Third Hellenic Republic

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
See also: History of the Hellenic Republic
Hellenic Republic
Ελληνική Δημοκρατία (Greek)
Ellinikí Dimokratía
1974–present
Motto: "
Greeks, Hellenes
GovernmentUnitary parliamentary republic
• President
Katerina Sakellaropoulou
Kyriakos Mitsotakis
Konstantinos Tasoulas
LegislatureHellenic Parliament
Establishment
History 
25 March 1821 (traditional starting date of the Greek War of Independence), 15 January 1822 (official declaration)
3 February 1830
11 June 1975
• Established
1974–present
.ελ
Preceded by
Greek junta
  1. The .eu domain is also used, as in other European Union member states.

The Third Hellenic Republic (

Greek monarchy
, to the present day.

It is considered the third period of republican rule in Greece, following the First Republic during the Greek War of Independence (1821–1832) and the Second Republic during the temporary abolition of the monarchy in 1924–1935.

The term "Metapolitefsi" (Μεταπολίτευση, 'polity change') is commonly used for the entire period, but when used more strictly, this term refers to the early part of the period, beginning with the fall of the junta and culminating in the democratic transformation of the country. While the First and Second Hellenic Republics are not in common use except in a historiographic context, the term Third Hellenic Republic is used frequently.[7][8]

The Third Hellenic Republic has been characterised by the development of social freedoms, the European orientation of Greece and the political dominance of the parties ND and PASOK, although PASOK has declined since the 2010s, being replaced by Syriza as the largest party of the left. The period has also been characterised by corruption, deterioration of certain economic indexes, especially public debt, and nepotism, mostly in the political scene and the state offices.[9][10][11]

Events

See also: Greece § Recent_history

This period has been marked by many significant changes in the country. In 1981, Greece joined the

EU. Simultaneously, the centre-left party PASOK won the election and changed the Greek political scenery. The decade of the 1990s saw the standard of living among Greeks steadily increase, a trend which reached its zenith around the time of the 2004 Summer Olympics to the Eurovision Song Contest 2006. On 1 January 2001, Greece voted to adopt the Euro, and the currency was introduced in the country one year later on 1 January 2002. In the last months of 2009, the Greek debt crisis broke out, an event that brought about great changes on both a social and political level. The COVID-19 pandemic
caused more economic hardship for Greece.

Presidents of the Third Hellenic Republic

Main article: President of Greece

Political parties in Third Hellenic Republic

1974–1989

This period began with the centrists and centre-right being dominant, though the former lost support in the late 1970s with the rise of the Panhellenic Socialist Movement. Also the Communist Party of Greece was allowed to take part in elections for first time after the end of the Greek Civil War. The table below shows the results of elections during this period.

Political position/
Ideology 		Political Party
1974
Legislative
Elections
1977
Legislative
Elections
1981
Legislative
Elections
 1981
European
Elections 		1984
European
Elections
1985
Legislative
Elections
 1989
European
Elections
1989 June
Legislative
Elections
1989 Nov
Legislative
Elections
% % % % % % % % %
Far-left KKE – 9.36 10.93 12.84 11.64 9.89 – – –
KKE interior – – 1.37 5.30 3.42 1.84 – – –
Left-wing United Left 9.47 – – – – – – – –
SPADE – 2.72 – – – – – – –
SYN
 – – – – – – 14.31 13.13 10.97
Centre-left
PASOK
 13.58 25.34 48.06 40.12 41.58 45.82 35.96 39.13 40.97
Ecologists Alternative Ecologists – – – – – – 1.11 – 0.58
Centre Centre union 20.42 – – – – – – – –
EDIK – 11.95 0.40 1.12 0.28 – 0.28 – –
KODISO – – 0.72 4.26 0.80 – – – –
Liberal Party – – 0.37 1.04 0.35 0.17 0.40 0.10 0.08
Christian Democracy – – 0.15 1.12 0.45 – 0.41 0.20 –
Liberals New Liberals – 1.08 – – – – – – –
Centre-right New Democracy 54.37 41.84 35.88 31.34 38.05 40.85 40.41 44.28 46.19
DIANA – – – – – – 1.36 1.01 –
Right-wing EDE 1.08 – – – – – – – –
National Alignment – 6.82 – – – – – – –
Progressive Party – – 1.69 1.96 – – – – –
Far-right
EPEN
 – – – – 2.29 0.60 1.16 0.30 –

1990–2007

This period began with the

fall of communist regimes in eastern Europe
. It is characterized by the reinforcement of bipartisanship with the two main parties (New Democracy and PASOK) regularly polling over 80% of the vote between them, even reaching 86%.

