Third World socialism

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Third World socialism is an umbrella term for many movements and governments of the 20th century— all variants of

Juan Domingo Perón, Modibo Keïta, Walter Lini, Gamal Abdel Nasser, Jawaharlal Nehru, Kwame Nkrumah, Julius Nyerere, Sukarno, Ahmed Sékou Touré and other socialist leaders of the Third World
who saw socialism as the answer to a strong and developed nation.

Third World socialism is made up of

national liberation struggle while Bhutto's was more Western-aligned and resembled, allied and inspired itself in the ideas of Western democratic socialism/social democracy and had membership in the Socialist International
.

In the 21st century, a surge in leftist governments called the

developing countries
including variants in the Arab world.

African socialism

The leaders of African socialism were Julius Nyerere, first president of Tanzania after the independence, who coined the concept of Ujamaa and collectivized the land; Kwame Nkrumah, first president of Ghana, who was one of the fathers of the Non-Aligned Movement, praised state planning policies like the five-year plans and an agency for the regulation of cocoa exports and in several political speeches and writings developed his theory of African socialism; Modibo Keïta, father of Mali; and Ahmed Sékou Touré, father of Guinea.

Arab socialism

The main figures of Arab socialism are Gamal Abdel Nasser, second president of Egypt, who nationalized the Suez Canal, and the Ba'ath Party, founded in Syria by Michel Aflaq, which gained popularity in the whole Arab world and reached the government in Syria (1963-present) and Iraq (1963-2003).

Middle Eastern socialism

Iran experienced a short Third World socialism period at the zenith of the Tudeh Party after the abdication of Reza Shah and his replacement by his son, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi (though the party never rose to power). After failing to reach power, this form of third world socialism was replaced by Mosaddegh's populist, non-aligned Iranian nationalism of the National Front party as the main anti-monarchy force in Iran, reaching power (1949–1953), and it remained with that strength even in opposition (after the overthrow of Mossadegh) until the rise of Islamism and the Iranian Revolution.[1] The Tudehs have moved towards basic socialist communism since then.[2]

European colonialism, it can be considered as reaching the templates of a Third World socialism movement. From the 1960s onwards, Third World socialist and Third Worldist thought influenced left-Kemalism.[5]

The Kemalist experiment,

one-party systems. In any case, most Third World socialist states are followers of social democratic reformism (normally state-guided), preferring it to revolution, although some adopted a kind of permanent revolution
stance on the social progress to a socialist society.

Latin American socialism

Many Latin American thinkers argued that the United States used Latin American countries as "peripheral economies" at the expense of Latin American social and economic development, which many saw as an extension of neo-colonialism and neo-imperialism.[8] This shift in thinking led to a surge of dialogue related to how Latin America could assert its social and economic independence from the United States. Many scholars argued that a shift to socialism could help liberate Latin America from this conflict.

The New Left emerged in Latin America, a group which sought to go beyond existing Marxist–Leninist efforts at achieving economic equality and democracy to include social reform and address issues unique to Latin America such as racial and ethnic equality, indigenous rights and environmental issues.[9] Notable New Left movements in Latin America include the Cuban Revolution of 1959, the victory of the Sandinista revolution in Nicaragua of 1979, the Workers' Party government in Porto Alegre of 1990, among others.

Because of its close proximity and strong

Bolivia and Nicaragua.[14][15]

In the case of

IAPI) and the establishment of a modern welfare state. Despite his progressive policies, Perón did not define himself or his doctrine as "socialist" during his first presidencies (1946–1952 and 1952–1955), but he did later during his exile and during his third presidency (1973–1974) when he coined the term "national socialism", sort of an Argentine way to socialism, which he described as a social democracy mainly modeled after the "Swedish model" and also inspired by other non-aligned, Third World socialist models such as Christian socialism, Nasserism and the corporatist policies of European 1920s, 1930s and 1940s fascism.[16]

See also

References

  1. ^ Dabashi, Hamid (2000). "The End of Islamic Ideology - Iran". Social Research. Retrieved 6 March 2008.
  2. ^ Omidvar, Mehdi. "Brief History of the Tudeh Party of Iran". Archived from the original on 28 August 2008. Retrieved 6 March 2008.
  3. ^ Alevi identity. Retrieved 5 May 2009.
  4. ^ Nostalgia for the modern. Retrieved 5 May 2009.
  5. ^ A Historical Companion to Postcolonial Literatures. Retrieved 5 May 2009.
  6. ISBN 0870739425
    .
  7. ^
    Fabianism
    ".
  8. ^ Enzo Faletto Verné and Fernando Henrique Cardoso (1969). Dependency and development in Latin America. University of California Press.
  9. JSTOR j.ctt183q5k5
    .
  10. ^ Guevara, Che (1962). "Tactics and Strategy of the Latin American Revolution" (PDF).
  11. ^ Guevara, Che (1960). "On Revolutionary Medicine".
  12. ^ Barrett, Chavez & Rodríguez-Garavito 2008, pp. 1–39.
  13. ^ Guevara, Che. "Guerrilla Warfare: A Method, Cuba Socialista" (PDF).
  14. ^ "Cuba: the only way out is to spread the revolution throughout Latin America". El Militante. Retrieved 18 April 2017.
  15. ^ Guevara, Che. "People's War, People's Army" (PDF). Retrieved 18 April 2017.
  16. ^ Peronism and Argentina. pp. 9–12. Retrieved 5 March 2018.

External links

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