Thessaloniki
Thessaloniki
Θεσσαλονίκη Saloniki | |
---|---|
City | |
Saint Demetrius (26 October) | |
Gross regional domestic product (PPP 2015) | €18.77 billion ($20.83 billion)[5] |
• Per capita | €16,900[5] |
Website | www.thessaloniki.gr |
Thessaloniki (
Thessaloniki is located on the
The city was founded in 315 BC by
Thessaloniki is a popular tourist destination in Greece. In 2013,
Names and etymology
The original name of the city was Θεσσαλονίκη Thessaloníkē. It was named after the princess Thessalonike of Macedon, the half sister of Alexander the Great, whose name means "Thessalian victory", from Θεσσαλός Thessalos, and Νίκη 'victory' (Nike), honoring the Macedonian victory at the Battle of Crocus Field (353/352 BC).
Minor variants are also found, including Θετταλονίκη Thettaloníkē,[16][17] Θεσσαλονίκεια Thessaloníkeia,[18] Θεσσαλονείκη Thessaloneíkē, and Θεσσαλονικέων Thessalonikéon.[19][20]
The name Σαλονίκη Saloníki is first attested in Greek in the
In English, the city can be called Thessaloniki, Salonika, Thessalonica, Salonica, Thessalonika, Saloniki, Thessalonike, or Thessalonice. In printed texts, the most common name and spelling until the early 20th century was Thessalonica, matching the Latin name; through most of rest of the 20th century, it was Salonika. By about 1985, the most common single name became Thessaloniki.[25][26] The forms with the Latin ending -a taken together remain more common than those with the phonetic Greek ending -i and much more common than the ancient transliteration -e.[27]
Thessaloniki was revived as the city's official name in 1912, when it joined the
History
From classical antiquity to the Roman Empire
The city was founded around 315 BC by the King Cassander of Macedon, on or near the site of the ancient town of Therma and 26 other local villages.[32][33] He named it after his wife Thessalonike,[34] a half-sister of Alexander the Great and princess of Macedonia as daughter of Philip II. Under the kingdom of Macedonia the city retained its own autonomy and parliament[35] and evolved to become the most important city in Macedonia.[34]
Twenty years after the fall of the
At the time of the Roman Empire, about 50 AD, Thessaloniki was also one of the
In 306 AD, Thessaloniki acquired a patron saint,
When the Roman Empire was divided into the tetrarchy, Thessaloniki became the administrative capital of one of the four portions of the Empire under Galerius Maximianus Caesar,[44][45] where Galerius commissioned an imperial palace, a new hippodrome, a triumphal arch and a mausoleum, among other structures.[45][46][47]
In 379, when the Roman Prefecture of Illyricum was divided between the East and West Roman Empires, Thessaloniki became the capital of the new Prefecture of Illyricum.[38] The following year, the Edict of Thessalonica made Christianity the state religion of the Roman Empire.[48] In 390, troops under the Roman Emperor Theodosius I led a massacre against the inhabitants of Thessalonica, who had risen in revolt against the detention of a favorite charioteer. By the time of the Fall of Rome in 476, Thessaloniki was the second-largest city of the Eastern Roman Empire.[40]
Byzantine era and Middle Ages
From the first years of the Byzantine Empire, Thessaloniki was considered the second city in the Empire after Constantinople,[49][50][51] both in terms of wealth and size,[49] with a population of 150,000 in the mid-12th century.[52] The city held this status until its transfer to Venetian control in 1423. In the 14th century, the city's population exceeded 100,000 to 150,000,[53][54][55] making it larger than London at the time.[56]
During the sixth and seventh centuries, the area around Thessaloniki was invaded by Avars and Slavs, who unsuccessfully laid siege to the city several times, as narrated in the Miracles of Saint Demetrius.[57] Traditional historiography stipulates that many Slavs settled in the hinterland of Thessaloniki;[58] however, modern scholars consider this migration to have been on a much smaller scale than previously thought.[58][59] In the ninth century, the Byzantine missionaries Cyril and Methodius, both natives of the city, created the first literary language of the Slavs, the Old Church Slavonic, most likely based on the Slavic dialect used in the hinterland of their hometown.[60][61][62][63][64]
A naval attack led by Byzantine converts to Islam (including Leo of Tripoli) in 904 resulted in the sack of the city.[65]
The economic expansion of the city continued through the 12th century as the rule of the
In 1342,[73] the city saw the rise of the Commune of the Zealots, an anti-aristocratic party formed of sailors and the poor,[74] which is nowadays described as social-revolutionary.[73] The city was practically independent of the rest of the Empire,[73][74][75] as it had its own government, a form of republic.[73] The zealot movement was overthrown in 1350 and the city was reunited with the rest of the Empire.[73]
The
Thessalonica remained in Ottoman hands until 1403, when Emperor Manuel II sided with Bayezid's eldest son
In 1423, Despot Andronikos Palaiologos ceded it to the Republic of Venice with the hope that it could be protected from the Ottomans who were besieging the city. The Venetians held Thessaloniki until it was captured by the Ottoman Sultan Murad II on 29 March 1430.[88]
Ottoman period
When Sultan
During the Ottoman period, the city's population of
Thessaloniki was the capital of the
With the break out of the Greek War of Independence in the spring of 1821, the governor Yusuf Bey imprisoned in his headquarters more than 400 hostages. On 18 May, when Yusuf learned of the insurrection to the villages of Chalkidiki, he ordered half of his hostages to be slaughtered before his eyes. The mulla of Thessaloniki, Hayrıülah, gives the following description of Yusuf's retaliations: "Every day and every night you hear nothing in the streets of Thessaloniki but shouting and moaning. It seems that Yusuf Bey, the Yeniceri Agasi, the Subaşı, the hocas and the ulemas have all gone raving mad."[105] It would take until the end of the century for the city's Greek community to recover.[106]
Thessaloniki was also a
The last few decades of Ottoman control over the city were an era of revival, particularly in terms of the city's infrastructure. It was at that time that the Ottoman administration of the city acquired an "official" face with the creation of the
Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, founder of the modern republic of Turkey, was born in Thessaloniki (then known as Selânik in Ottoman Turkish) in 1881. His birthplace on İslahhane Caddesi (now 24 Apostolou Street) is now the Atatürk Museum and forms part of the Turkish consulate complex.[115]
20th century and beyond
In the early 20th century, Thessaloniki was in the centre of radical activities by various groups; the
During this period, and since the 16th century, Thessaloniki's Jewish element was the most dominant; it was the only city in Europe where the Jews were a majority of the total population.[118] The city was ethnically diverse and cosmopolitan. In 1890, its population had risen to 118,000, 47% of which were Jews, followed by Turks (22%), Greeks (14%), Bulgarians (8%), Roma (2%), and others (7%).[119] By 1913, the ethnic composition of the city had changed so that the population stood at 157,889, with Jews at 39%, followed again by Turks (29%), Greeks (25%), Bulgarians (4%), Roma (2%), and others at 1%.[120] Many varied religions were practiced and many languages spoken, including Judeo-Spanish, a dialect of Spanish spoken by the city's Jews.
Thessaloniki was also the centre of activities of the Young Turks, a political reform movement, which goal was to replace the Ottoman Empire's absolute monarchy with a constitutional government. The Young Turks started out as an underground movement, until finally in 1908, they started the Young Turk Revolution from the city of Thessaloniki, which lead to of them gaining control over the Ottoman Empire and put an end to the Ottoman sultans power.[121] Eleftherias (Liberty) Square, where the Young Turks gathered at the outbreak of the revolution, is named after the event.[122] Turkey's first president Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, who was born and raised in Thessaloniki, was a member of the Young Turks in his soldier days and also partook in the Young Turk Revolution.
As the
In 1915, during
On 30 December 1915 an
Most of the old centre of the city was destroyed by the
After the defeat of Greece in the
This was part of an overall process of modern Hellenization, which affected nearly all minorities within Greece, turning the region into a hotspot of ethnic nationalism.[142]
During
During a speech in
As it was the first major city in Greece to fall to the occupying forces, the first
After the war, Thessaloniki was rebuilt with large-scale development of new infrastructure and industry throughout the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s. Many of its architectural treasures still remain, adding value to the city as a tourist destination, while several early Christian and Byzantine monuments of Thessaloniki were added to the UNESCO World Heritage list in 1988.[160] In 1997, Thessaloniki was celebrated as the European Capital of Culture,[161] sponsoring events across the city and the region. Agency established to oversee the cultural activities of that year 1997 was still in existence by 2010.[162] In 2004, the city hosted a number of the football events as part of the 2004 Summer Olympics.[163]
Today, Thessaloniki has become one of the most important trade and business hubs in
Geography
Thessaloniki is located 502 kilometres (312 mi) north of Athens.
Thessaloniki's urban area spreads over 30 kilometres (19 mi) from Oraiokastro in the north to Thermi in the south in the direction of Chalkidiki.
