with Thessaloniki Pride, saying also that Thessaloniki would seek to host EuroPride 2020.^[299] The event was given to Thessaloniki in September 2017, beating Bergen, Brussels, and Hamburg.^[300] Since 1998, the city host Thessaloniki International G.L.A.D. Film Festival, the first LGBT film festival in Greece.

Sports

The main stadium of the city is the Kaftanzoglio Stadium (also home ground of Iraklis F.C.), while other main stadiums of the city include the football Toumba Stadium and Kleanthis Vikelidis Stadium home grounds of PAOK FC and Aris F.C., respectively, all of whom are founding members of the Greek league.

Being the largest "multi-sport" stadium in the city,

Athens 2004 venue,^[301] while in 2009 the city and the stadium hosted the 2009 IAAF World Athletics Final

.

Thessaloniki's major indoor arenas include the state-owned

Apollon FC based in Kalamaria, Agrotikos Asteras F.C. based in Evosmos and YMCA. Thessaloniki has a rich sporting history with its teams winning the first ever panhellenic football (Aris FC),^[302] basketball (Iraklis BC),^[303] and water polo (AC Aris)^[304]

tournaments.

During recent years, PAOK FC has emerged as the strongest football club of the city, winning also the Greek championship without a defeat (2018–19 season).

The city played a major role in the development of basketball in Greece. The local YMCA was the first to introduce the sport to the country, while

Iraklis has emerged since 2000 as one of the most successful teams in Greece^[305] and Europe – see 2005–06 CEV Champions League.^[306] In October 2007, Thessaloniki also played host to the first Southeastern European Games.^[307]

The city is also the finish point of the annual

Alexander The Great Marathon, which starts at Pella, in recognition of its Ancient Macedonian heritage.^[308]

There are also aquatic and athletic complexes such as Ethniko and Poseidonio.

Main sports clubs in Thessaloniki
Club	Founded	Venue	Capacity	Notes
GS Iraklis	1908 (originally as Macedonikos Gymnasticos Syllogos)	Kaftanzoglio National Stadium	27,770
GS Iraklis	1908 (originally as Macedonikos Gymnasticos Syllogos)	Ivanofeio Indoor Hall		Panhellenic titles in football, basketball, rugby, volleyball. Volleyball Champions League finalists (3 times)
Maccabi Thessaloniki	1908			Historically representative of the Jewish community . Today members of any religious faith
AC Aris Thessaloniki	1914	Kleanthis Vikelidis Stadium	22,800
AC Aris Thessaloniki	1914	Palais des Sports )	5,500	Panhellenic titles in football, basketball, volleyball, waterpolo. Three European Cups in basketball
YMCA Thessaloniki (ΧΑΝΘ)	1921			Presence in A1 basketball. Major role in introduction of basketball in Greece
Megas Alexandros	1923			Presence in First Division of Football Panhellenic Championship
P.A.O.K.	1926	Toumba Stadium	28,703
P.A.O.K.	1926	P.A.O.K. Sports Arena	10,000	Panhellenic titles in football, basketball, volleyball, handball. Two European Cups in basketball. Most time winners in women's football
Apollon Kalamarias/Pontou	1926	Kalamaria Stadium	6,500
M.E.N.T.	1926			Presence in A1 basketball
V.A.O.	1926			Presence in A1 basketball. Panhellenic titles in handball
Makedonikos F.C.	1928	Makedonikos Stadium	8,100	Presence in first division of men's football
Agrotikos Asteras F.C.	1932	Evosmos Stadium
Aias Evosmou	1967	DAK Evosmou

Media

Thessaloniki is home to the ERT3 TV-channel and Radio Macedonia, both services of Hellenic Broadcasting Corporation (ERT) operating in the city and are broadcast all over Greece.^[309] The municipality of Thessaloniki also operates three radio stations, namely FM100, FM101 and FM100.6;^[

state-owned TV station in Greece and opened in 1988.^{[citation needed]} Several private TV-networks also broadcast out from Thessaloniki, with Makedonia TV

being the most popular.
The city's main newspapers and some of the most circulated in Greece, include Makedonia, which was also the first newspaper published in Thessaloniki in 1911 and Aggelioforos. A large number of radio stations also broadcast from Thessaloniki as the city is known for its music contributions.

TV broadcasting

ERT3 (Panhellenic broadcasting)

Makedonia TV (Panhellenic)

4E TV (Panhellenic)

TV 100 (Regional)

Vergina TV (Regional)

Atlas TV (Regional)

Press

Makedonia (national publication)

Aggelioforos (national)

Metrosport (sports, national)

Fair Play (sports, national)

Aris Ise (sports, weekly, national)

Forza (sports, weekly, national)

Thessaloniki (weekly, national)

Ikonomiki (financial)

Parallaxi (daily, online)

Notable Thessalonians

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Main article: List of Thessalonians

Mosaic of Saint Demetrius of Thessaloniki in the Church of Saint Demetrius in Thessaloniki

Throughout its history, Thessaloniki has been home to a number of well-known figures and people.

Saints and other religious figures

Demetrius of Thessaloniki

Cyril and Methodius (creators of the first Slavic alphabet)

Saint Mitre

Saint Demetrius
, not to be confused with the previous

Gregorios Palamas

Matthew Blastares

Patriarch Philotheus I of Constantinople

Paisios of Mount Athos

Other Byzantine-era notable people

Jurist
Constantine Armenopoulos

Historians John Kaminiates, Demetrius Triclinius, Thomas Magistros

The anti-Palamian theologians Prochoros and Demetrios Kydones

Scholars Theodorus Gaza (Thessalonicensis) and Matthaios Kamariotis

Musicians and movie personalities

Zoe Laskari

Costas Hajihristos

Stella Haskil

Giannis Dalianidis

Maria Plyta

Harry Klynn

Antonis Remos

Paschalis Terzis

Nikos Papazoglou

Nikolas Asimos

Giorgos Hatzinasios

Alberto Eskenazi

Stavros Kouyioumtzis

Giannis Kalatzis

Natassa Theodoridou

Katia Zygouli

Kostas Voutsas

Takis Kanellopoulos

Titos Vandis

Manolis Chiotis

Dionysis Savvopoulos

Marinella

Yvonne Sanson

The classical composer Emilios Riadis

Politicians born in the city

Ioannis Skandalidis

Alexandros Zannas

Evangelos Venizelos

Christos Sartzetakis, the fourth President of Greece

Yiannis Boutaris

Sports personalities from the city

Nikos Galis

Georgios Roubanis

Giannis Ioannidis

Faidon Matthaiou

Alketas Panagoulias

Panagiotis Fasoulas

Eleni Daniilidou

Traianos Dellas

Giorgos Koudas

Kleanthis Vikelidis

Christos Kostis

Dimitris Salpingidis

Nikos Zisis

Writers from Thessaloniki

Grigorios Zalykis

Manolis Anagnostakis

Kleitos Kyrou

Albertos Nar

Elias Petropoulos

Kostis Moskof

Rena Molho

Dinos Christianopoulos

Other notable people born in Thessaloniki

Fashion designer Sero (Serovpe) Ambrahamian (1949–1983)^[310]^[311]^[312]^[313]

