Third generation of video game consoles
Part of a series on the |
History of video games |
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In the
Improvements in technology gave consoles of this generation improved graphical and sound capabilities, comparable to
The best-selling console of this generation was the NES/Famicom from Nintendo, followed by the
Overview
1983–1984
The
The third generation of consoles began when two Japanese companies,
The Famicom went on to become very popular in Japan, where it quickly beat the Cassette Vision to become Japan's all-time best-selling console.[5] Sega would become Nintendo's main competitor for console sales during the era.[9] Sega's SG-1000, which preceded Sega's more commercially successful Master System, initially had little to distinguish itself from earlier consoles such as the ColecoVision and contemporary computers such as the MSX, although it was able to achieve advanced visual effects, including parallax scrolling in Orguss and sprite-scaling in Zoom 909.[1]
To enter the worldwide market, Nintendo approached the American company Atari, which had the majority share of the home video game market in North America, with a proposal for Atari to license the Famicom and distribute it.[10] An agreement was concluded, which was to be signed at the Consumer Electronics Show in July 1983.[11] At the same CES, however, Coleco exhibited its Coleco Adam home computer, which featured a version of Nintendo's Donkey Kong. At that time, Atari had exclusive rights to distribute Nintendo games on home computers, and Coleco had exclusive rights to distribute the game on consoles.[12] However, since Atari understood that Adam was a home computer, they postponed signing the agreement with Nintendo and asked the company to resolve the issue with rights.[13] The problem was resolved, but during this time, the video game crash of 1983 had occurred and Atari began to lose influence in the market. With this, Nintendo had no competitor left and the company eventually decided to enter the market on its own.[14]
1984–1986
Nintendo were initially discouraged after the crash, with
The company introduced a version of the Famicom in January 1985 at the Winter CES as the Nintendo Advanced Video System, short for NAVS. The gamepads were wireless and worked with it using an infrared port, and the bundle would also include a light gun. It was planned that the NAVS would be available in the spring of 1985.[15] However, this did not happen and the console was shown again at the summer CES in June of that year, as an updated version called the Nintendo Entertainment System.[16] The system was released in October 1985 as an experiment within New York City bounds with Super Mario Bros. game bundled. The experiment was successful and showed that people still wanted to play games despite the 1983 crisis. After that the system was released in all North America in February 1986 at a price of US$159.[17]
In 1985, Sega succeeded the SG-1000 with the
The
1986–present
The popularity of the Japanese consoles grew so quickly that in 1988
This era contributed many influential aspects to the history of the development of video games. The third generation saw the release of many of the first console role-playing video games (RPGs). Editing and censorship of video games was often used in localizing Japanese games to North America.[26] It was during this time that many successful video game franchises began, which went onto to becoming mainstays of the video game industry. Some examples are Super Mario Bros., Final Fantasy, The Legend of Zelda, Dragon Quest, Metroid, Mega Man, Metal Gear, Castlevania, Phantasy Star, Megami Tensei, Ninja Gaiden, and Bomberman.
In Europe during the late 1980s, the Master System had a stronger start than the Nintendo Entertainment System in some areas, with NES sales lagging behind the Master System in the United Kingdom.[27] By 1990, the Master System was the biggest-selling console in Europe, though the NES was beginning to have a fast-growing user base in the United Kingdom and this position had reversed by the end of the run of both consoles.[28]
The third generation also saw the beginning of the children's educational console market.[citation needed] Due to their reduced capacities, these systems typically were not labeled by their "bits" and were not marketed in competition with traditional video game consoles.
In North America, the Atari 7800 and Master System were discontinued in 1992, while the NES continued to be produced until 1995. In Europe, the Master System was discontinued in the late 1990s. However it has continued to sell in Brazil through to the present day. In Japan, Nintendo continued to repair Famicom systems until October 31, 2007.[29][30]
Home systems
SG-1000
On July 15, 1983, the SG-1000 was released in Japan, the first console to be created by Sega.[31] It was released alongside the Famicom, making them the first two consoles of the third generation. While it did not sell as well as other consoles of the generation, it was considered important to the development of Sega as a console manufacturer.[32]
Famicom/Nintendo Entertainment System
The Famicom, released on July 15, 1983, in Japan and in the North American region in October 1985 as the Nintendo Entertainment System (NES),[33]: 449 is an 8-bit cartridge-based console developed and marketed by Nintendo. It became the most popular console of the generation, selling over 60 million units. It was the first home system to feature a controller with a directional pad (designed by Gunpei Yokoi), which became an industry standard. While the NES was discontinued in North America on August 14, 1995, it was not until September 25, 2003, that the Famicom was discontinued in Japan.