Geology
Thessaloniki lies on the northern fringe of the Thermaic Gulf on its eastern coast and is bound by Mount Chortiatis on its southeast. Its proximity to imposing mountain ranges, hills and fault lines, especially towards its southeast have historically made the city prone to geological changes.
Since medieval times, Thessaloniki has been hit by strong
Climate
Thessaloniki's climate is transitional, lying on the periphery of multiple climate zones. According to the
Winters are somewhat dry, with occasional morning frost. Snowfalls occur more or less every winter, but the snow cover does not last for more than a few days. During the coldest winters, temperatures can drop to −10 °C (14 °F).[173] The record minimum temperature in Thessaloniki was −14 °C (7 °F).[174] On average, Thessaloniki experiences frost (sub-zero temperature) 32 days a year,[173] though that's less common near the city centre, owing to the urban heat island effect which characterizes the city and is more pronounced during the winter months.[175] Foggy days occur sparsely, roughly 17 days a year, mainly in the autumn and winter months.[176] The coldest month of the year in downtown Thessaloniki is January, with an average 24-hour temperature of 8 °C (46 °F).[177] The city is also quite windy in the winter months, with January and February having an average wind speed of about 11 km/h (7 mph).[173]
Thessaloniki's summers are hot and moderately dry.[173] Maximum temperatures usually rise above 30 °C (86 °F),[173] but they rarely exceed 40 °C (104 °F);[173] while the average number of days the temperature is above 32 °C (90 °F) is 32.[173] Generally, the sea breeze blowing from the Thermaic gulf helps moderate the city's temperatures.[178] The maximum recorded temperature in the city was 44 °C (111 °F).[173][174] Rain occasionally falls in the summer, mainly during thunderstorms, while heat waves occur sporadically, though few of them are intense.[179] The hottest months of the year in downtown Thessaloniki are July and August, with an average 24-hour temperature of around 27.5 °C (82 °F).[177]
In 2021, Greece was taken to task by the European Commission for failing to curb consistently high air pollution levels in Thessaloniki.[180]
Climate data for Aristotle University of Thessaloniki 32 m asl, 1991 – 2020 normals (extremes 1930–present) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 22.5 (72.5) |
25.1 (77.2) |
30.1 (86.2) |
32.2 (90.0) |
37.8 (100.0) |
41.2 (106.2) |
43.3 (109.9) |
41.6 (106.9) |
40.3 (104.5) |
33.4 (92.1) |
28.1 (82.6) |
24.4 (75.9) |
43.3 (109.9) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 10.6 (51.1) |
12.4 (54.3) |
15.6 (60.1) |
19.7 (67.5) |
25.2 (77.4) |
30.0 (86.0) |
32.3 (90.1) |
32.3 (90.1) |
27.8 (82.0) |
22.1 (71.8) |
16.6 (61.9) |
11.8 (53.2) |
21.4 (70.5) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 7.0 (44.6) |
8.4 (47.1) |
11.2 (52.2) |
14.9 (58.8) |
20.0 (68.0) |
24.7 (76.5) |
27.0 (80.6) |
27.1 (80.8) |
22.7 (72.9) |
17.7 (63.9) |
12.8 (55.0) |
8.3 (46.9) |
16.8 (62.3) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 3.4 (38.1) |
4.4 (39.9) |
6.8 (44.2) |
10.1 (50.2) |
14.9 (58.8) |
19.4 (66.9) |
21.8 (71.2) |
21.9 (71.4) |
17.6 (63.7) |
13.4 (56.1) |
9.0 (48.2) |
4.9 (40.8) |
12.3 (54.1) |
Record low °C (°F) | −12.6 (9.3) |
−8.9 (16.0) |
−8.2 (17.2) |
−0.4 (31.3) |
5.2 (41.4) |
8.6 (47.5) |
12.0 (53.6) |
10.3 (50.5) |
7.7 (45.9) |
1.4 (34.5) |
−2.8 (27.0) |
−8.2 (17.2) |
−12.6 (9.3) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 34.1 (1.34) |
33.6 (1.32) |
39.5 (1.56) |
37.5 (1.48) |
51.0 (2.01) |
31.6 (1.24) |
27.0 (1.06) |
25.1 (0.99) |
37.4 (1.47) |
43.7 (1.72) |
40.9 (1.61) |
48.2 (1.90) |
449.6 (17.7) |
Source: Aristotle University of Thessaloniki,[181][182] World Meteorological Organization[183] |
Climate data for Downtown Thessaloniki (2005 – 2024 averages and extremes) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 20.9 (69.6) |
26.3 (79.3) |
25.5 (77.9) |
29.7 (85.5) |
33.2 (91.8) |
40.5 (104.9) |
40.8 (105.4) |
40.4 (104.7) |
35.7 (96.3) |
30.8 (87.4) |
26.2 (79.2) |
24.7 (76.5) |
40.8 (105.4) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 11.0 (51.8) |
12.7 (54.9) |
15.4 (59.7) |
19.3 (66.7) |
24.3 (75.7) |
28.9 (84.0) |
31.5 (88.7) |
31.4 (88.5) |
26.9 (80.4) |
21.4 (70.5) |
17.0 (62.6) |
12.5 (54.5) |
21.0 (69.8) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 8.2 (46.8) |
9.7 (49.5) |
12.2 (54.0) |
15.9 (60.6) |
20.8 (69.4) |
25.2 (77.4) |
27.8 (82.0) |
27.9 (82.2) |
23.6 (74.5) |
18.5 (65.3) |
14.3 (57.7) |
9.9 (49.8) |
17.8 (64.1) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 5.4 (41.7) |
6.6 (43.9) |
8.9 (48.0) |
12.5 (54.5) |
17.2 (63.0) |
21.5 (70.7) |
24.2 (75.6) |
24.3 (75.7) |
20.2 (68.4) |
15.6 (60.1) |
11.6 (52.9) |
7.3 (45.1) |
14.6 (58.3) |
Record low °C (°F) | −9.3 (15.3) |
−4.2 (24.4) |
−2.8 (27.0) |
3.4 (38.1) |
8.6 (47.5) |
14.3 (57.7) |
16.6 (61.9) |
15.3 (59.5) |
8.6 (47.5) |
6.2 (43.2) |
1.6 (34.9) |
−2.0 (28.4) |
−9.3 (15.3) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 31.7 (1.25) |
28.2 (1.11) |
40.5 (1.59) |
30.4 (1.20) |
41.4 (1.63) |
46.3 (1.82) |
22.7 (0.89) |
22.1 (0.87) |
36.0 (1.42) |
38.9 (1.53) |
29.5 (1.16) |
38.2 (1.50) |
405.9 (15.97) |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 131.6 | 125.6 | 179.2 | 226.4 | 277.6 | 311.2 | 359.2 | 334.3 | 249.7 | 184.7 | 129.5 | 122.7 | 2,631.7 |
Source: Meteothes Historical Centre Station (Mar 2005 - Jan 2024) |
Climate data for Thessaloniki Airport 2 m asl, 1991-2020 normals (precipitation 1971-2000), (extremes 1961–present) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 23.0 (73.4) |
24.0 (75.2) |
31.6 (88.9) |
31.2 (88.2) |
36.0 (96.8) |
41.4 (106.5) |
44.0 (111.2) |
40.5 (104.9) |
37.3 (99.1) |
32.2 (90.0) |
27.0 (80.6) |
24.0 (75.2) |
44.0 (111.2) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 9.4 (48.9) |
11.1 (52.0) |
14.7 (58.5) |
19.3 (66.7) |
24.8 (76.6) |
29.9 (85.8) |
32.2 (90.0) |
32.1 (89.8) |
27.2 (81.0) |
21.4 (70.5) |
15.6 (60.1) |
10.7 (51.3) |
20.7 (69.3) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 5.8 (42.4) |
7.1 (44.8) |
10.1 (50.2) |
14.1 (57.4) |
19.3 (66.7) |
24.2 (75.6) |
26.6 (79.9) |
26.5 (79.7) |
22.0 (71.6) |
16.9 (62.4) |
11.8 (53.2) |
7.2 (45.0) |
16.0 (60.7) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 2.2 (36.0) |
3.3 (37.9) |
5.6 (42.1) |
8.8 (47.8) |
13.8 (56.8) |
18.6 (65.5) |
20.9 (69.6) |
20.8 (69.4) |
16.8 (62.2) |
12.6 (54.7) |
8.2 (46.8) |
3.9 (39.0) |
11.3 (52.3) |
Record low °C (°F) | −14.2 (6.4) |
−12.8 (9.0) |
−7.2 (19.0) |
−2.0 (28.4) |
2.8 (37.0) |
6.8 (44.2) |
9.6 (49.3) |
8.2 (46.8) |
2.8 (37.0) |
−1.4 (29.5) |
−6.2 (20.8) |
−9.8 (14.4) |
−14.2 (6.4) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 32.5 (1.28) |
38.8 (1.53) |
37.6 (1.48) |
38.4 (1.51) |
40.3 (1.59) |
27.5 (1.08) |
22.3 (0.88) |
22.4 (0.88) |
25.2 (0.99) |
43.8 (1.72) |
60.2 (2.37) |
46.5 (1.83) |
435.5 (17.14) |
Average precipitation days | 11.5 | 10.7 | 12.1 | 11.1 | 11.0 | 7.9 | 6.7 | 5.1 | 7.0 | 9.3 | 11.8 | 12.7 | 116.9 |
Average relative humidity (%)
|
75.7 | 72.0 | 71 | 67.3 | 63.0 | 55.4 | 52.7 | 55.0 | 61.9 | 70.4 | 76.3 | 77.9 | 66.5 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 98.7 | 102.6 | 147.2 | 202.6 | 252.7 | 296.4 | 325.7 | 295.8 | 229.9 | 165.5 | 117.8 | 102.6 | 2,337.5 |