Philanthropist and benefactor Ioannis Papafis

Architect Lysandros Kaftanzoglou

International personalities

Bulgarians
(Atanas Dalchev)

Jews
Moshe Levy

Maurice Abravanel

Isaak Benrubi

Isaac and Daniel Carasso

Raphaël Salem

Baruch Uziel

Shlomo Halevi Alkabetz

Salamo Arouch

Avraam Benaroya

Slav Macedonians

Dimo Todorovski

Italians
Luisa Poselli

Giacomo Poselli

Vittorio Citterich

French people
Louis Dumont

Spanish people

Juana Mordó

Turks
Mustafa Kemal Atatürk

Nâzım Hikmet

Afet İnan

Cahit Arf

Mehmet Cavit Bey

Sabiha Sertel

Abdul Kerim Pasha

Hasan Tahsin Uzer

Hasan Tahsin

Armenians
Jean Tatlian

Cuisine

See also:
Macedonian cuisine (Greek)

Frappé coffee

Bougatsa, typical Thessalonian treat

Because Thessaloniki remained under Ottoman rule for about 100 years longer than southern Greece, it has retained a lot of its Eastern character, including its culinary tastes.^[314] Spices in particular play an important role in the cuisine of Thessaloniki,^[314] something which is not true to the same degree about Greece's southern regions.^[314] Thessaloniki's Ladadika borough is a particularly busy area in regards to Thessalonian cuisine, with most tavernas serving traditional meze and other such culinary delights.^[314]
Bougatsa, a breakfast pastry, which can be either sweet or savory, is very popular throughout the city and has spread around other parts of Greece and the Balkans as well. Another popular snack is koulouri.
Notable sweets of the city are Trigona, Roxákia, Kourkoubinia and Armenonville. A stereotypical Thessalonian coffee drink is Frappé coffee. Frappé was invented in the Thessaloniki International Fair in 1957 and has since spread throughout Greece and Cyprus to become a hallmark of the Greek coffee culture.
Kapani or Agora Viali is the oldest central market in Thessaloniki, with shops selling fish, meat, vegetables, fruits, drinks, olives, sweets, nuts, spices^[315]^[316]^[317] and Modiano Market is located nearby.^[318]

Tourism

Hotel Luxemvourgo on Komninon Street (1924, arch. Eli Modiano)

View of the Makedonia Palace on the promenade

A tourism boom took place in the 2010s, during the years of mayor
24-hour culture.^[319]

Music

The city is viewed as a romantic one in Greece, and as such Thessaloniki is commonly featured in Greek songs.^[320] There are a number of famous songs that go by the name 'Thessaloniki' (rebetiko, laïko etc.) or include the name in their title.^[321]
During the 1930s and 1940s, the city became a centre of the Rebetiko music, partly because of the Metaxas censorship, which was stricter in Athens. Vassilis Tsitsanis wrote some of his best songs^{[according to whom?]} in Thessaloniki.
The city is the birthplace of significant composers in the Greek music scene, such as Manolis Chiotis, Stavros Kouyioumtzis and Dionysis Savvopoulos. It is also notable for its rock music scene and its many rock groups; some became famous such as Xylina Spathia, Trypes or the pop rock group Onirama.
Between 1962–1997 and 2005–2008 the city also hosted the Thessaloniki Song Festival. In the Eurovision Song Contest 2013 Greece was represented by Koza Mostra and Agathonas Iakovidis, both from Thessaloniki.

In popular culture

In May 1936, a massive strike by tobacco workers led to general anarchy in the city and Ioannis Metaxas (future dictator, then PM) ordered its repression. The events and the deaths of the protesters inspired Yiannis Ritsos to write the Epitafios.

On 22 May 1963,
military junta
had seized power in Greece.

Notable films set or shot in Thessaloniki, among others, include Georg Wilhelm Pabst, The Barefooted Battalion (1954) by Greg Tallas (Gregory Thalassinos), O Atsídas (1961) by Giannis Dalianidis, Parenthesis (1968) by Takis Kanellopoulos, Triumph of the Spirit (1989) by Robert M. Young, Eternity and a Day by Theo Angelopoulos (1998) and Ouzeri Tsitsanis (2015) by Manousos Manousakis
.

Education

See also:
Aristotle University and University of Macedonia

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Aerial view of the campus of the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (to the right), the largest university in Greece and the Balkans

Thessaloniki is a major centre of education for Greece. Three of the country's largest universities are located in central Thessaloniki:
Aristotle University, the University of Macedonia
and the municipality of Thessaloniki.
Additionally, a
Greek students, the city hence attracts many foreign students either via the Erasmus programme for public universities, or for a complete degree in public universities or in the city's private colleges. As of 2006^[update] the city's total student population was estimated around 200,000.^[326]

Transport

Tram

The old tram lines on Agiou Mina Street

Tram was the main, oldest and most popular public urban mean of Thessalonians in the past. It was in operation from 1893 to 1957, when it was disestablished by the government of Konstantinos Karamanlis. The Belgian Compagnie de Tramways et d' Éclairage Électrique de Salonique operated it from 1912 until 1940, when the company was purchased by the Hellenic State. The operating base and tram station was in the district of Dépôt.
Before the economic crisis of 2009, there were various proposals for new tram lines.^[327]

Bus

Main article: Thessaloniki Urban Transport Organization

OASTH
bus

Thessaloniki Urban Transport Organization (OASTH) operates buses as the only form of public transport in Thessaloniki. It was founded in 1957 and operates a fleet of 604 vehicles on 75 routes throughout the Thessaloniki metropolitan area.^[328] International and regional bus links are provided by KTEL at its Macedonia InterCity Bus Terminal, located to the west of the city centre.^[329]