Sega Mark III/Master System
The Sega Mark III was released on October 20, 1985, for the Japanese market and was the third iteration of the SG-1000.[34] The name was changed to the Master System and the design altered for release outside of Japan. It was designed to be more powerful than the NES in an attempt to give it an edge over the competition but despite good sales, it did not match the success of the NES, making it the second best selling console of the generation. This was the case in all regions apart from Brazil, where it continued to sell for years after the end of the generation.
Atari 7800
The Atari 7800 was released in May 1986[35] and was the successor to the Atari 5200.[36] It was the first console to be backward compatible without additional hardware. It was originally due for launch on May 21, 1984,[37] but due to the sale of the company the launch did not happen until two years later and, coupled with a small library of games, the console did not sell as well as the Master System or NES.[33]: 52
Comparison
Name | SG-1000 | Nintendo Entertainment System/Famicom | Master System/Mark III | Atari 7800 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Manufacturer
|
Sega | Nintendo | Sega | Atari | |
Image(s) | |||||
Launch prices | JP¥15,000 (equivalent to ¥18,600 in 2019),[38] equivalent to US$63 (equivalent to $193 in 2023) |
US$140 (equivalent to $390 in 2023) | |||
Release date |
| ||||
Media |
|
|
|
Cartridge | |
Top-selling games | N/A |
|
|
Pole Position II (pack-in)[46] | |
Regional lockout | Unrestricted | Region locked | Unrestricted | Region locked | |
Backward compatibility | None | None | Sega SG-1000 (Japanese systems only)
|
Atari 2600 | |
Accessories (retail) |
|
|
|
| |
clock speed
|
MHz (1.66 MHz PAL))[49] : 149
|
Zilog Z80A (4 MHz) |
Custom 6502C (1.19 MHz or 1.79 MHz) | ||
GPU |
|
PPU (Picture Processing Unit)
|
Yamaha YM2602 VDP (Video Display Processor) | ||
Sound chip(s) |
|
Famicom Disk System:
|
Japan only: |
Optional cartridge chip: | |
Memory |
3
|
4.277 KB (4380 bytes) RAM Upgrades: |
24.031 KB (24,608 bytes) RAM |
4 KB RAM
| |
Video | Resolution | 256×192[57] | 256×240[58] | 256×192, 256×224, 256×240 | 160×200 or 320×200 |
Palette | 21 colors[48] | 54 colors[49]: 149 | 64 colors | 256 colors (16 hues, 16 luma) | |
Colors on screen | 16 simultaneous (1 color per sprite) | 25 simultaneous (4 colors per sprite) | 32 simultaneous (16 colors per sprite) | 25 simultaneous (1, 4 or 12 colors per sprite) | |
Sprites |
|
| |||
Background | Tilemap playfield, 8×8 tiles
|
Tilemap playfield, 8×8 tiles | Tilemap playfield, 8×8 tiles, tile flipping[56] | N/A | |
Scrolling | N/A | Smooth hardware scrolling, vertical/horizontal directions MMC chips: IRQ interrupt, diagonal scrolling, line scrolling, split‑screen scrolling |
Smooth hardware scrolling, vertical/horizontal/diagonal directions,[62] IRQ interrupt, line scrolling, split‑screen scrolling[61] | Coarse scrolling, vertical/horizontal directions | |
Audio | Mono audio with:[63]
|
Mono audio with:[64]
Japan only upgrades:
|
Mono audio with:
Japan only:
|
Mono audio with:[60]: 121
Optional cartridge chip:
|
Other consoles
-
Videopac+ G7400 (1983)
-
My Vision (1983)
-
PV-1000 (1983)
-
Tomy Tutor
Pyūta Jr. was a console version released in 1983 -
Super Cassette Vision (1984)
-
BBC Bridge Companion (1985)
-
LJN Video Art
Released in 1985 -
Zemmix
Released in 1985 -
Halcyon (console)
Unreleased (Planned for 1985) -
Telegames Personal Arcade)
Released in 1986 -
Family Computer Disk System(1986)
-
Atari XEGS (1987)
-
Action Max (1987)
-
VTech Socrates (1988)
-
Amstrad GX4000 (1990)
-
Commodore 64 Games System (1990)
Sales comparison
The NES/Famicom sold by far the most units of any third generation console, particularly in Japan and North America. In North America in 1989, between Nintendo and Sega, there was a 94% to 6% split in market share between the NES and the Master System, in Nintendo's favor.[65] The NES sold 1.1 million units in North America during 1986, much more than the Master System (125,000) and Atari 7800 (100,000) combined.[66] By 1990, Nintendo had a 93% North American market share, followed by Sega with a 3.8% share, NEC with 1.3% and Atari with 1.1% share.[67] Nintendo maintained its North American lead through 1991, when it had a market-share of 80% that year, much more than Atari (12%) and Sega (8%) combined.[68] This was due to Nintendo's strong lineup of both first-party titles (such as Super Mario Bros., Metroid, Duck Hunt, and The Legend of Zelda) and third-party titles along with Nintendo's strict licensing rules that required NES titles to be exclusive to the console for two years after release, putting a damper on third-party support for other consoles.[69]
In Europe, competition was much tougher for the NES, which was trailing behind the Master System up until 1990, despite the former's hegemony of the North American and Japanese markets.