Source: Info Climat climate normals & extremes, NOAA Sunshine hours & extremes [186]
|
Climate data for Kalamaria 2009–2019 | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 9.7 (49.5) |
12.6 (54.7) |
15.5 (59.9) |
20.4 (68.7) |
25.7 (78.3) |
30.2 (86.4) |
32.3 (90.1) |
32.3 (90.1) |
27.7 (81.9) |
21.9 (71.4) |
16.9 (62.4) |
11.3 (52.3) |
21.4 (70.5) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 6.5 (43.7) |
9.1 (48.4) |
11.3 (52.3) |
15.4 (59.7) |
20.4 (68.7) |
24.9 (76.8) |
27.2 (81.0) |
27.3 (81.1) |
23.0 (73.4) |
17.8 (64.0) |
13.6 (56.5) |
8.1 (46.6) |
17.1 (62.7) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 3.8 (38.8) |
6.2 (43.2) |
8.0 (46.4) |
11.3 (52.3) |
16.1 (61.0) |
20.5 (68.9) |
22.8 (73.0) |
22.9 (73.2) |
19.1 (66.4) |
14.6 (58.3) |
11.0 (51.8) |
5.3 (41.5) |
13.5 (56.2) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 30 (1.2) |
39 (1.5) |
49 (1.9) |
28 (1.1) |
32 (1.3) |
36 (1.4) |
32 (1.3) |
17 (0.7) |
37 (1.5) |
33 (1.3) |
38 (1.5) |
37 (1.5) |
408 (16.2) |
Source: National Observatory of Athens[187] |
Government
According to the
Thessaloniki Municipality
The
The city's first mayor, Osman Sait Bey, was appointed when the institution of mayor was inaugurated under the Ottoman Empire in 1912. The incumbent mayor is Stelios Angeloudis. In 2011, the municipality of Thessaloniki had a budget of €464.33 million[190] while the budget of 2012 stands at €409.00 million.[191]
Other
Thessaloniki is the second largest city in Greece. It is an influential city for the northern parts of the country and is the capital of the region of Central Macedonia and the Thessaloniki regional unit. The Ministry of Macedonia and Thrace is also based in Thessaloniki, since the city is the de facto capital of the Greek region of Macedonia.[citation needed]
It is customary every year for the Prime Minister of Greece to announce his administration's policies on a number of issues, such as the economy, at the opening night of the Thessaloniki International Fair. In 2010, during the first months of the 2010 Greek debt crisis, the entire cabinet of Greece met in Thessaloniki to discuss the country's future.[192]
In the Hellenic Parliament, the Thessaloniki urban area constitutes a 17-seat constituency. As of the June 2023 Greek legislative election the largest party in Thessaloniki is the New Democracy with 35.28% of the vote, followed by Syriza (17.52%).[193] The table below summarizes the results of the latest elections.
Party | Votes | % | Shift | MPs (17) | Change | ||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
New Democracy | 102,449 | 35.28% | 1.13% | 8 / 17 (47%)
|
1 | ||||||||||||||||
Syriza | 50,877 | 17.52% | 2.18% | 3 / 17 (18%)
|
1 | ||||||||||||||||
Communist Party of Greece | 23,732 | 8.17% | 0.73% | 1 / 17 (6%)
|
0 | ||||||||||||||||
PASOK – KINAL | 23,638 | 8.14% | 0.20% | 1 / 16 (6%)
|
0 | ||||||||||||||||
Greek Solution | 23,143 | 7.97% | 0.38% | 1 / 16 (6%)
|
1 | ||||||||||||||||
Victory | 15,567 | 5.36% | 0.78% | 1 / 16 (6%)
|
1 | ||||||||||||||||
Spartans | 14,592 | 5.03% | 5.03% | 1 / 16 (6%)
|
1 | ||||||||||||||||
Course of Freedom | 12,893 | 4.44% | 0.08% | 1 / 16 (6%)
|
1 | ||||||||||||||||
Other parties (unrepresented) | 23,493 | 8.09% | 14.33% | 0 |
Cityscape
Architecture
Architecture in Thessaloniki is the direct result of the city's position at the centre of all historical developments in the Balkans. Aside from its commercial importance, Thessaloniki was also for many centuries the military and administrative hub of the region, and beyond this the transportation link between Europe and
The city layout changed after 1870, when the seaside fortifications gave way to extensive piers, and many of the oldest walls of the city were demolished, including those surrounding the White Tower, which today stands as the main landmark of the city. As parts of the early Byzantine walls were demolished, this allowed the city to expand east and west along the coast.[194]
The expansion of Eleftherias Square towards the sea completed the new commercial hub of the city and at the time was considered one of the most vibrant squares of the city. As the city grew, workers moved to the western districts, because of their proximity to factories and industrial activities; while the middle and upper classes gradually moved from the city-centre to the eastern suburbs, leaving mainly businesses. In 1917, a devastating fire swept through the city and burned uncontrollably for 32 hours.[108] It destroyed the city's historic centre and a large part of its architectural heritage, but paved the way for modern development featuring wider diagonal avenues and monumental squares.[108][195]
City centre
After the Great Thessaloniki Fire of 1917, a team of architects and urban planners including
Also called the historic centre, it is divided into several districts, including Dimokratias Square (Democracy Sq. known also as Vardaris) Ladadika (where many entertainment venues and tavernas are located), Kapani (where the city's central Modiano market is located), Diagonios, Navarinou, Rotonda, Agia Sofia and Hippodromio, which are all located around Thessaloniki's most central point, Aristotelous Square.
Various commercial stoas around Aristotelous are named from the city's past and historic personalities of the city, like stoa Hirsch, stoa Carasso/Ermou, Pelosov, Colombou, Levi, Modiano, Morpurgo, Mordoch, Simcha, Kastoria, Malakopi, Olympios, Emboron, Rogoti, Vyzantio, Tatti, Agiou Mina, Karipi etc.[196]
The western portion of the city centre is home to Thessaloniki's law courts, its
Ano Poli
Ano Poli (also called Old Town and literally the Upper Town) is the heritage listed district north of Thessaloniki's city centre that was not engulfed by the
Ano Poli is also the highest point in Thessaloniki and as such, is the location of the city's acropolis, its Byzantine fort, the Heptapyrgion, a large portion of the city's remaining walls, and with many of its additional Ottoman and Byzantine structures still standing. With the capture of Thessaloniki by the Ottomans in 1430, after a lengthy siege of the city from 1422 to 1430, the Ottomans settled in Ano Poli. This geographical choice was attributed to the higher level of Ano Poli, which was convenient to control the rest of the population remotely, and the microclimate of the area, which favoured better living conditions in terms of hygiene compared to the areas of the centre.
Today, the area provides access to the
Other districts of Thessaloniki Municipality
In the Municipality of Thessaloniki, in addition to the historic centre and the Upper Town, are included the following districts: Xirokrini, Dikastiria (Courts), Ichthioskala, Palaios Stathmos, Lachanokipoi, Behtsinari, Panagia Faneromeni, Doxa, Saranta Ekklisies, Evangelistria, Triandria, Agia Triada-Faliro, Ippokrateio, Charilaou, Analipsi, Depot and Toumba.
In the area of the Old Railway Station (Palaios Stathmos) began the construction of the Holocaust Museum of Greece.[198][199] In this area are located the Railway Museum of Thessaloniki, the Water Supply Museum and large entertainment venues of the city, such as Milos, Fix, Vilka (which are housed in converted old factories). The Thessaloniki railway station is located on Monastiriou street.