Metro

Main article: Thessaloniki Metro

Map of the Thessaloniki Metro under construction (Lines 1 and 2), and its planned extensions

The creation of a metro system for Thessaloniki goes back as far as 1918, when Thomas Hayton Mawson and Ernest Hébrard proposed the creation of a Thessaloniki Metropolitan Railway.^[330] In 1968, a circular metro line was proposed, and in 1987 the first serious proposal was presented and construction briefly started in 1988, before stalling and finally being abandoned due to lack of funding.^[331] Both the 1918 and 1988 proposals ran almost the identical route to the current Line 1.
Construction on Thessaloniki's current metro began in 2006 and is classified as a megaproject: it has a budget of €1.57 billion ($1.77 billion).^[332] Line 1 and Line 2 are currently under construction and will enter service, in phases, between 2023 and 2024.^[333]^[334] Line 1 is 9.5 kilometres (5.9 mi) long and stops at 13 stations, while Line 2 is 4.8 kilometres (3.0 mi) long and stops at a further five stations, while also calling at 11 of the Line 1 stations.^[335]^[336] Important archaeological discoveries have been made during construction, and some of the system's stations will house archaeological exhibitions.^[337] One stop, Venizelou, will house the only open archaeological site within a metro station anywhere in the world.^[338]
the Airport.^[339] The western extension is more high-priority than the airport one, as the airport will be served by a 10-minute shuttle bus to the terminus of Line 2, Mikra.^[336]

Once it opens in 2024, it is expected that 320,000 people will use the metro every day, or 116 million people every year.[340]

Commuter/suburban rail (Proastiakos)

Main article: Proastiakos

Suburban Railway services

Commuter rail services have recently been established between Thessaloniki and the city of
double track and stops at 11 refurbished stations, covering the journey in 1 hour and 33 minutes.^[341] Furthermore, an additional line has also been established, although with the use of regional trains, between Thessaloniki and the city of Edessa
.

Thessaloniki Airport "Makedonia"

Thessaloniki International Airport

International and domestic
Thessaloniki Airport "Makedonia". The short length of the airport's two runways means that it does not currently support intercontinental flights, although a major extension – lengthening one of its runways into the Thermaic Gulf – is under construction,^[342] despite considerable opposition from local environmental groups. Following the completion of the runway works, the airport will be able to serve intercontinental flights and cater for larger aircraft in the future. After long delays, the new runway of the airport was completed in spring 2019. Construction of a second terminal began in September 2018^[343] and finished in February 2021, three months ahead of schedule.^[344]

Railways

See also:
New railway station (Thessaloniki)

New railway station

Because of the Greek economic crisis, all international train links from the city were suspended in February 2011.
marshalling yard
in the country.
Regional train services within Greece (operated by
New railway station
" located at the western end of Thessaloniki's city centre.

Port

Main article: Port of Thessaloniki

The
passengers in 2007.^[346]
Meanwhile, ongoing actions have been going on for more connections and the port is recently being upgraded, as Thessaloniki is also slowly turning into a major tourist port for cruising in the eastern Mediterranean.

Motorways

Further information: Highways in Greece

Road map of Thessaloniki and its suburbs from OpenStreetMap

Part of the ring road (Peripheriaki Odos)

Thessaloniki lies on the crossroads of the
North Macedonia, Bulgaria and Turkey
.
The city itself is bypassed by the C-shaped Thessaloniki Inner Ring Road (Esoteriki Peripheriaki Odos, Greek: Εσωτερική Περιφεριακή Οδός), which all of the above motorways connect onto it. The western end of the route begins at the junction with the A1/A2 motorways in Lachanagora District. Clockwise it heads northeast around the city, passing through the northwestern suburbs, the forest of Seich Sou and through to the southeast suburb/borough of Kalamaria. The ring road ends at a large junction with the A24 motorway, which then continues south to Chalkidiki, passing through Thessaloniki's outer southeast suburbs.
The speed limit on this motorway is 90 kilometres per hour (56 mph); it currently has three traffic lanes for each direction and forms the city's most vital road link; handling more than 120,000 vehicles daily,^[347] instead of the 30,000 vehicles that it was originally designed to handle in 1975.^[348] An outer
Motorway 2.^[349]

Future plans

Taxi in Thessaloniki

Despite the large effort that was made in 2004 to improve the motorway features of the Thessaloniki
airport and Chalkidiki that do not wish to exit into the city, and will decongest the existing motorway for city commuters.^[351] The plans also include adding one more lane in each direction on the existing A16 ring road and on the A24 passing through Thessaloniki's southeast suburbs, from its junction with the A16 in Kalamaria, up to the airport exit (ΕΟ67); which will make it an 8 lane highway.^[350]

Additional long-term plans include the extension of the planned outer
airport, and to the increasingly popular tourist region of Chalkidiki.^[352]

Motorways:

National Roads:
ΕΟ2/Ε86 W (Edessa, Giannitsa)

ΕΟ12/Ε79 Ν (Serres, Drama)

Ouranopolis
)

ΕΟ65, Ν (Kilkis, Doirani)

Thessaloniki is also planned to be the southern terminus of the trans-European Via Carpathia motorway.

International relations

Commemorative stele in Melbourne

Consulates^{[citation needed]}

Albania

Austria

Australia

Belgium

Brazil

Bulgaria

Georgia

Canada

Croatia

China

Cyprus

Denmark

Finland

France

Germany

Hungary

Israel

Ireland

Italy

Jordan

Lithuania

Netherlands

Norway

Portugal

Serbia

Spain

Switzerland

Sweden

United States

United Kingdom

Ukraine

Romania

Russia

Turkey

Twin towns – sister cities

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Greece

Thessaloniki is twinned with:^[353]

Hartford, United States (1962)

Alexandria, Egypt (1993)

Bologna, Italy (1984)

Leipzig, Germany (1984)

Limassol, Cyprus (1984)

Melbourne, Australia (1984)

Plovdiv, Bulgaria (1984)

Bratislava, Slovakia (1986)

Cologne, Germany (1988)

Constanţa
, Romania (1988)

San Francisco, United States (1990)

Nice, France (1992)

Tel Aviv, Israel (1994)