Console | Firm | Units sold worldwide | Japan | Americas | Other regions |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nintendo Entertainment System (Family Computer / Famicom / NES) |
Nintendo | 61.91 million (2009)[75][76] | 19.35 million (2009)[75] | 34 million (2009)[75] | 8.56 million (2009)[75] |
Master System (including licensed Tectoy variants) |
Sega | 19.17 million (2016) | 1 million (1986)[77] | United States: 2 million (1992)[78] Brazil: 8 million (2016)[71] |
Western Europe: 6.8 million (1993)[70] South Korea: 720,000 (1994)[72] Australia: 650,000 (1994)[79] |
Dendy (unlicenced Famiclone) |
Micro Genius | 6 million (1998) | — | — | |
Famicom Disk System | Nintendo | 4.5 million (1990) | 4.5 million (1990)[80] | — | — |
Atari 7800 | Atari | 1 million (1988) | Unknown | 1 million (1988)[81] | Unknown |
Sega SG-1000
|
Sega | 400,000 (2007) | 400,000 (2007)[82] | — | Unknown |
Super Cassette Vision | Epoch Co. | 300,000 (2007) | 300,000 (2007)[82] | — | Unknown |
Atari XEGS | Atari | 130,000 (1989) | — | 100,000 (1987)[83] | France: 30,000 (1989)[84] |
Software
Milestone titles
- Alex Kidd in Miracle World (SMS) by Sega featured Sega's original mascot, Alex Kidd.[85]
- Castlevaniaseries.
- Dragon Ball: Dragon Daihikyō (SCV) by Epoch was the first game based upon the now long-running manga and anime series, Dragon Ball.[86]
- Chunsoft and Enix introduced the Dragon Quest seriesin 1986.
- Final Fantasy (NES) by Square started the Final Fantasy series in 1987.
- The Legend of Zelda (NES) by Nintendo R&D4 and Nintendo initiated the Legend of Zelda series in 1986.
- Mega Manseries. The series had a number of additional hits on the NES, and later spawned several successful spin-off series.
- Metal Gear series in 1987. It was released for the MSX2 computer and remade on the NES shortly after.
- Metroid (NES) by R&D1 and Nintendo initiated the Metroid series in 1986.
- Ninja Gaiden (NES) by Tecmo initiated the Ninja Gaiden series in 1988, and was acclaimed for its extreme difficulty, high quality music, and for having one of the earliest uses of cutscenes in video games.[87]
- Phantasy Star (SMS) by Sega Consumer Development Division 2 and Sega is considered one of the benchmark role-playing video games,[88] and is among the first to use a science fiction setting, and to feature a female protagonist.[89]
- Super Mario Bros. (NES) by Nintendo R&D4 and Nintendo was bundled with the NES and became the best-selling video game of all time, a title it held until 2009.[90] Countless imitations of the game appeared over the course of the console generation.
- Super Mario Bros. 3 (NES) by Nintendo is widely considered the best sidescrolling platform game of the generation, as well as topping many "Best Game" lists for the NES.[91] Its jumping physics and world map segments, where players can choose their path, served as a formula for later 2D Mario games.
See also
- 1980s in video games
- Fourth generation of video game consoles
- Second generation of video game consoles
- History of the Nintendo Entertainment System
- Home computer
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