Political position/
Ideology 		Political Party
1990
Legislative
Elections
1993
Legislative
Elections
 1994
European
Elections
1996
Legislative
Elections
 1999
European
Elections
2000
Legislative
Elections
2004
Legislative
Elections
 2004
European
Elections
2007
Legislative
Elections
% % % % % % % % %
Far-left KKE – 4.54 6.29 5.61 8.67 5.52 5.90 9.48 8.15
Left-wing
SYRIZA
 10.28 2.94 6.25 5.12 5.16 3.20 3.26 4.16 5.04
Centre-left
PASOK
 38.61 46.88 37.64 41.49 32.91 43.79 40.55 34.03 38.10
DIKKI – – – 4.43 6.85 2.69 1.79 – –
Ecologists Alternative Ecologists 0.77 – – – – – – – –
Ecologist Greens – – – – – – – 0.67 1.05
Centre Union of Centrists – 0.23 1.19 0.70 0.82 0.34 0.26 0.56 0.29
Liberals The Liberals – – – – 1.62 – – – –
Centre-right New Democracy 46.89 39.30 32.66 38.12 36.00 42.74 45.36 43.02 41.84
DIANA 0.67 – 2.79 – – – – – –
Right-wing Political Spring – 4.88 8.65 2.94 2.28 – – – –
Far-right
EPEN
 – 0.14 0.78 0.24 – – – – –
Golden Dawn
 – – – 0.11 0.07 – – – –
LAOS – – – – – – 2.19 4.12 3.80

2009–2019

This period corresponds to

SYRIZA
became the largest party on the left. The position of the far-right was also strengthened in this period.

SYRIZA has since overtaken PASOK as the main party of the centre-left.[12]Alexis Tsipras led SYRIZA to victory in the general election held on 25 January 2015, falling short of an outright majority in Parliament by just two seats.[13] The following morning, Tsipras reached an agreement with Independent Greeks party to form a coalition, and he was sworn in as Prime Minister of Greece.[14] Tsipras called snap elections in August 2015, resigning from his post, which led to a month-long caretaker administration headed by judge Vassiliki Thanou-Christophilou, Greece's first female prime minister.[15] In the September 2015 general election, Alexis Tsipras led SYRIZA to another victory, winning 145 out of 300 seats [16] and re-forming the coalition with the Independent Greeks.[17] However, he was defeated in the July 2019 general election by Kyriakos Mitsotakis who leads New Democracy.[18] On 7 July 2019, Kyriakos Mitsotakis was sworn in as the new Prime Minister of Greece. He formed a centre-right government after the landslide victory of his New Democracy party.[19]