Kolkata, India (2005)

Korçë, Albania (2005)

Busan, South Korea (2010)

Durrës, Albania (2012)

Other cooperation

Thessaloniki also cooperates with:^[353]

Toronto, Canada (1986)

Budapest, Hungary (1993)

Brooklyn (New York), United States (1993)

Boston, United States (1996)

Shenyang, China (2000)

Gyumri, Armenia (2000)

Philadelphia, United States (2002)

Saint Petersburg, Russia (2002)

Dnipro, Ukraine (2003)

Venice, Italy (2003)

Dongguan, China (2008)

Nagoya, Japan (2019)

See also

Thessaloniki metropolitan area

Battle of Thessalonica (fourteen events at various times)

Macedonians (Greeks)

Mount Chortiatis, above the city

Lake Koroneia, 14 km from the city

List of ancient Greek cities

Delta of Axios National Park, west of the city

References

Notes

^ Soloman, Esther; Galiniki, Styliana (2018). "13: Las Incantadas of Salonika: searching for 'enchantment' in a city's exiled heritage". Hellenomania. New York: Routledge.

^
Kallikratis reform it has been made up of the municipalities of Thessaloniki (325,182), Kalamaria (91,518), Neapoli–Sykies (84,741), Pavlos Melas (99,245), Kordelio–Evosmos (101,753), Ampelokipoi–Menemeni (52,127), and the municipal units of Pylaia and Panorama (34,625 and 17,444; part of the municipality of Pylaia–Chortiatis). The Thessaloniki metropolitan area was defined by the same law and is made up of the urban area plus the municipalities of Delta (45,839), Oraiokastro (38,317), Thermaikos (50,264), Thermi (53,201), and the municipal unit of Chortiatis (18,041; part of the municipality of Pylaia–Chortiatis), for a total of 1,030,338. See Εφημερίς της Κυβερνήσεως της Ελληνικής Δημοκρατίας [Government Gazette of the Hellenic Republic] (in Greek). Athens: National Printing House. 6 September 1985. p. 2332. Archived
from the original on 27 February 2021. Retrieved 10 February 2019.

^ ^a ^b "Μόνιμος Πληθυσμός - ELSTAT". www.statistics.gr. Archived from the original on 5 January 2023. Retrieved 10 June 2023.

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d "Census 2021 GR" (PDF) (Press release). Hellenic Statistical Authority. 19 July 2022. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 12 September 2022.

^ ^a ^b "Gross domestic product (GDP) at current market prices at NUTS level 3". Eurostat. Archived from the original on 28 January 2019. Retrieved 27 January 2019.

^ Greek Republic 2011, p. 22, Έδρα της περιφέρειας Κεντρικής Μακεδονίας είναι η Θεσσαλονίκη. (The capital of the region of Central Macedonia is Thessaloniki.)

^ Greek Republic 2011, p. 25, Αποκεντρωμένη Διοίκηση Μακεδονίας – Θράκης, η οποία εκτείνεται στα όρια της περιφέρειας Ανατολικής Μακεδονίας – Θράκης και Κεντρικής Μακεδονίας, με έδρα την Θεσσαλονίκη. ([The creation of the] Decentralized Administration of Macedonia-Thrace, which includes the modern regions of East Macedonia-Thrace and Central Macedonia, with Thessaloniki as capital

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^ ^a ^b ^c "Aristotle University of Thessaloniki". European University Foundation. Archived from the original on 16 February 2024. Retrieved 16 February 2024.

^ "Best Trips 2013 – Thessaloniki". National Geographic. December 2012. Archived from the original on 30 November 2012. Retrieved 6 January 2013.

^ "Η Θεσσαλονίκη αναδείχθηκε σε ευρωπαϊκή πόλη του μέλλοντος για το 2014 | ΕΛΛΑΔΑ | ΕΙΔΗΣΕΙΣ | LiFO". lifo.gr. 17 February 2014. Archived from the original on 25 December 2014. Retrieved 7 December 2014.

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^ Inscriptiones Graecae, X 2. 1 Thessalonica et vicinia, p. 19

^ Πολυβίου Ιστοριών τα σωζόμενα, Editore Ambrosio Firmin Didot, Parisiis, MDCCCXXXIX σελ. 679

^ Strabo. "7". Geographica. Vol. 7. Archived from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 21 February 2021.

^ Inscriptiones Graecae, Χ 2.1 Thessalonica et vicinia – 19, 24, 150, 162, 165, 167, 177–179, 181, 199, 200, 207, 231–233, 283, 838, 1021, 1026, 1028, 1031, 1034, 1035

^ Ioannis Touratsoglou (1988). Die Münzstätte von Thessaloniki in der römischen Kaiserzeit (in German). Berlin: Verlag Walter de Gruyter. pp. 115–16.

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^ MEGLENOROMÂNII–ASPECTE ISTORICE, GEOGRAFICE, ETNOIDENTITARE ȘI ETNODEMOGRAFICE Archived 23 January 2023 at the Wayback Machine. p. 328.

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ISBN 1-871328-11-X
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Papagiannopoulos, Apostolos. Monuments of Thessaloniki, Rekos Ltd, date unknown.

Russell, Eugenia (2010). St Demetrius of Thessalonica; Cult and Devotion in the Middle Ages. Oxford: Peter Lang.
ISBN 978-3-0343-0181-7

Skedros, James C. (1999). Saint Demetrios of Thessaloniki: Civic Patron and Divine Protector, 4th-7Th Centuries. Harvard Theological Studies. Trinity Press International.

OCLC 220583971
.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Θεσσαλονίκη.

Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Thessaloniki.

Wikiquote has quotations related to Thessaloniki.