Other extended and densely built-up residential areas are Charilaou and Toumba, which is divided into "Ano Toumpa" and "Kato Toumpa". Toumba was named after the homonymous hill of Toumba, where extensive archaeological research takes place. It was created by refugees after the 1922 Asia Minor disaster and the population exchange (1923–24). On Exochon avenue (Rue des Campagnes, today Vasilissis Olgas and Vasileos Georgiou Avenues), was up until the 1920s home to the city's most affluent residents and formed the outermost suburbs of the city at the time, with the area close to the Thermaic Gulf, from the 19th-century holiday villas which defined the area.[200][201]
Thessaloniki urban area
Other districts of the wider urban area of Thessaloniki are Ampelokipi, Eleftherio – Kordelio, Menemeni, Evosmos, Ilioupoli, Stavroupoli, Nikopoli, Neapoli, Polichni, Paeglos, Meteora, Agios Pavlos, Kalamaria, Pylaia and the Sykies. Northwestern Thessaloniki is home to Moni Lazariston, located in Stavroupoli, which today forms one of the most important cultural centres for the city, including MOMus–Museum of Modern Art–Costakis Collection and two theatres of the National Theatre of Northern Greece.[202][203]
In northwestern Thessaloniki many cultural premises exist, such as the open-air Theater Manos Katrakis in Sykies, the Museum of Refugee Hellenism in Neapolis, the municipal theatre and the open-air theatre in Neapoli and the New Cultural Centre of Menemeni (Ellis Alexiou Street).[204] The Stavroupolis Botanical Garden on Perikleous Street includes 1,000 species of plants and is a 5-acre (2.0 ha) oasis of greenery. The Environmental Education Centre in Kordelio was designed in 1997 and is one of a few public buildings of bioclimatic design in Thessaloniki.[205]
Northwest Thessaloniki forms the main entry point into the city of Thessaloniki with the avenues of Monastiriou, Lagkada and 26is Octovriou passing through it, as well as the extension of the A1 motorway, feeding into Thessaloniki's city centre. The area is home to the
Monuments have also been erected in honour of the fighters of the
Today southeastern Thessaloniki has in some way become an extension of the city centre, with the avenues of Megalou Alexandrou, Georgiou Papandreou (Antheon), Vasileos Georgiou, Vasilissis Olgas, Delfon, Konstantinou Karamanli (Nea Egnatia) and Papanastasiou passing through it, enclosing an area traditionally called Ντεπώ (Depó, lit. Dépôt), from the name of the old tram station, owned by a French company.
The municipality of
Paleochristian and Byzantine monuments (UNESCO)
Because of Thessaloniki's importance during the
By the eighth century, the city had become an important administrative centre of the
The church of Hagios Demetrios burned down during the Great Thessaloniki Fire of 1917, as did many other city monuments, but it was rebuilt. During World War II, the city was extensively bombed and as such many of Thessaloniki's paleochristian and Byzantine monuments were heavily damaged.[209] Some of the sites were not restored until the 1980s. Thessaloniki has more monuments listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site than any other city in Greece, a total of 15 monuments.[160] They have been listed since 1988.[160]
Urban sculpture
There are around 150 statues or busts in the city.[210] Probably the most famous one is the equestrian statue of Alexander the Great on the promenade, placed in 1973 and created by sculptor Evangelos Moustakas. An equestrian statue of Constantine I, by sculptor Georgios Dimitriades, is located in Demokratias Square. Other notable statues include that of Eleftherios Venizelos by sculptor Giannis Pappas, Pavlos Melas by Natalia Mela, the statue of Emmanouel Pappas by Memos Makris, Chrysostomos of Smyrna by Athanasios Apartis, Aristotle on Aristotelous Square and such as various creations by George Zongolopoulos.
Thessaloniki 2012 Programme
With the 100th anniversary of the 1912 incorporation of Thessaloniki into Greece, the government announced a large-scale redevelopment programme for the city of Thessaloniki, which aims in addressing the current environmental and spatial problems[211] that the city faces. More specifically, the programme will drastically change the physiognomy of the city[211] by relocating the Thessaloniki International Exhibition Centre and grounds of the Thessaloniki International Fair outside the city centre and turning the current location into a large metropolitan park,[212] redeveloping the coastal front of the city,[212] relocating the city's numerous military camps and using the grounds and facilities to create large parklands and cultural centres;[212] and the complete redevelopment of the harbour and the Lachanokipoi and Dendropotamos districts (behind and near the Port of Thessaloniki) into a commercial business district,[212] with possible highrise developments.[213]
The plan also envisions the creation of new wide avenues in the outskirts of the city[212] and the creation of pedestrian-only zones in the city centre.[212] Furthermore, the program includes plans to expand the jurisdiction of Seich Sou Forest National Park[211] and the improvement of accessibility to and from the Old Town.[211] The ministry has said that the project will take an estimated 15 years to be completed, in 2025.[212]
Part of the plan has been implemented with extensive pedestrianisations within the city centre by the municipality of Thessaloniki and the revitalisation the eastern urban waterfront/promenade, Νέα Παραλία (Néa Paralía, lit. new promenade), with a modern and vibrant design. Its first section opened in 2008, having been awarded as the best public project in Greece of the last five years by the Hellenic Institute of Architecture.[214]
The municipality of Thessaloniki's budget for the reconstruction of important areas of the city and the completion of the waterfront, opened in January 2014, was estimated at €28.2 million (US$39.9 million) for the year 2011 alone.[215]
Economy
Statistics | |
---|---|
GDP | €19.851 billion (PPP, 2011)[216] |
GDP rank | 2nd in Greece |
GDP growth | −7.8% (2011)[216] |
GDP per capita | €17,200 (PPP, 2011)[216] |
Labour force | 534,800 (2010)[217] |
Unemployment | 30.2% (2014)[218] |
Thessaloniki rose to economic prominence as a major economic hub in the
Historically important industries for the economy of Thessaloniki included tobacco (in 1946 35% of all tobacco companies in Greece were headquartered in the city, and 44% in 1979)[221] and banking (in Ottoman years Thessaloniki was a major centre for investment from western Europe, with the Banque de Salonique having a capital of 20 million French francs in 1909).[93]
Services
The service sector accounts for nearly two-thirds of the total labour force of Thessaloniki.[222] Of those working in services, 20% were employed in trade; 13% in education and healthcare; 7.1% in real estate; 6.3% in transport, communications and storage; 6.1% in the finance industry and service-providing organizations; 5.7% in public administration and insurance services; and 5.4% in hotels and restaurants.[222]
The city's port, the
In recent years Thessaloniki has begun to turn into a major port for
Companies
- Recent history
After
During the 1980s, a spate of factory shutdowns occurred, mostly of automobile manufacturers, such as Agricola, AutoDiana, EBIAM, Motoemil, Pantelemidis-TITAN and C.AR. Since the 1990s, companies took advantage of cheaper labour markets and more lax regulations in other countries, and among the largest companies to shut down factories were Goodyear,[229] AVEZ pasta industry (one of the first industrial factories in northern Greece, built in 1926),[230] Philkeram Johnson, AGNO dairy and VIAMIL.
However, Thessaloniki still remains a major business hub in the Balkans and Greece, with a number of important Greek companies headquartered in the city, such as the
- Industry
In early 1960s, with the collaboration of Standard Oil and ESSO-Pappas, a large industrial zone was created, containing refineries, oil refinery and steel production (owned by Hellenic Steel Co.). The zone attracted also a series of different factories during the next decades.
Multinational companies such as Air Liquide, Cyanamid, Nestlé, Pfizer, Coca-Cola Hellenic Bottling Company and Vivartia have also industrial facilities in the suburbs of the city.[233]
- Foodstuff
Foodstuff or drink companies headquartered in the city include the
]The American Farm School also has important contribution in food production.[234]
Macroeconomic indicators
In 2011, the
Demographics
Historical ethnic statistics
The tables below show the ethnic statistics of Thessaloniki during the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century.
