Thick-billed murre
Thick-billed murre | |
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Adults in breeding plumage | |
Scientific classification | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Chordata |
Class: | Aves |
Order: | Charadriiformes |
Family: | Alcidae |
Genus: | Uria |
Species: | U. lomvia
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Binomial name | |
Uria lomvia | |
Subspecies | |
Uria lomvia lomvia – (Linnaeus, 1758) | |
Synonyms | |
The thick-billed murre or Brünnich's guillemot (Uria lomvia) is a
Murres have the highest flight cost, for their body size, of any animal.[5]
Description
Since the
Adult birds are black on the head, neck, back and wings with white underparts. The bill is long and pointed. They have a small rounded black tail. The lower face becomes white in winter. This species produces a variety of harsh cackling calls at the breeding colonies, but is silent at sea.
They differ from the common murre in their thicker, shorter bill with white
Distribution
The thick-billed murre is distributed across the polar and sub-polar regions of the
Habitat
Thick-billed murres spend all of their lives at sea in waters which remain below 8
Breeding
Thick-billed murres form vast breeding colonies, sometimes composed of over a million breeding birds, on narrow ledges and steep cliffs which face the water.[13] They have the smallest territory of any bird,[13] requiring less than one square foot per individual.[12] A breeding pair will lay a single egg each year.[12][14] Despite this, they are one of the most abundant marine birds in the Northern Hemisphere.[13]
Adults perform communal displays early in the breeding season to time their breeding cycles.[12] They do not build nests, but lay the egg directly on bare rock.[12] Both parents are involved in incubating the egg and raising the young.[15][16] Due to the enormous amount of energy needed to take off in flight, adults can only provide one food item at a time to their chick.[13] Chicks spend between 18 and 25 days on the cliffs before leaving for the sea.[12][13] Once ready to leave, the young will await nightfall and jump off the edge towards the water.[13] A parent immediately jumps after and glides within centimeters of the fledgling.[15] At sea, the male and the chick stay together for around 8 weeks during which the adult continues to provide food for the young.[13]
Survival rates of the young is not based on the number of individuals in the colony, but rather on the age of the breeders within the colony.[12] Offspring of inexperienced pairs grow more slowly than those of experienced breeders, possibly because they do not receive as much food from their parents.[14] Also, pairs which contain at least one young breeding bird tend to have lower hatch rates.[17] Older and experienced adults obtain the better nesting sites located in the center of the colony, while the inexperienced individuals are kept on the margins[12] where their young are more likely to be preyed upon.[18]
Migratory patterns
They move south in winter into northernmost areas of the north Atlantic and Pacific, but only to keep in ice-free waters.
Flight and feeding characteristics
The thick-billed murre's flight is strong and direct, and they have fast wing beats due to the short wings. Like the other auks, these birds forage for food by using their wings to 'swim' underwater.[12] They are accomplished divers, reaching depths of up to 150 m and diving for up to four minutes at a time; usually however birds make either shallow short dives or dive down to 21–40 m for longer periods.[19] While hunting, the diving trajectory resembles a flattened 'U'.[19] Birds will make long trips to get to favorite feeding grounds; while they usually forage several dozen km from their nest sites, they often travel more than 100 km to fish.[20][6] The strong and direct flight of murres, which is, for their body size, the most costly form of sustained locomotion of any animal, is a result of their short wingspan[5]
The diving depths and durations regularly achieved by these birds indicate that they, and similar auks, have some—as yet unknown—mechanism to avoid
Trophic linkages
The nominate race feeds primarily on fish such as
Thick-billed murres have few natural predators because the immense number of concentrated birds found on the breeding colonies and the inaccessibility of these breeding sites make it extremely difficult for them to be preyed upon.[12] Their main predator is the glaucous gull (Larus hyperboreus), and these feed exclusively on eggs and chicks.[15][18] The common raven (Corvus corax) may also try to obtain eggs and hatchlings when they are left unattended.[12][21]
Status and conservation
Although declines have been observed in many parts of their range,[12] the thick-billed murre is not a species of concern as the total population is estimated to contain between 15 and 20 million individuals worldwide.[13]
Egg harvesting and hunting of adult birds are major threats in Greenland, where populations fell steeply between the 1960s and 1980s.[22] In the Barents Sea region, the species has declined locally, due to influences associated with polar stations in Russia. Fisheries may also be a threat, but because thick-billed murres are better able to use alternative food sources the effect of over-fishing is not as severe as on the common murre. Pollution from oil at sea exerts another major threat. Murres are among the seabirds most sensitive to oil contamination.[23] Incidental mortality brought on by entanglement with fishing gear is also an important cause of population decline.[24]
Thick-billed murres are closely associated with sea-ice throughout the year.
As a vagrant
Brünnich's guillemot is a rare vagrant in European countries south of the breeding range. In Britain, over 30 individuals have been recorded, but over half of these were tideline corpses. Of those that were seen alive, only three have remained long enough to be seen by large numbers of observers. All three were in
The species has been recorded once in Ireland,[28] and has also been recorded in the Netherlands. In the western Atlantic, they may range as far as Florida,[29] and in the Pacific to California.[6] Before 1950, large numbers appeared on the North American Great Lakes in early winter, passing up the St. Lawrence River from the East coast. Such irruptions have not been seen since 1952.[30]
Notes
- . Retrieved 12 November 2021.
- ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
- ^ "Guillemot". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
- ^ "Murre". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
- ^ PMID 23690614.
- ^ a b c Nettleship (1996)
- ^ "Thick-billed Murre Life History, All About Birds, Cornell Lab of Ornithology".