Government

Municipality of Thessaloniki

Thessaloniki Port Authority

ΟΑΣΘ – Organisation of Urban Transport of Thessaloniki (in Greek and English)

Tourism

You in Thessaloniki on
YouTube: Official promotional video for Thessaloniki by the Greek National Tourism Organization

Thessaloniki Archived 7 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine The Official website of the Greek National Tourism Organisation

Cultural

Explore Thessaloniki: An open Museum of Early Christian and Byzantine Art in the UNESCO collection on Google Arts and Culture

Thessaloniki Concert Hall Organisation

Thessaloniki Film Festival

Thessaloniki Info & Links

Thessaloniki360 Virtual City Guide

Thessaloniki Tsimiski.gr street

Events

Thessaloniki 2012 (celebrations for the 100 years of the incorporation of the city to Greece)

Thessaloniki 2014 (official website of Thessaloniki European Youth Capital 2014)

Local guides

Greek Local Yellow Pages of Thessaloniki

v
t
e
Landmarks of Thessaloniki
Macedonian period

Agios Athanasios tombs

Roman period

Arch of Galerius and Rotunda

Las Incantadas

Navarinou Square

Roman Forum

Palace of Galerius

Catacombs of Thessaloniki

Paleochristian and Byzantine
UNESCO

Byzantine Bath

Church of the Acheiropoietos

Church of the Holy Apostles

Church of Hosios David

Church of Panagia Chalkeon

Church of Saint Catherine

Church of Saint Nicholas Orphanos

Church of Saint Panteleimon

Church of the Saviour

Church of Prophet Elijah

Heptapyrgion

Hagios Demetrios

Hagia Sophia

Vlatades Monastery

Walls of Thessaloniki

Ottoman period

Alaca Imaret Mosque

Bey Hamam

Church of Saint Gregory Palamas

Immaculate Conception Cathedral

Government House

Lazarist Monastery

White Tower of Thessaloniki

Yahudi Hamam

Yeni Mosque

Modern period

Agias Sofias Square

Alexandreio Melathron

Aristotelous Square

Aristotle University of Thessaloniki

Kaftanzoglio Stadium

Ladadika

Stoa Modiano

Thessaloniki railway station

National Theatre of Northern Greece

OTE Tower

Port of Thessaloniki

Thessaloniki Concert Hall

Jewish sites

Monastir Synagogue

Jewish Museum of Thessaloniki

Allatini Mills

Eleftherias Square

Holocaust Museum of Greece

Stoa Hirsch

Streets

Egnatia Street

Nikis Avenue

Tsimiski Street

Vasilissis Olgas Avenue

Villas/Mansions

Villa Allatini

Villa Bianca

Villa Mehmet Kapanci

Villa A. Kapanci

Villa Modiano

Villa Mordoch

Villa Petridi

Gategno-Florentin Mansion

Longos Mansion

Moskof Mansion

Stein Mansion

Palataki

State Conservatory of Thessaloniki

Centre for Byzantine Research

Gardens/Parks

Seih Sou

Nea Paralia

Pedion tou Areos

Pasha's Gardens [el]

Marinas

Marina
Aretsou

Other

Labbatoir

Ano Poli

Stoa Malakopi

Mikra British Cemetery

Church of Taxiarches

Museums

Archaeological Museum of Thessaloniki

Atatürk Museum

Museum of Byzantine Culture

Cinema Museum

French Museum of Zeitenlik

Museum for the Macedonian Struggle

NOESIS

Macedonian Museum of Modern Art

Museum of Photography

State Museum of Modern Art

Teloglion Foundation of Art

War Museum

Events

Thessaloniki International Film Festival

Thessaloniki International Fair

Thessaloniki International Book Fair

Municipality of Thessaloniki

Aristotelous

Ano Poli

Charilaou

Depot

Frangon

Ksirokrini

Ladadika

Navarinou

Port

Saranta Ekklisies

Toumba

Triandria

Vardaris (Hirsch)

Other Municipalities

Agios Pavlos

Ampelokipoi

Eleftherio-Kordelio

Evosmos (Nea Politeia)

Kalamaria (Finikas, Nea Aretsou)

Konstantinopolitika

Menemeni

Neapoli

Panorama

Polichni

Pylaia

Sykies

Stavroupoli

Ilioupoli

v
t
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Museums in Thessaloniki
Archaeological

Archaeological Museum of Thessaloniki

Museum of Roman Forum

Byzantine/Religious

Crypt of Saint Demetrius

Museum of Byzantine Culture

White Tower of Thessaloniki

Ecclesiastical Museum of the Metropolis

Historical

Atatürk Museum

Balkan Wars Museum

French Museum of Zeitenlik

Holocaust Museum of Greece

Jewish Museum of Thessaloniki

Museum for the Macedonian Struggle

Sedes Aviation Museum

War Museum of Thessaloniki

Greek refugees Museum

Folklore

Folk Art and Ethnological Museum of Macedonia and Thrace

Art museums/Galleries

Art Gallery of the Society of Macedonian Studies

Cinema Museum of Thessaloniki

National Bank of Greece Cultural Center

Design Museum of Thessaloniki

MOMus Contemporary

MOMus Modern

MOMus Photography

Municipal Art Gallery (Thessaloniki)

Teloglion Foundation of Art

Vafopouleio Cultural Center

Industry/Technology

Broadcasting Museum of Thessaloniki

Railway Museum of Thessaloniki

Science Center and Technology Museum "Noesis"

Water Supply Museum

Pharmaceutical Museum

Education/Sports

Museum of the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki

Plaster Casts Museum

Thessaloniki Olympic Museum

YMCA Basketball Museum

Aris Basketball Museum

Greek Guiding Museum

Natural History Museum

List of museums in Greece

v
t
e
Subdivisions of the municipality of Thessaloniki
Municipal units

Thessaloniki

Triandria

v
t
e
Macedonia (Greece)
People

Ancient Macedonians
List

Macedonians (Greeks)
List

Jews of Thessaloniki

Slavic speakers
Slavic Macedonians

Aromanians

Megleno-Romanians

History

Ancient Macedonia
History

Government

Kings

Wars of Alexander the Great

Wars of the Diadochi

Macedonian Wars

Roman Macedonia

Barbarian invasions

Theme of Macedonia

Theme of Thessalonica

Theme of Strymon

Sack of Thessalonica (904)

Byzantine–Bulgarian wars

Sack of Thessalonica (1185)

Kingdom of Thessalonica

Empire of Thessalonica

Byzantine civil war of 1321–1328

Byzantine civil war of 1341–1347

Zealots of Thessalonica

Byzantine–Ottoman wars

Siege of Thessalonica (1422–1430)