Year | Total Population | Jewish | Turkish | Greek | Bulgarians | Roma | Other | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1890[120] | 118,000 | 100% | 55,000 | 47% | 39,000 | 22% | 28,000 | 14% | 14,000 | 8% | 5,500 | 2% | 8,500 | 7% |
Around 1913[119] | 157,889 | 100% | 61,439 | 39% | 45,889 | 29% | 39,956 | 25% | 6,263 | 4% | 2,721 | 2% | 1,621 | 1% |
Population growth
Year | Pop. |
---|---|
100 | 200,000 |
1348 | 150,000 |
1453 | 40,000 |
1679 | 36,000 |
1842 | 70,000 |
1870 | 90,000 |
1882 | 85,000 |
1890 | 118,000 |
1902 | 126,000 |
1913 | 157,000 |
1917 | 230,000 |
1951 | 297,164 |
1961 | 377,026 |
1981 | 406,413 |
2001 | 954,027 |
2011 | 1,030,338 |
2021 | 1,091,424 |
From 2001 on, data on the city's metropolitan area. References:[55][108][235][236][237][238][239] |
The municipality of Thessaloniki is the most populous in the Thessaloniki Urban Area. Its population has increased in the latest census and the metropolitan area's population rose to over one million. The city forms the base of the Thessaloniki metropolitan area, with latest census in 2021 giving it a population of 1,091,424.[235]
Year | Municipality | Metropolitan area | rank |
---|---|---|---|
2001 | 363,987[238] | 954,027[238] | 2nd |
2011 | 325,182[235] | 1,030,338[235] | |
2021 | 317,778[4] | 1,091,424[citation needed] | 2nd |
Jews of Thessaloniki
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The Jewish population in Greece is the oldest in mainland Europe (see Romaniotes). When Paul the Apostle came to Thessaloniki, he taught in the area of what today is called Upper City. Later, during the Ottoman period, with the coming of Sephardic Jews from Spain, the community of Thessaloniki became mostly Sephardic. Thessaloniki became the largest centre in Europe of the Sephardic Jews, who nicknamed the city la madre de Israel (Israel's mother)[147] and "Jerusalem of the Balkans".[240] It also included the historically significant and ancient Greek-speaking Romaniote community. During the Ottoman era, Thessaloniki's Sephardic community was half of the population according to the Ottoman Census of 1902 and almost 40% the city's population of 157,000 about 1913; Jewish merchants were prominent in commerce until the ethnic Greek population increased after Thessaloniki was incorporated into the Kingdom of Greece in 1913. By the 1680s, about 300 families of Sephardic Jews, followers of Sabbatai Zevi, had converted to Islam, becoming a sect known as the Dönmeh (convert), and migrated to Salonika, whose population was majority Jewish. They established an active community that thrived for about 250 years. Many of their descendants later became prominent in trade.[241] Many Jewish inhabitants of Thessaloniki spoke Judeo-Spanish, the Romance language of the Sephardic Jews.[242]
From the second half of the 19th century with the Ottoman reforms, the Jewish community had a new revival. Many French and especially Italian Jews (from Livorno and other cities), influential in introducing new methods of education and developing new schools and intellectual environment for the Jewish population, were established in Thessaloniki. Such modernists introduced also new techniques and ideas from the industrialised Western Europe and from the 1880s the city began to industrialize. The Italian Jews Allatini brothers led Jewish entrepreneurship, establishing milling and other food industries, brickmaking and processing plants for tobacco. Several traders supported the introduction of a large textile-production industry, superseding the weaving of cloth in a system of artisanal production. Notable names of the era include among others the Italo-Jewish Modiano family and the Allatini. Benrubis founded also in 1880 one of the first retail companies in the Balkans.
After the Balkan Wars, Thessaloniki was incorporated into the Kingdom of Greece in 1913. At first the community feared that the annexation would lead to difficulties and during the first years its political stance was, in general, anti-Venizelist and pro-royalist/conservative. The Great Thessaloniki Fire of 1917 during World War I burned much of the centre of the city and left 50,000 Jews homeless of the total of 72,000 residents who were burned out.[137] Having lost homes and their businesses, many Jews emigrated: to the United States, Palestine, and Paris. They could not wait for the government to create a new urban plan for rebuilding, which was eventually done.[243]
After the
World War II brought a disaster for the Jewish Greeks, since in 1941 the Germans occupied Greece and began actions against the Jewish population. Greeks of the Resistance helped save some of the Jewish residents.[147] By the 1940s, the great majority of the Jewish Greek community firmly identified as both Greek and Jewish. According to Misha Glenny, such Greek Jews had largely not encountered "anti-Semitism as in its North European form."[244]
In 1943, the Nazis began brutal actions against the historic Jewish population in Thessaloniki, forcing them into a
Year | Total population |
Jewish population |
Jewish percentage |
Source[137] |
---|---|---|---|---|
1842 | 70,000 | 36,000 | 51% | Jakob Philipp Fallmerayer |
1870 | 90,000 | 50,000 | 56% | Greek schoolbook (G.K. Moraitopoulos, 1882) |
1882/84 | 85,000 | 48,000 | 56% | Ottoman government census |
1902 | 126,000 | 62,000 | 49% | Ottoman government census |
1913 | 157,889 | 61,439 | 39% | Greek government census |
1917 | 271,157 | 52,000 | 19% | [248] |
1943 | 50,000 | |||
2000 | 363,987[238] | 1,000 | 0.27% |
Others
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Since the late 19th century, many merchants from Western Europe (mainly from France and Italy) were established in the city. They had an important role in the social and economic life of the city and introduced new industrial techniques. Their main district was what is known today as the "Frankish district" (near
The Bulgarian community of the city increased during the late 19th century.[251] The community had a Men's High School, a Girl's High School, a trade union and a gymnastics society. A large part of them were Catholics, as a result of actions by the Lazarists society, which had its base in the city.
Another group is the
Culture
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Leisure and entertainment
Thessaloniki is regarded not only as the cultural and entertainment capital of northern Greece[209][253] but also the cultural capital of the country as a whole.[11] The city's main theaters, run by the National Theatre of Northern Greece (Greek: Κρατικό Θέατρο Βορείου Ελλάδος) which was established in 1961,[254] include the Theater of the Society of Macedonian Studies, where the National Theater is based, the Royal Theater (Βασιλικό Θέατρο)-the first base of the National Theater-, Moni Lazariston, and the Earth Theater and Forest Theater, both amphitheatrical open-air theatres overlooking the city.[254]
The title of the European Capital of Culture in 1997 saw the birth of the city's first opera[255] and today forms an independent section of the National Theatre of Northern Greece.[256] The opera is based at the Thessaloniki Concert Hall, one of the largest concert halls in Greece. Recently a second building was also constructed and designed by Japanese architect Arata Isozaki. Thessaloniki is also the seat of two symphony orchestras, the Thessaloniki State Symphony Orchestra and the Symphony Orchestra of the Municipality of Thessaloniki. Olympion Theater, the site of the Thessaloniki International Film Festival and the Plateia Assos Odeon multiplex are the two major cinemas in downtown Thessaloniki. The city also has a number of multiplex cinemas in major shopping malls in the suburbs, most notably in Mediterranean Cosmos, the largest retail and entertainment development in the Balkans.
Thessaloniki is renowned for its major shopping streets and lively laneways. Tsimiski Street, Mitropoleos and Proxenou Koromila avenue are the city's most famous shopping streets and are among Greece's most expensive and exclusive high streets. The city is also home to one of Greece's most famous and prestigious hotels, Makedonia Palace hotel, the Hyatt Regency Casino and hotel (the biggest casino in Greece and one of the biggest in Europe) and Waterland, the largest water park in southeastern Europe.
The city has long been known in Greece for its vibrant city culture, including having the most cafes and bars per capita of any city in Europe; and as having some of the best nightlife and entertainment in the country, thanks to its large young population and multicultural feel. Lonely Planet listed Thessaloniki among the world's "ultimate party cities".[257]
Parks and recreation
Although Thessaloniki is not renowned for its parks and greenery throughout its urban area, where green spaces are few, it has several large open spaces around its waterfront, namely the central city gardens of Palios Zoologikos Kipos (which is recently being redeveloped to also include rock climbing facilities, a new skatepark and paintball range),[258] the park of Pedion tou Areos, which also holds the city's annual floral expo; and the parks of the Nea Paralia (waterfront) that span for 3 km (2 mi) along the coast, from the White Tower to the concert hall.
The Nea Paralia parks are used throughout the year for a variety of events, while they open up to the Thessaloniki waterfront, which is lined up with several cafés and bars; and during summer is full of Thessalonians enjoying their long evening walks (referred to as "the volta" and is embedded into the culture of the city). Having undergone an extensive revitalization, the city's waterfront today features a total of 12 thematic gardens/parks.[259]
Thessaloniki's proximity to places such as the national parks of Pieria and beaches of Chalkidiki often allow its residents to easily have access to some of the best outdoor recreation in Europe; however, the city is also right next to the Seich Sou forest national park, just 3.5 km (2 mi) away from Thessaloniki's city centre; and offers residents and visitors alike, quiet viewpoints towards the city, mountain bike trails and landscaped hiking paths.[260] The city's zoo, which is operated by the municipality of Thessaloniki, is also located nearby the national park.[261]
Other recreation spaces throughout the Thessaloniki metropolitan area include the Fragma Thermis, a landscaped parkland near Thermi and the Delta wetlands west of the city centre; while urban beaches that have continuously been awarded the blue flags,[262] are located along the 10 km (6 mi) coastline of Thessaloniki's southeastern suburbs of Thermaikos, about 20 km (12 mi) away from the city centre.
Museums and galleries
Because of the city's rich and diverse history, Thessaloniki houses many museums dealing with many different eras in history. Two of the city's most famous museums include the Archaeological Museum of Thessaloniki and the Museum of Byzantine Culture.