- ^ "Birds". Arctic Watch. Archived from the original on 2016-03-23. Retrieved 19 Jun 2023.
- ^ "Detail Page » Gulf of Maine Census".
- ^ Gaston & Jones (1998)
- ^ Gaston (1984)
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Tuck LM. (1960). The Murres; their distribution, populations and biology: A study of the genus Uria. Ottawa: Department of Northern Affairs and National Resources, National Parks Branch, Canadian Wildlife Service.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Gaston AJ, Hipfner JM. (2000). Thick-billed Murre (Uria lomvia), The Birds of North America Online (A. Poole, Ed.). Ithaca: Cornell Lab of Ornithology; Retrieved from the Birds of North America Online: http://bna.birds.cornell.edu/bna/species/497doi:10.2173/bna.497
- ^ S2CID 85710661.
- ^ a b c Gaston AJ, Nettleship DN. (1981). The Thick-billed Murres of Prince Leopold Island: A study of the breeding ecology of a colonial high Arctic seabird. Ottawa: Environment Canada, Canadian Wildlife Service.
- .
- JSTOR 2265547.
- ^ doi:10.1139/z97-064.
- ^ JSTOR 1938746.
- ^ Lilliendahl et al. (2003)
- .
- ^ Evans and Kampp (1991)
- ^ Wiese et al. (2003)
- ^ Bakken & Pokrovskaya (2000)
- ^ Gaston et al. (2005)
- ^ Gaston et al. (2003)
- ^ Gaston et al. (2002), Parmesan (2006)
- ^ "Brünnich's Guillemot in County Wexford - an addition to the Irish list". Irish Birds. 3: 601–605. 1988.
- ^ Mullarney, Killian (1998). "First record of the Thick-billed Murre from Florida". Florida Field Naturalist. 3: 88–89.
- ^ Gaston (1988)
References
- Bakken, Vidar & Pokrovskaya Irina V. (2000): Brünnich's Guillemot. In: Anker-Nilssen, T.; Bakken, Vidar; Strom, H.; Golovkin, A.N.; Bianki, V.V. & Tatarinkova, I.P. (eds.): The status of marine birds breeding in the Barents sea region. Norwegian Polar Institute Report Series 113: 119-124
- Croll, Donald A.; Gaston, Anthony J.; Burger, Alan E.; Konnoff, Daniel (1992). "Foraging behavior and physiological adaptation for diving in Thick-billed Murres". JSTOR 1938746.
- Evans, Peter, G.H & Kampp, K. (1991): Recent changes in Thick-billed Murre populations. In: Gaston, A.J & Elliot, R.D. (eds.): Studies of high-latitude seabirds: 2. Conservation biology of Thick-billed Murres in the Northwestern Atlantic. Canadian Wildlife Service Occasional Paper 69: 7–14.
- Gaston, Anthony J (1984). "How to distinguish first-year murres, Uria spp., from older birds in winter". Canadian Field-Naturalist. 98: 52–55.
- Gaston, Anthony J (1988). "The mystery of the murres: Thick-billed murres, Uria lomvia, in the Great Lakes region, 1890-1986". Canadian Field-Naturalist. 102: 705–711.
- Gaston, Anthony J.; Nettleship, David N. (1981): The Thick-billed murres of Prince Leopold Island. ISBN 0-660-10857-7
- Gaston, Anthony J.; Jones, Ian L. (1998): The Auks: Alcidae. ISBN 0-19-854032-9
- Gaston, Anthony J. & Hipfner, J. Mark (2000): The Thick-billed Murre. ISSN 1061-5466
- Gaston, Anthony J.; Hipfner, J. Mark; Campbell, D. (2003). "Heat and mosquitoes cause breeding failures and adult mortality in an Arctic-nesting seabird". Ibis. 144 (2): 185–191. .
- Gaston, Anthony J.; Woo, Kerry; Hipfner, J. Mark (2003). "Trends in Forage Fish Populations in Northern Hudson Bay since 1981, as Determined from the Diet of Nestling Thick-Billed Murres Uria lomvia [English with French abstract]" (PDF). Arctic. 56 (3): 227–233. .
- Gaston, Anthony J.; Gilchrist, H.G.; Hipfner, J. Mark (2005). "Climate change, ice conditions and reproduction in an Arctic nesting marine bird: Brunnich's guillemot (Uria lomvia L.)". Journal of Animal Ecology. 74 (5): 832–841. .
- Harrison, Peter (1988): Seabirds (2nd ed.). ISBN 0-7470-1410-8
- Lilliendahl, K.; Solmundsson, J.; Gudmundsson, G.A. & Taylor, L. (2003): Can surveillance radar be used to monitor the foraging distribution of colonially breeding alcids? [English with Spanish abstract] DOI: 10.1650/0010-5422(2003)105[145:CSRBUT]2.0.CO;2 HTML abstract
- ISBN 0-7922-6877-6
- Nettleship, David N. (1996): 3. Thick-billed Murre. In: del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew & Sargatal, Jordi (eds.) (1996), ISBN 84-87334-20-2
- Parmesan, Camille (2006). "Ecological and Evolutionary Responses to Recent Climate Change" (PDF). doi:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.37.091305.110100. Archived from the original(PDF) on 2007-01-05.
- ISBN 0-679-45122-6
- Wiese Francis, K.; Robertson Greg, J.; Gaston Anthony, J. (2003). "Impact of chronic oil pollution and the murre hunt in Newfoundland on the Thick-billed Murre Uria lomvia populations in the eastern Canadian Arctic". .
External links
- Media related to Uria lomvia at Wikimedia Commons
- Data related to Uria lomvia at Wikispecies