Ottoman Greece

Rumelia Eyalet

Greek War of Independence

Manastir Vilayet

Sanjak of Monastir

Sanjak of Serfiğe

Salonica Vilayet

Sanjak of Drama

Sanjak of Salonica

Sanjak of Siroz

Macedonian Struggle

Balkan Wars

Macedonian front
Provisional Government of National Defence

Axis occupation

Greek Civil War

Macedonia naming dispute

Prespa agreement

Administration

Ministry of Macedonia and Thrace

Western Macedonia

Central Macedonia

Eastern Macedonia and Thrace

Economy

Agios Dimitrios Power Plant

Amyntaio Power Plant

Drama coal mine

Gerakini mine

Olympias mine

Piavitsa mine

Port of Kavala

Port of Thessaloniki

Prinos oil field

Ptolemaida-Florina coal mine

Skouries mine

Stratoni mine

Thessaloniki International Fair

Major cities

Thessaloniki

Kavala

Kastoria

Serres

Veria

Katerini

Edessa

Florina

Drama

Naousa

Kozani

Siatista

Kilkis

Other

Nature

Axios River

Doiran Lake

Falakro

Galikos River

Haliacmon

Lake Kerkini

Lake Koroneia

Lake Orestiada

Lake Prespa
Small Prespa Lake

Lake Vegoritida

Lake Volvi

Mount Paiko

Nestos (river)

Mount Olympus

Pangaion Hills

Pindus (Pindus National Park)

Petralona cave

Strymon River

Vasilitsa

Vermio Mountains
Seli

Verno

Voras Mountains

Islands: Thasos

Ammouliani

Monuments

Agios Athanasios

Alexandrion (Litochoro)

Amphipolis
Lion of Amphipolis

Kasta Tomb

Dion
Archaeological Park

Hellenistic theatre

Mount Athos

Mieza (Tomb of Judgement, Tomb of the Palmettes
)

Byzantine monuments of Thessaloniki

Pella

Philippi

Platamon Castle

Vergina

Museums :
Museum of Byzantine culture

Culture

Vergina Sun

Flag

Music

Cuisine

Greek Macedonia Portal

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e
Administrative division of the Central Macedonia Region

Area

18,811 km² (7,263 sq mi)

Population

1,882,108 (as of 2011)

Municipalities

38 (since 2011)

Capital

Thessaloniki

Regional unit of Chalkidiki

Aristotelis

Kassandra

Nea Propontida

Polygyros

Sithonia

Regional unit of Imathia

Alexandreia

Naousa

Veria

Regional unit of Kilkis

Kilkis

Paionia

Regional unit of Pella

Almopia

Edessa

Pella

Skydra

Regional unit of Pieria

Dion-Olympos

Katerini

Pydna-Kolindros

Regional unit of Serres

Amfipoli

Emmanouil Pappas

Irakleia

Nea Zichni

Serres

Sintiki

Visaltia

Regional unit of Thessaloniki

Ampelokipoi-Menemeni

Chalkidona

Delta

Kalamaria

Kordelio-Evosmos

Lagkadas

Neapoli-Sykies

Oraiokastro

Pavlos Melas

Pylaia-Chortiatis

Thermaikos

Thermi

Thessaloniki

Volvi

Regional governor

Apostolos Tzitzikostas (since 2013, elected 2014 & 2019)

Decentralized Administration

Macedonia and Thrace

v
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European Capitals of Culture

1985

Athens

1986

Florence

1987

Amsterdam

1988

West Berlin

1989

Paris

1990

Glasgow

1991

Dublin

1992

Madrid

1993

Antwerp

1994

Lisbon

1995

Luxembourg City

1996

Copenhagen

1997

Thessaloniki

1998

Stockholm

1999

Weimar

2000

Reykjavík

Bergen

Helsinki

Brussels

Prague

Kraków

Santiago de Compostela

Avignon

Bologna

2001

Rotterdam

Porto

2002

Bruges

Salamanca

2003

Graz

Plovdiv

2004

Genoa

Lille

2005

Cork

2006

Patras

2007

Luxembourg City

Sibiu

2008

Liverpool

Stavanger

2009

Linz

Vilnius

2010

Essen

Istanbul

Pécs

2011

Turku

Tallinn

2012

Maribor

Guimarães

2013

Košice

Marseille

2014

Umeå

Riga

2015

Mons

Plzeň

2016

San Sebastián

Wrocław

2017

Aarhus

Paphos

2018

Valletta

Leeuwarden

2019

Plovdiv

Matera

2020-April 2021

Rijeka

Galway

2022

Kaunas

Esch-sur-Alzette

Novi Sad

2023

Veszprém

Timișoara

Elefsina

2024

Tartu

Bad Ischl

Bodø

2025

Nova Gorica / Gorizia

Chemnitz

2026

Oulu

Trenčín

2027

Liepāja

v
t
e
European Youth Capitals

2009 Rotterdam

2010 Turin

2011 Antwerp

2012 Braga

2013 Maribor

2014 Thessaloniki

2015 Cluj-Napoca

2016 Ganja

2017 Varna

2018 Cascais

2019 Novi Sad

2020 Amiens

2021 Klaipėda

2022 Tirana

2023 Lublin

2024 Ghent

2025
Lvov

2026 Tromsø

v
t
e
World Heritage Sites in Greece
North

Aigai

Mount Athos

Paleochristian and Byzantine monuments of Thessaloniki
City Walls

Rotunda

Church of the Acheiropoietos

Church of Saint Demetrios

Latomou Monastery

Church of Hagia Sophia

Church of Panagia Chalkeon

Church of Saint Panteleimon

Church of the Holy Apostles

Church of Saint Nicholas Orphanos

Church of Saint Catherine

Church of the Saviour

Vlatades Monastery

Church of Prophet Elijah

Byzantine Bath

Philippi

Central

Delphi
Temple of Athena Pronaia

Tholos

Athenian Treasury

Gymnasium

Stoa of the Athenians

Temple of Apollo

Hosios Loukas

Meteora

Old Town of Corfu

Attica

Acropolis of Athens

Daphni Monastery

South

Epidaurus

Mycenae and Tiryns
Lion Gate

Tomb of Aegisthus

Treasury of Atreus

Tomb of Clytemnestra

Grave Circle A

Grave Circle B

Mystras

Olympia

Temple of Apollo Epicurius at Bassae

Aegean Islands

Delos

Medieval City of Rhodes
Grand Master's Palace

Fortifications

Monastery of Saint John the Theologian and the Cave of the Apocalypse

Nea Moni of Chios

Pythagoreion and Heraion of Samos

Capitals of regions of Greece

Athens (Attica)

Corfu (Ionian Islands)