The
The Museum of Byzantine Culture is one of the city's most famous museums, showcasing the city's glorious Byzantine past.[266] The museum was also awarded Council of Europe's museum prize in 2005.[267] The museum of the White Tower of Thessaloniki houses a series of galleries relating to the city's past, from the creation of the White Tower until recent years.[268]
One of the most modern museums in the city is the
The
The city also has a number of important art galleries. Such include the
Archaeological sites
Thessaloniki is home to a number of prominent archaeological sites. Apart from its recognized UNESCO World Heritage Sites, Thessaloniki features a large two-terraced
Another important archaeological site is the imperial palace complex which Roman emperor Galerius, located at Navarinou Square, commissioned when he made Thessaloniki the capital of his portion of the Roman Empire.[44][45] The large octagonal portion of the complex, most of which survives to this day, is believed to have been an imperial throne room.[276] Various mosaics from the palatial complex have also survived.[279] Some historians believe that the complex must have been in use as an imperial residence until the 11th century.[278]
Not far from the palace itself is the
Other monuments of the city's past, such as Las Incantadas, a Caryatid portico from the ancient forum, have been removed or destroyed over the years. Las Incantadas in particular are on display at the Louvre.[275][280] Thanks to a private donation of €180,000, it was announced on 6 December 2011 that a replica of Las Incantadas would be commissioned and later put on display in Thessaloniki.[280]
The construction of the
Festivals
Thessaloniki is home of a number of festivals and events.[286] The Thessaloniki International Fair is the most important event to be hosted in the city annually, by means of economic development. It was first established in 1926[287] and takes place every year at the 180,000 m2 (1,900,000 sq ft) Thessaloniki International Exhibition Centre. The event attracts major political attention and it is customary for the Prime Minister of Greece to outline his administration's policies for the next year, during event. Over 250,000 visitors attended the exposition in 2010.[288] The new Art Thessaloniki, is starting first time 29.10. – 1 November 2015 as an international contemporary art fair. The
The Dimitria festival, founded in 1966 and named after the city's
Between 1962–1997 and 2005–2008, the city also hosted the
In 2012, the city hosted its first pride parade, Thessaloniki Pride, which took place between 22 and 23 June.[297] It has been held every year ever since, however in 2013 transgender people participating in the parade became victims of police brutality. The issue was soon settled by the government.[298] The city's Greek Orthodox Church leadership has consistently rallied against the event, but mayor Boutaris sided with Thessaloniki Pride, saying also that Thessaloniki would seek to host EuroPride 2020.[299] The event was given to Thessaloniki in September 2017, beating Bergen, Brussels, and Hamburg.[300] Since 1998, the city host Thessaloniki International G.L.A.D. Film Festival, the first LGBT film festival in Greece.
Sports
The main stadium of the city is the Kaftanzoglio Stadium (also home ground of Iraklis F.C.), while other main stadiums of the city include the football Toumba Stadium and Kleanthis Vikelidis Stadium home grounds of PAOK FC and Aris F.C., respectively, all of whom are founding members of the Greek league.
Being the largest "multi-sport" stadium in the city,
Thessaloniki's major indoor arenas include the state-owned
During recent years, PAOK FC has emerged as the strongest football club of the city, winning also the Greek championship without a defeat (2018–19 season).
The city played a major role in the development of basketball in Greece. The local YMCA was the first to introduce the sport to the country, while
The city is also the finish point of the annual
Club | Founded | Venue | Capacity | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
GS Iraklis
|
1908 (originally as Macedonikos Gymnasticos Syllogos) |
Kaftanzoglio National Stadium | 27,770 | |
Ivanofeio Indoor Hall | Panhellenic titles in football, basketball, rugby, volleyball. Volleyball Champions League finalists (3 times) | |||
Maccabi Thessaloniki | 1908 | Historically representative of the Jewish community . Today members of any religious faith
| ||
AC Aris Thessaloniki | 1914 | Kleanthis Vikelidis Stadium | 22,800 | |
Palais des Sports )
|
5,500 | Panhellenic titles in football, basketball, volleyball, waterpolo. Three European Cups in basketball | ||
YMCA Thessaloniki (ΧΑΝΘ)
|
1921 | Presence in A1 basketball. Major role in introduction of basketball in Greece | ||
Megas Alexandros
|
1923 | Presence in First Division of Football Panhellenic Championship | ||
P.A.O.K. | 1926 | Toumba Stadium | 28,703 | |
P.A.O.K. Sports Arena | 10,000 | Panhellenic titles in football, basketball, volleyball, handball. Two European Cups in basketball. Most time winners in women's football | ||
Apollon Kalamarias/Pontou | 1926 | Kalamaria Stadium | 6,500 | |
M.E.N.T. | 1926 | Presence in A1 basketball | ||
V.A.O. | 1926 | Presence in A1 basketball. Panhellenic titles in handball | ||
Makedonikos F.C. | 1928 | Makedonikos Stadium | 8,100 | Presence in first division of men's football |
Agrotikos Asteras F.C. | 1932 | Evosmos Stadium | ||
Aias Evosmou | 1967 | DAK Evosmou |
Media
Thessaloniki is home to the ERT3 TV-channel and Radio Macedonia, both services of Hellenic Broadcasting Corporation (ERT) operating in the city and are broadcast all over Greece.[309]
The municipality of Thessaloniki also operates three radio stations, namely FM100, FM101 and FM100.6;[
The city's main newspapers and some of the most circulated in Greece, include Makedonia, which was also the first newspaper published in Thessaloniki in 1911 and Aggelioforos. A large number of radio stations also broadcast from Thessaloniki as the city is known for its music contributions.
TV broadcasting
- ERT3 (Panhellenic broadcasting)
- Makedonia TV (Panhellenic)
- 4E TV (Panhellenic)
- TV 100 (Regional)
- Vergina TV (Regional)
- Atlas TV (Regional)
Press
- Makedonia (national publication)
- Aggelioforos (national)
- Metrosport (sports, national)
- Fair Play (sports, national)
- Aris Ise (sports, weekly, national)
- Forza (sports, weekly, national)
- Thessaloniki (weekly, national)
- Ikonomiki (financial)
- Parallaxi (daily, online)
Notable Thessalonians
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This list contains entries that may be out of scope and need to be evaluated for removal. (June 2023) |
Throughout its history, Thessaloniki has been home to a number of well-known figures and people.
Saints and other religious figures
- Demetrius of Thessaloniki
- Cyril and Methodius (creators of the first Slavic alphabet)
- Saint Mitre
- Saint Demetrius, not to be confused with the previous
- Gregorios Palamas
- Matthew Blastares
- Patriarch Philotheus I of Constantinople
- Paisios of Mount Athos
Other Byzantine-era notable people
- Jurist Constantine Armenopoulos
- Historians John Kaminiates, Demetrius Triclinius, Thomas Magistros
- The anti-Palamian theologians Prochoros and Demetrios Kydones
- Scholars Theodorus Gaza (Thessalonicensis) and Matthaios Kamariotis
Musicians and movie personalities
- Zoe Laskari
- Costas Hajihristos
- Stella Haskil
- Giannis Dalianidis
- Maria Plyta
- Harry Klynn
- Antonis Remos
- Paschalis Terzis
- Nikos Papazoglou
- Nikolas Asimos
- Giorgos Hatzinasios
- Alberto Eskenazi
- Stavros Kouyioumtzis
- Giannis Kalatzis
- Natassa Theodoridou
- Katia Zygouli
- Kostas Voutsas
- Takis Kanellopoulos
- Titos Vandis
- Manolis Chiotis
- Dionysis Savvopoulos
- Marinella
- Yvonne Sanson
- The classical composer Emilios Riadis
Politicians born in the city
- Ioannis Skandalidis
- Alexandros Zannas
- Evangelos Venizelos
- Christos Sartzetakis, the fourth President of Greece
- Yiannis Boutaris
Sports personalities from the city
- Nikos Galis
- Georgios Roubanis
- Giannis Ioannidis
- Faidon Matthaiou
- Alketas Panagoulias
- Panagiotis Fasoulas
- Eleni Daniilidou
- Traianos Dellas
- Giorgos Koudas
- Kleanthis Vikelidis
- Christos Kostis
- Dimitris Salpingidis
- Nikos Zisis
Writers from Thessaloniki
- Grigorios Zalykis
- Manolis Anagnostakis
- Kleitos Kyrou
- Albertos Nar
- Elias Petropoulos
- Kostis Moskof
- Rena Molho
- Dinos Christianopoulos
Other notable people born in Thessaloniki
- Fashion designer Sero (Serovpe) Ambrahamian (1949–1983)[310][311][312][313]
- Philanthropist and benefactor Ioannis Papafis
- Architect Lysandros Kaftanzoglou
International personalities
- Bulgarians
- Jews
- Moshe Levy
- Maurice Abravanel
- Isaak Benrubi
- Isaac and Daniel Carasso
- Raphaël Salem
- Baruch Uziel
- Shlomo Halevi Alkabetz
- Salamo Arouch
- Avraam Benaroya
- Slav Macedonians
- Italians
- French people
- Spanish people
- Turks
- Mustafa Kemal Atatürk
- Nâzım Hikmet
- Afet İnan
- Cahit Arf
- Mehmet Cavit Bey
- Sabiha Sertel
- Abdul Kerim Pasha
- Hasan Tahsin Uzer
- Hasan Tahsin
- Armenians
Cuisine
Because Thessaloniki remained under Ottoman rule for about 100 years longer than southern Greece, it has retained a lot of its Eastern character, including its culinary tastes.[314] Spices in particular play an important role in the cuisine of Thessaloniki,[314] something which is not true to the same degree about Greece's southern regions.[314] Thessaloniki's Ladadika borough is a particularly busy area in regards to Thessalonian cuisine, with most tavernas serving traditional meze and other such culinary delights.[314]
Bougatsa, a breakfast pastry, which can be either sweet or savory, is very popular throughout the city and has spread around other parts of Greece and the Balkans as well. Another popular snack is koulouri.