Political position/
Ideology 		Political Party 2009
European
Elections
2009
Legislative
Elections
2012 May
Legislative
Elections
2012 June
Legislative
Elections
 2014
European
Elections
2015 Jan.
Legislative
Elections
2015 Sept.
Legislative
Elections
 2019
European
Elections 		2019
Legislative
Elections
% % % % % % % % %
Far-left KKE 8.35 7.54 8.48 4.50 6.11 5.47 5.55 5.33 5.30
ANTARSYA
 0.43 0.36 1.19 0.33 0.72 0.64 0.85 0.64 0.41
Left wing
SYRIZA
 4.70 4.60 16.79 26.89 26.57 36.34 35.46 23.78 31.53
Popular Unity — — — — — — 2.86 0.56 0.23
MeRA25 — — — — — — — 2.99 3.44
Course of Freedom — — — — — — — 1.61 1.46
Centre-left
DC
)		 36.64 43.92 13.18 12.28 8.02 4.68 6.28 7.72 8.10
Democratic Left — — 6.11 6.25 1.20 0.49 — — —
Social Agreement — — 0.96 — — — — — —
The River — — — — 6.60 6.05 4.09 1.51 —
KIDISO — — — — — 2.46 — — —
Ecologist Ecologist Greens 3.49 2.53 2.93 0.88 0.90 — — 0.87 —
Centre Union of Centrists 0.38 0.27 0.61 0.28 0.65 1.79 3.43 1.45 1.24
Teleia — — — — — 1.77 — — —
Liberal Drassi 0.76 — 1.80 — — — — — —
Recreate Greece — — 2.15 — — — 0.53 0.69 0.74
Democratic Alliance — — 2.55 — — — — — —
Drassi/Recreate Greece — — — 1.59 0.91 — — — —
Greek European Citizens — — — — 1.40 — — — —
Centre-right New Democracy 32.29 33.48 18.85 29.66 22.72 27.81 28.10 33.13 39.85
Right wing PAMME 1.27 – – – – – — — —
Independent Greeks — — 10.62 7.51 3.46 4.75 3.69 0.80 —
UFP
 — — — — 1.04 — — — —
Far Right LAOS 7.14 5.63 2.89 1.58 2.69 1.03 — 1.23 —
Golden Dawn 0.46 0.29 6.97 6.92 9.39 6.28 6.99 4.88 2.93
Greek Solution — — — — — — — 4.18 3.70

2020s

In March 2020, Greece's parliament elected a non-partisan candidate,

Ekaterini Sakellaropoulou, as the first female President of Greece.[20]

In June 2023, conservative New Democracy party won the legislative election, meaning another four-year term as prime minister for Kyriakos Mitsotakis.[21]

Notes

References

  1. ^ "Country Comparison: Area". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Archived from the original on October 25, 2011. Retrieved 7 January 2013.
  2. ^ Απογραφή Πληθυσμού – Κατοικιών 2011. ΜΟΝΙΜΟΣ Πληθυσμός [Results of Population-Housing Census 2011 concerning the permanent population of the country] (PDF) (in Greek). 20 March 2014. Retrieved 25 October 2016.
  3. ^ "Announcement of the results of the 2011 Population Census for the Resident Population" (PDF). Hellenic Statistical Authority. 28 December 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 November 2013. Retrieved 24 August 2013.
  4. ^ a b c d "Report for Selected Countries and Subjects". IMF. 20 October 2018.
  5. ^ "INCOME INEQUALITY 2018 Survey on Income and Living Conditions (Income reference period 2017)". Piraeus: Hellenic Statistical Authority. 21 June 2019. Retrieved 4 September 2019.
  6. ^ "Table 2. Human Development Index Trends, 1990-2017". Human Development Reports. New York: United Nations Development Programme. 14 September 2018. Retrieved 20 September 2018.
  7. ISBN 960-374-232-5
    .
  8. ISBN 9789603517566
    .
  9. ^ "H ποιότητα στην Γ΄ Ελληνική Δημοκρατία". kathimerini.gr. 15 August 2004. Retrieved 29 January 2015.
  10. ^ "Η Μεταπολίτευση, μία σύντομη αποτίμηση". kathimerini.gr. 20 July 2014. Retrieved 29 January 2015.
  11. ^ "Τρίτη Ελληνική Δημοκρατία. Του Γ. Ρωμαίου". tvxs.gr. Retrieved 29 January 2015.
  12. ISBN 9781137588418
    .
  13. ^ "Greece election: Anti-austerity Syriza wins election". BBC News. 26 January 2015.
  14. ^ Tran, Mark (26 January 2015). "Alexis Tsipras sworn in as new Greek prime minister – as it happened". The Guardian.
  15. ^ "Vassiliki Thanou-Christophilou became Greece's first female Prime Minister | Economy Watch".
  16. ^ "Greece election: Alexis Tsipras hails 'victory of the people'". BBC News. 21 September 2015.
  17. ^ "Greek Finance Minister Tsakalotos takes key role in Tsipras' new cabinet | DW | 23.09.2015". Deutsche Welle.
  18. TheGuardian.com
    . 7 July 2019.
  19. ^ "New era as Mitsotakis is sworn in as Greece's new PM".
  20. ^ "Greece swears in first female president".
  21. ^ "New Democracy party wins landslide victory in Greek elections". www.aljazeera.com.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Third_Hellenic_Republic&oldid=1217548673"