Heraklion (Crete)

Ioannina (Epirus)

Komotini (Eastern Macedonia and Thrace)

Kozani (Western Macedonia)

Lamia (Central Greece)

Larissa (Thessaly)

Mytilene (North Aegean)

West Greece
)

Ermoupoli (South Aegean)

Thessaloniki (Central Macedonia)

Tripoli (Peloponnese)

v
t
e
Journeys of Paul the Apostle
First journey

1. Antioch

2. Seleucia

3. Cyprus

3a. Salamis

3b. Paphos

4. Perga

5. Antioch of Pisidia

6. Iconium

7. Derbe

8. Lystra

9. Attalea

10. Antioch (returns to beginning of journey)

Second journey

1. Cilicia

2. Derbe

3. Lystra

4. Phrygia

5. Galatia

6. Mysia (Alexandria Troas)

7. Samothrace

8. Neapolis

9. Philippi

9. Amphipolis

10. Apollonia

11. Thessalonica

12.
Beroea

13. Athens

14. Corinth

15. Cenchreae

16. Ephesus

17. Syria

18. Caesarea

19. Jerusalem

20. Antioch

Third journey

1. Galatia

2. Phrygia

3. Ephesus

4. Macedonia

5. Corinth

6. Cenchreae

7. Macedonia (again)

8. Troas

9. Assos

10. Mytilene

11. Chios

12. Samos

13. Miletus

14. Cos

15. Rhodes

16. Patara

17. Tyre

18. Ptolemais

19. Caesarea

20. Jerusalem

v
t
e
Scottish Women's Hospitals World War One
Locations

Royaumont

Kragujevac Serbia

Ostrovo Unit

Salonika

Troyes

Niš

Doctors

Louisa Aldrich-Blake

Mary Alexander

Agnes Bennett

Mary Alice Blair

Lena Campbell

Lily Chesney

Lilian Violet Cooper

Elizabeth Courtauld

Elsie Dalyell

Georgina Davidson

Mary De Garis

Edna Mary Guest

Helen Hanson

Mabel Hardie

Lydia Manley Henry

Laura Margaret Hope

Alice Hutchison

Isabel Emslie Hutton

Elsie Inglis

Frances Ivens

Honoria Somerville Keer

Janet Laird

Sybil Lewis

Helen MacDougall

Beatrice MacGregor

Mary Lauchline McNeill

Alexandrina Matilda MacPhail

Katherine Stewart MacPhail

Louise McIlroy

Janet McVea

Louisa Martindale

Caroline Matthews

Gladys Miall-Smith

Ruth Nicholson

Grace Pailthorpe

Mary Elizabeth Phillips (physician)

Elinor Rendel

Elizabeth Ness Mcbean Ross

Laura Sandeman

Agnes Forbes Blackadder

Jessie Scott

Eleanor Soltau

Nurses

Jean Aitken Bell

Elizabeth Bertram

Mary De Burgh Burt

Kate Burton

Florence Missouri Caton

Margaret Cowie Crowe

Margaret Davidson

Agnes Earl

Lorna Ferris

Louise E Fraser

Margaret Neill Fraser

Violet Fraser

Norah Neilson Gray

Mary Grey

Alice Annie Guy

Katherine Harley

Evelina Haverfield

Ruth Holden

Margaret Houston

Margaret W Hutchison

Louisa Jordan

Hughina McCulloch

Edith McKay

Augusta Minshull

Bessie Murdoch

Cicely Mary Leigh Pope

Janet Reid

Ishobel Ross

Margaret Caroline C Ryle

Bessie Sutherland

Caroline Toughill

Nursing orderlies

Millicent Armstrong

Mabel Dearmer

Kathleen N Dillon

Mary H J Henderson

Jessie Elizabeth Martin Kerr

Hilda Lorimer

Isobel MacPhail

Ethel Moir

Sara Payne Morrison

Ambulance drivers

Mary Josephine Bedford

Elsie Bowerman

Elsie Cameron Corbett

Maud Doria Haviland

Vera Holme

Olive Kelso King

Rotha Lintorn-Orman

Matilda McDowell

Marjorie Marshall-Cornwall

Other support staff

Wilhelmina Hay Abbott

C Muriel Craigie

Vera Christina Chute Collum

Violet Douglas-Pennant

Maud Ford

Miles Franklin

Edith Hacon

Mary Henderson

Kathleen Innes

Margaret Helen Munro Kerr

Hilda Petrie

Agnes T MacKenzie

Harriet Christina Newcomb

Alma Rattenbury

Olive Smith

Edith Anne Stoney

Leslie Joy Whitehead

Authority control databases
International

FAST

VIAF

National

Spain

France

BnF data

Germany

Israel

United States

Sweden

Czech Republic

Vatican

Geographic

MusicBrainz area

Pleiades

Other

NARA

IdRef

[1] Soloman, Esther; Galiniki, Styliana (2018). "13: Las Incantadas of Salonika: searching for 'enchantment' in a city's exiled heritage". Hellenomania. New York: Routledge.

[urban_metro-2] 
Kallikratis reform it has been made up of the municipalities of Thessaloniki (325,182), Kalamaria (91,518), Neapoli–Sykies (84,741), Pavlos Melas (99,245), Kordelio–Evosmos (101,753), Ampelokipoi–Menemeni (52,127), and the municipal units of Pylaia and Panorama (34,625 and 17,444; part of the municipality of Pylaia–Chortiatis). The Thessaloniki metropolitan area was defined by the same law and is made up of the urban area plus the municipalities of Delta (45,839), Oraiokastro (38,317), Thermaikos (50,264), Thermi (53,201), and the municipal unit of Chortiatis (18,041; part of the municipality of Pylaia–Chortiatis), for a total of 1,030,338. See Εφημερίς της Κυβερνήσεως της Ελληνικής Δημοκρατίας [Government Gazette of the Hellenic Republic] (in Greek). Athens: National Printing House. 6 September 1985. p. 2332. Archived
from the original on 27 February 2021. Retrieved 10 February 2019.

[auto1-3] "Μόνιμος Πληθυσμός - ELSTAT". www.statistics.gr. Archived from the original on 5 January 2023. Retrieved 10 June 2023.

[2021census-4] "Census 2021 GR" (PDF) (Press release). Hellenic Statistical Authority. 19 July 2022. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 12 September 2022.