Notable sweets of the city are Trigona, Roxákia, Kourkoubinia and Armenonville. A stereotypical Thessalonian coffee drink is Frappé coffee. Frappé was invented in the Thessaloniki International Fair in 1957 and has since spread throughout Greece and Cyprus to become a hallmark of the Greek coffee culture.
Kapani or Agora Viali is the oldest central market in Thessaloniki, with shops selling fish, meat, vegetables, fruits, drinks, olives, sweets, nuts, spices[315][316][317] and Modiano Market is located nearby.[318]
Tourism
A tourism boom took place in the 2010s, during the years of mayor
Music
The city is viewed as a romantic one in Greece, and as such Thessaloniki is commonly featured in Greek songs.[320] There are a number of famous songs that go by the name 'Thessaloniki' (rebetiko, laïko etc.) or include the name in their title.[321]
During the 1930s and 1940s, the city became a centre of the Rebetiko music, partly because of the Metaxas censorship, which was stricter in Athens. Vassilis Tsitsanis wrote some of his best songs[according to whom?] in Thessaloniki.
The city is the birthplace of significant composers in the Greek music scene, such as Manolis Chiotis, Stavros Kouyioumtzis and Dionysis Savvopoulos. It is also notable for its rock music scene and its many rock groups; some became famous such as Xylina Spathia, Trypes or the pop rock group Onirama.
Between 1962–1997 and 2005–2008 the city also hosted the Thessaloniki Song Festival. In the Eurovision Song Contest 2013 Greece was represented by Koza Mostra and Agathonas Iakovidis, both from Thessaloniki.
In popular culture
- In May 1936, a massive strike by tobacco workers led to general anarchy in the city and Ioannis Metaxas (future dictator, then PM) ordered its repression. The events and the deaths of the protesters inspired Yiannis Ritsos to write the Epitafios.
- On 22 May 1963, military juntahad seized power in Greece.
- Notable films set or shot in Thessaloniki, among others, include Georg Wilhelm Pabst, The Barefooted Battalion (1954) by Greg Tallas (Gregory Thalassinos), O Atsídas (1961) by Giannis Dalianidis, Parenthesis (1968) by Takis Kanellopoulos, Triumph of the Spirit (1989) by Robert M. Young, Eternity and a Day by Theo Angelopoulos (1998) and Ouzeri Tsitsanis (2015) by Manousos Manousakis.
Education
This article needs additional citations for verification. (February 2019) |
Thessaloniki is a major centre of education for Greece. Three of the country's largest universities are located in central Thessaloniki:
Additionally, a
Transport
Tram
Tram was the main, oldest and most popular public urban mean of Thessalonians in the past. It was in operation from 1893 to 1957, when it was disestablished by the government of Konstantinos Karamanlis. The Belgian Compagnie de Tramways et d' Éclairage Électrique de Salonique operated it from 1912 until 1940, when the company was purchased by the Hellenic State. The operating base and tram station was in the district of Dépôt.
Before the economic crisis of 2009, there were various proposals for new tram lines.[327]
Bus
Thessaloniki Urban Transport Organization (OASTH) operates buses as the only form of public transport in Thessaloniki. It was founded in 1957 and operates a fleet of 604 vehicles on 75 routes throughout the Thessaloniki metropolitan area.[328] International and regional bus links are provided by KTEL at its Macedonia InterCity Bus Terminal, located to the west of the city centre.[329]
Metro
The creation of a metro system for Thessaloniki goes back as far as 1918, when Thomas Hayton Mawson and Ernest Hébrard proposed the creation of a Thessaloniki Metropolitan Railway.[330] In 1968, a circular metro line was proposed, and in 1987 the first serious proposal was presented and construction briefly started in 1988, before stalling and finally being abandoned due to lack of funding.[331] Both the 1918 and 1988 proposals ran almost the identical route to the current Line 1.
Construction on Thessaloniki's current metro began in 2006 and is classified as a megaproject: it has a budget of €1.57 billion ($1.77 billion).[332] Line 1 and Line 2 are currently under construction and will enter service, in phases, between 2023 and 2024.[333][334] Line 1 is 9.5 kilometres (5.9 mi) long and stops at 13 stations, while Line 2 is 4.8 kilometres (3.0 mi) long and stops at a further five stations, while also calling at 11 of the Line 1 stations.[335][336] Important archaeological discoveries have been made during construction, and some of the system's stations will house archaeological exhibitions.[337] One stop, Venizelou, will house the only open archaeological site within a metro station anywhere in the world.[338]
Once it opens in 2024, it is expected that 320,000 people will use the metro every day, or 116 million people every year.[340]
Commuter/suburban rail (Proastiakos)
Commuter rail services have recently been established between Thessaloniki and the city of
Thessaloniki Airport "Makedonia"
International and domestic
Railways
Because of the Greek economic crisis, all international train links from the city were suspended in February 2011.
Regional train services within Greece (operated by
Port
The
Motorways
Thessaloniki lies on the crossroads of the
.The city itself is bypassed by the C-shaped Thessaloniki Inner Ring Road (Esoteriki Peripheriaki Odos, Greek: Εσωτερική Περιφεριακή Οδός), which all of the above motorways connect onto it. The western end of the route begins at the junction with the A1/A2 motorways in Lachanagora District. Clockwise it heads northeast around the city, passing through the northwestern suburbs, the forest of Seich Sou and through to the southeast suburb/borough of Kalamaria. The ring road ends at a large junction with the A24 motorway, which then continues south to Chalkidiki, passing through Thessaloniki's outer southeast suburbs.
The speed limit on this motorway is 90 kilometres per hour (56 mph); it currently has three traffic lanes for each direction and forms the city's most vital road link; handling more than 120,000 vehicles daily,[347] instead of the 30,000 vehicles that it was originally designed to handle in 1975.[348] An outer
Future plans
Despite the large effort that was made in 2004 to improve the motorway features of the Thessaloniki
Additional long-term plans include the extension of the planned outer
- Motorways:
- )
- A2/E90 W (Kozani, Ioannina, Igoumenitsa) N (Kavala, Xanthi, Alexandroupolis, Turkey)
- A25 (ΕΟ12)/Ε79 Ν (Serres, Bulgaria)
- Airport, Chalkidiki)
- National Roads:
Thessaloniki is also planned to be the southern terminus of the trans-European Via Carpathia motorway.
International relations
Consulates[citation needed]
Twin towns – sister cities
Thessaloniki is twinned with:[353]
- Hartford, United States (1962)
- Alexandria, Egypt (1993)
- Bologna, Italy (1984)
- Leipzig, Germany (1984)
- Limassol, Cyprus (1984)
- Melbourne, Australia (1984)
- Plovdiv, Bulgaria (1984)
- Bratislava, Slovakia (1986)
- Cologne, Germany (1988)
- Constanţa, Romania (1988)
- San Francisco, United States (1990)
- Nice, France (1992)
- Tel Aviv, Israel (1994)
- Kolkata, India (2005)
- Korçë, Albania (2005)
- Busan, South Korea (2010)
- Durrës, Albania (2012)
Other cooperation
Thessaloniki also cooperates with:[353]
- Toronto, Canada (1986)
- Budapest, Hungary (1993)
- Brooklyn (New York), United States (1993)
- Boston, United States (1996)
- Shenyang, China (2000)
- Gyumri, Armenia (2000)
- Philadelphia, United States (2002)
- Saint Petersburg, Russia (2002)
- Dnipro, Ukraine (2003)
- Venice, Italy (2003)
- Dongguan, China (2008)
- Nagoya, Japan (2019)
See also
- Thessaloniki metropolitan area
- Battle of Thessalonica (fourteen events at various times)
- Macedonians (Greeks)
- Mount Chortiatis, above the city
- Lake Koroneia, 14 km from the city
- List of ancient Greek cities
- Delta of Axios National Park, west of the city
References
Notes
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- ^ Kallikratis reform it has been made up of the municipalities of Thessaloniki (325,182), Kalamaria (91,518), Neapoli–Sykies (84,741), Pavlos Melas (99,245), Kordelio–Evosmos (101,753), Ampelokipoi–Menemeni (52,127), and the municipal units of Pylaia and Panorama (34,625 and 17,444; part of the municipality of Pylaia–Chortiatis). The Thessaloniki metropolitan area was defined by the same law and is made up of the urban area plus the municipalities of Delta (45,839), Oraiokastro (38,317), Thermaikos (50,264), Thermi (53,201), and the municipal unit of Chortiatis (18,041; part of the municipality of Pylaia–Chortiatis), for a total of 1,030,338. See Εφημερίς της Κυβερνήσεως της Ελληνικής Δημοκρατίας [Government Gazette of the Hellenic Republic] (in Greek). Athens: National Printing House. 6 September 1985. p. 2332. Archivedfrom the original on 27 February 2021. Retrieved 10 February 2019.