[Eurostat_GDP-5] "Gross domestic product (GDP) at current market prices at NUTS level 3". Eurostat. Archived from the original on 28 January 2019. Retrieved 27 January 2019.

[6] Greek Republic 2011, p. 22, Έδρα της περιφέρειας Κεντρικής Μακεδονίας είναι η Θεσσαλονίκη. (The capital of the region of Central Macedonia is Thessaloniki.)

[7] Greek Republic 2011, p. 25, Αποκεντρωμένη Διοίκηση Μακεδονίας – Θράκης, η οποία εκτείνεται στα όρια της περιφέρειας Ανατολικής Μακεδονίας – Θράκης και Κεντρικής Μακεδονίας, με έδρα την Θεσσαλονίκη. ([The creation of the] Decentralized Administration of Macedonia-Thrace, which includes the modern regions of East Macedonia-Thrace and Central Macedonia, with Thessaloniki as capital

[Greek_Experience-8] ISBN 9783790820867. Archived
from the original on 15 March 2024. Retrieved 19 August 2011.

[Neoclassical-9] 
ISBN 9780892367757
. Retrieved 10 August 2011. Thessaloniki.

[Development-10] 
ISBN 9783540423959. Archived
from the original on 15 March 2024. Retrieved 16 August 2011.

[Lonely_Planet_Thessaloniki-11] "Introducing Thessaloniki". Lonely Planet travel guides. Archived from the original on 9 February 2009. Retrieved 19 August 2011.

[AUTH-12] "Aristotle University of Thessaloniki". European University Foundation. Archived from the original on 16 February 2024. Retrieved 16 February 2024.

[best_trips_2013-13] "Best Trips 2013 – Thessaloniki". National Geographic. December 2012. Archived from the original on 30 November 2012. Retrieved 6 January 2013.

[Η_Θεσσαλονίκη_αναδείχθηκε_σε_ευρωπαϊκή_πόλη_του_μέλλοντος_για_το_2014_Best_Mid-_Sized_city_for_human_capital_&_lifestyle-14] "Η Θεσσαλονίκη αναδείχθηκε σε ευρωπαϊκή πόλη του μέλλοντος για το 2014 | ΕΛΛΑΔΑ | ΕΙΔΗΣΕΙΣ | LiFO". lifo.gr. 17 February 2014. Archived from the original on 25 December 2014. Retrieved 7 December 2014.

[European_Cities_and_Regions_of_the_Future_2014/15-15] "European Cities and Regions of the Future 2014/15" (PDF). 17 February 2014. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 7 December 2014.

[16] Inscriptiones Graecae, X 2. 1 Thessalonica et vicinia, p. 19

[17] Πολυβίου Ιστοριών τα σωζόμενα, Editore Ambrosio Firmin Didot, Parisiis, MDCCCXXXIX σελ. 679

[18] Strabo. "7". Geographica. Vol. 7. Archived from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 21 February 2021.

[19] Inscriptiones Graecae, Χ 2.1 Thessalonica et vicinia – 19, 24, 150, 162, 165, 167, 177–179, 181, 199, 200, 207, 231–233, 283, 838, 1021, 1026, 1028, 1031, 1034, 1035

[20] Ioannis Touratsoglou (1988). Die Münzstätte von Thessaloniki in der römischen Kaiserzeit (in German). Berlin: Verlag Walter de Gruyter. pp. 115–16.

[21] "Cover". Digital collections. U. Washington. Archived from the original on 31 July 2021. Retrieved 8 March 2022.

[:0-22] "Details – Kima". geo-kima.org. Archived from the original on 25 January 2023. Retrieved 25 January 2023.

[23] Α.Ι. Θαβώρης (Antonios Thavoris), "Θεσσαλονίκη – Σαλονίκη. Η ιστορία του ονόματος της πόλης" (Thessaloniki-Saloniki: The history of the name of the city), "Η Θεσσαλονίκη" (Thessaloniki), Κέντρο Ιστορίας Θεσσαλονίκης (Centre for the History of Thessaloniki), Δήμος Θεσσαλονίκης (City of Thessaloniki), 1985, p. 5-21.

[24] MEGLENOROMÂNII–ASPECTE ISTORICE, GEOGRAFICE, ETNOIDENTITARE ȘI ETNODEMOGRAFICE Archived 23 January 2023 at the Wayback Machine. p. 328.

[25] Google nGrams graph Archived 15 March 2024 at the Wayback Machine

[26] "Google nGrams". Archived from the original on 15 March 2024. Retrieved 7 June 2020.

[27] "Google nGrams". Archived from the original on 15 March 2024. Retrieved 7 June 2020.

[28] Mazower 2004, p. 18

[29] Ανδριώτης (Andriotis), Νικόλαος Π. (Nikolaos P.) (1995). Ιστορία της ελληνικής γλώσσας: (τέσσερις μελέτες) (History of the Greek language: four studies) (in Greek). Θεσσαλονίκη (Thessaloniki): Ίδρυμα Τριανταφυλλίδη.
ISBN 960-231-058-8
.

[30] ISBN 88-430-1680-6
.

[31] "Results for θεσ/νικη". Archived from the original on 13 August 2002. Retrieved 4 July 2012.

[32] Strabo VIII Fr. 21,24

[33] ISBN 0-8028-4166-X

[Paul_of_Tarsus-34] 
ISBN 978-0-20306973-8. Archived
from the original on 15 March 2024. Retrieved 13 August 2011.

[Thessalonica_parliament-35] ISBN 978-1-59904761-4. Archived
from the original on 15 March 2024. Retrieved 18 June 2012.

[36] "Thessalonica" Archived 7 May 2021 at the Wayback Machine, Ancient History Encyclopedia

[Sacra_Pagina-37] ISBN 978-0-81465974-8. Archived
from the original on 15 March 2024. Retrieved 24 June 2012.

[LPTH-38] White Tower Museum – A Timeline of Thessaloniki Archived 26 January 2011 at the Wayback Machine

[Via_Egnatia-39] ISBN 978-0-80284847-5. Archived
from the original on 15 March 2024. Retrieved 13 August 2011.

[Urban_history-40] 
ISBN 978-276052209-1. Archived
from the original on 15 March 2024. Retrieved 13 August 2011.

[41] ISBN 978-0-472-08149-3
.

[Jewish_Annotated-42] ISBN 9780195297706. Archived
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