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- ^ a b "Gross domestic product (GDP) at current market prices at NUTS level 3". Eurostat. Archived from the original on 28 January 2019. Retrieved 27 January 2019.
- ^ Greek Republic 2011, p. 22, Έδρα της περιφέρειας Κεντρικής Μακεδονίας είναι η Θεσσαλονίκη. (The capital of the region of Central Macedonia is Thessaloniki.)
- ^ Greek Republic 2011, p. 25, Αποκεντρωμένη Διοίκηση Μακεδονίας – Θράκης, η οποία εκτείνεται στα όρια της περιφέρειας Ανατολικής Μακεδονίας – Θράκης και Κεντρικής Μακεδονίας, με έδρα την Θεσσαλονίκη. ([The creation of the] Decentralized Administration of Macedonia-Thrace, which includes the modern regions of East Macedonia-Thrace and Central Macedonia, with Thessaloniki as capital
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- ^ "Thessaloniki has no Apple's real representation". Karakatsanis, Dimitris. Archived from the original on 21 May 2011. Retrieved 9 April 2011.
- ^ "Προτάσεις της ΓΚΜΘ 2000 για τραμ" (PDF) (in Greek). Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 May 2013. Retrieved 30 January 2012.
- oasth.gr. Retrieved 14 February 2012.
- ^ "Location of Macedonia Intercity Bus Station". KTEL Makedonia. Retrieved 14 February 2012.
- ^ Gerolympou, Alexandra (1995). Η Ανοικοδόμηση της Θεσσαλονίκης Μετά την Πυρκαγιά του 1917 [The Rebuilding of Thessaloniki after the Great Fire of 1917] (in Greek) (Second ed.). Aristotle University of Thessaloniki University Press.
- ^ "Κι όμως! Το ΜΕΤΡΟ Θεσσαλονίκης είναι έτοιμο (στα χαρτιά) από το 1987!" [It's true! The Thessaloniki Metro was ready (on paper) in 1987 already!]. www.karfitsa.gr (in Greek). 29 February 2016. Retrieved 13 August 2018.
- ^ Attiko Metro A.E. "Funding". www.ametro.gr. Retrieved 5 June 2018.
- ^ Μετρό Θεσσαλονίκης: Χαμόγελα στα εργοτάξια μετά από χρόνια [Thessaloniki Metro: Smiles at the construction sites after years]. www.iefimerida.gr (in Greek). 2 March 2016. Archived from the original on 8 August 2018. Retrieved 13 August 2018.
- ^ Θεσσαλονίκη: Νοέμβριο του 2020 παραδίδεται η 1η γραμμή μετρό Νέα Ελβετία-Συντριβάνι [Thessaloniki: The 1st line from Nea Elvetia to Sintrivani will be opened in 2020]. www.iefimerida.gr (in Greek). 20 March 2018. Retrieved 13 August 2018.
- ^ Attiko Metro A.E. "History". www.ametro.gr. Retrieved 19 August 2018.
- ^ a b "Η Συνέντευξη τoυ Γιάννη Μυλόπουλου για το Μετρό Θεσσαλονίκης" [Giannis Mylopoulos' interview about the Thessaloniki Metro]. www.ypodomes.gr. Archived from the original on 12 August 2018. Retrieved 12 August 2018.
- ^ "CONCLUSION THESSALONIKI METRO & ARCHAEOLOGICAL EXCAVATION". Attiko Metro S.A. www.ametro.gr. 12 April 2007. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 13 August 2007.
- ^ Skai TV. "Ιστορίες: Μετρό Θεσσαλονίκης" [Stories: Thessaloniki Metro]. www.skai.gr (in Greek). Archived from the original on 13 August 2018. Retrieved 13 August 2018.
- ^ Attiko Metro A.E. "Extensions". www.ametro.gr. Retrieved 10 August 2018.
- ^ "Μυλόπουλος: Το 2020 θα κυκλοφορούν καθημερινά 320.000 επιβάτες με το μετρό της Θεσσαλονίκης" [Mylopoulos: In 2020, 320,000 people will travel on the Thessaloniki metro system]. www.movenews.gr. Archived from the original on 12 August 2018. Retrieved 12 August 2018.
- ^ "Επέκταση Προαστιακού στο τμήμα Λιτόχωρο – Λάρισα [Expansion of Proastiakos towards Litohoro – Larissa]" (in Greek). Naftemporiki. 9 April 2008. Archived from the original on 29 May 2012. Retrieved 15 February 2012.
- ^ Αναβαθμίζεται με 286 εκατ. το αεροδρόμιο "Μακεδονία" [The "Macedonia" Airport is being upgraded with 286 million Euros] (in Greek). Express. 30 August 2011. Archived from the original on 15 January 2014. Retrieved 15 February 2012.
- ^ Zois, Fanis (19 September 2018). Θεμελιώνεται το νέο τέρμιναλ του αεροδρομίου "Μακεδονία". www.naftemporiki.gr (in Greek). Naftemporiki. Retrieved 26 September 2018.
- ^ Agency, Athens News. "Fraport Delivers Thessaloniki Airport – Concludes Upgrade of 14 Greek Airports". The National Herald. Archived from the original on 16 April 2021. Retrieved 12 February 2021.
- ^ "Αναστέλλονται όλα τα διεθνή δρομολόγια του ΟΣΕ [All international routes of OSE have been suspended]" (in Greek). Ta Nea. 13 February 2011.
- ^ "Port of Thessaloniki passenger terminal". Archived from the original on 3 October 2015. Retrieved 7 April 2023.
- ^ Koutsabaris, Fotis (19 June 2010). "Περιφερειακή οδός: Επικίνδυνη εάν δεν γίνουν παρεμβάσεις [Ring Road: Dangerous if measures are not taken]" (in Greek). Makedonia. Archived from the original on 8 September 2012.
- ^ "- Καρμανιόλα" η περιφερειακή οδός Θεσσαλονίκης που θεωρείται πλέον πεπερασμένη [The Ring Road is considered dangerous and outdated]" (in Greek). Athens News Agency. 25 April 2006. Archived from the original on 6 May 2006.
- ^ "Ηχορύπανση από τα αυτοκίνητα στο κέντρο της Θεσσαλονίκης [Noise pollution from cars at the centre of Thessaloniki]" (in Greek). Kathimerini. 16 March 2011. Archived from the original on 13 July 2012.
- ^ a b c d Tasioulas, Tasos (12 November 2011). "Εργα – "ανάσα" στην περιφερειακή οδό ["Relief" works at the Ring Road]" (in Greek). Aggelioforos. Archived from the original on 17 February 2013.
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- ^ "ΤΙ ΠΡΟΤΕΙΝΟΥΝ ΟΙ ΕΠΙΣΤΗΜΟΝΕΣ "Ματ" στο κυκλοφοριακό με δύο κινήσεις [What scientists are proposing to solve the "traffic problem" ]" (in Greek). Makedonia. 25 October 2009. Archived from the original on 17 February 2013.
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External links
Government
- Municipality of Thessaloniki
- Thessaloniki Port Authority
- ΟΑΣΘ – Organisation of Urban Transport of Thessaloniki (in Greek and English)
Tourism
- You in Thessaloniki on YouTube: Official promotional video for Thessaloniki by the Greek National Tourism Organization
- Thessaloniki Archived 7 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine The Official website of the Greek National Tourism Organisation
Cultural
- Explore Thessaloniki: An open Museum of Early Christian and Byzantine Art in the UNESCO collection on Google Arts and Culture
- Thessaloniki Concert Hall Organisation
- Thessaloniki Film Festival
- Thessaloniki Info & Links
- Thessaloniki360 Virtual City Guide
- Thessaloniki Tsimiski.gr street
Events
- Thessaloniki 2012 (celebrations for the 100 years of the incorporation of the city to Greece)
- Thessaloniki 2014 (official website of Thessaloniki European Youth Capital 2014)